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Zhang Y, Suo K, Feng Y, Yang Z, Zhu Y, Wang J, Zhou C, Shi L, Chen W. Catalytic infrared radiation dry-peeling Technology for non-Frozen and Frozen Grapes: Effects on temperature, peeling performance, and quality attributes. Food Chem 2024; 455:139854. [PMID: 38823121 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
This study introduces catalytic infrared radiation (CIR) heating technology as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional grape lye peeling (LP). The effects of heating time and distance on non-frozen and frozen grapes were assessed for temperature, peeling performance, and quality attributes. The findings indicate that CIR heating achieves complete dry-peeling of grapes. Extended heating times and reduced distances improve peeling performance, with more favorable results observed in frozen grapes compared to non-frozen ones. Grapes peeled using CIR demonstrated enhanced hardness, color, sugar-acid ratio, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant capacity, compared to those peeled using LP. Importantly, the frozen samples preserved their quality after CIR dry-peeling treatment. Based on peeling performance and quality attributes, the optimum heating times are established at 160 s for non-frozen grapes and 50 s for frozen grapes, at a heating distance of 5 cm. Therefore, CIR dry-peeling is recommended as an eco-friendly and quality-enhancing sustainable grape processing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Logistic and Processing, College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Kui Suo
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Logistic and Processing, College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Yabin Feng
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Logistic and Processing, College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China; Haitong Food (Ninghai) Co., Ltd, Ningbo 315602, China.
| | - Zhenfeng Yang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Logistic and Processing, College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China.
| | - Yulin Zhu
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | | | - Cunshan Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Liyu Shi
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Logistic and Processing, College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Logistic and Processing, College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
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Shreelakshmi SV, Chaitrashree N, Nazareth MS, Kumar SS, Shetty NP, Giridhar P. Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity during ripening of Malpighia glabra fruits. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 61:717-726. [PMID: 38410264 PMCID: PMC10894179 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05872-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Malpighia glabra (Malpighiaceae) is a cherry fruit popularly known as acerola or West Indian cherry, with nutraceuticals in each ripening stage. The changes in the phytoconstituents, pigments, sugars, organic acids, and antioxidants were investigated during the fruit ripening and expressed in fresh weight (FW). Gentisic acid was present in the highest concentration in IMGL fruits (11.43 mg/100 g), which was reduced to 0.362 mg/100 g over-ripening. The major flavonoid present was epicatechin, and the concentration increased from 2.11 mg/100 g in immature green large (IMGL) fruits to 19.52 mg/100 g in ripe fruits. Ascorbic acid was the most abundant organic acid present, and the highest concentration was found in the IMGL fruits (2030 mg/100 g). Fructose and galactose were found in the highest concentrations in overripe fruits (2290 mg/100 g and 1460 mg/100 g, respectively). The IMGL fruits showed the highest total antioxidant activity of 5.48% and 5.34% ascorbic acid equivalent in methanolic and aqueous extracts, respectively. Mineral quantification showed that the fruits were rich in potassium and calcium (150.43 and 12.90 mg/100 g, respectively). This study could identify the appropriate stage of acerola fruit for developing functional foods with maximum utilization of phytoconstituents in all stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. V. Shreelakshmi
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020 India
| | - N. Chaitrashree
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020 India
| | - Maria Sheeba Nazareth
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020 India
| | - Sandopu Sravan Kumar
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020 India
| | - Nandini P. Shetty
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020 India
| | - P. Giridhar
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020 India
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Chew LY, Teng SK, Neo YP, Sim YY, Chew SC. The Potential of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) Plant in Industrial Applications: A Promising Source of Functional Compounds. J Oleo Sci 2024; 73:275-292. [PMID: 38432993 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess23111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Roselle is an annual botanical plant that widely planted in different countries worldwide. Its different parts, including seeds, leaves, and calyces, can offer multi-purpose applications with economic importance. The present review discusses the detailed profile of bioactive compounds present in roselle seeds, leaves, and calyces, as well as their extraction and processing, to explore their potential application in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, nutraceutical, food and other industries. Roselle seeds with high phenolics, fiber, and protein contents, which are suitable to use in functional food product development. Besides, roselle seeds can yield 17-20% of roselle seed oil with high content of linoleic acid (35.0-45.3%) and oleic acid (27.1- 36.9%). This unique fatty acid composition of roselle seed oil makes it suitable to use as edible oil to offer the health benefits of essential fatty acid. Moreover, high contents of tocopherols, phenolics, and phytosterols were detected in roselle seed oil to provide nutritional, pharmaceutical, and therapeutic properties. On the other hand, roselle leaves with valuable contents of phenols, flavonoids, organic acid, and tocopherols can be applied in silver nanoparticles, food product development, and the pharmaceutical industry. Roselle calyces with high content of anthocyanins, protocatechuic acids, and organic acids are widely applied in food and colorant industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lye Yee Chew
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus
| | | | - Yun Ping Neo
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus
| | | | - Sook Chin Chew
- School of Foundation Studies, Xiamen University Malaysia Campus
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Hasanović M, Čakar J, Ahatović Hajro A, Murtić S, Subašić M, Bajrović K, Durmić-Pašić A. Geranium robertianum L. tolerates various soil types burdened with heavy metals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:93830-93845. [PMID: 37525079 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28952-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Many heavy metals (HMs) are essential micronutrients for the growth and development of plants. However, human activities such as mining, smelting, waste disposal, and industrial processes have led to toxic levels of HMs in soil. Fortunately, many plant species have developed incredible adaptive mechanisms to survive and thrive in such harsh environments. As a widespread and ruderal species, Geranium robertianum L. inhabits versatile soil types, both polluted and unpolluted. Considering the ubiquity of G. robertianum, the study aimed to determine whether geographically distant populations can tolerate HMs. We collected soil and plant samples from serpentine, an anthropogenic heavy metal contaminated, and a non-metalliferous site to study the physiological state of G. robertianum. HMs in soil and plants were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Spectrophotometric methods were used to measure the total content of chlorophylls a and b, total phenolics, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and proline. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to investigate the potential correlation between HMs concentrations gathered from various soil types and plant samples and biochemical data acquired for plant material. A statistically significant difference was observed for all localities regarding secondary metabolite parameters. A positive correlation between Ni and Zn in soil and Ni and Zn in plant matter was observed (p<0.0005) indicating higher absorption. Regardless of high concentrations of heavy metals in investigated soils, G. robertianum displayed resilience and was capable of thriving. These results may be ascribed to several protective mechanisms that allow G. robertianum to express normal growth and development and act as a pioneer species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujo Hasanović
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Jasmina Čakar
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Anesa Ahatović Hajro
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Senad Murtić
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Mirel Subašić
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Sarajevo, Zagrebacka 20, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Kasim Bajrović
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Adaleta Durmić-Pašić
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Riya P, Kumar SS, Giridhar P. Phytoconstituents, GC-MS Characterization of Omega Fatty Acids, and Antioxidant Potential of Less-Known Plant Rivina humilis L. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:28519-28530. [PMID: 37576640 PMCID: PMC10413828 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Rivina humilis L. (Petiveriaceae), commonly known as the pigeon berry, accumulates betalains in berries. The present study was focused on identifying the phytoconstituents, mineral content, fatty acid composition, phenolics, flavonoids, antinutritional factors, and antioxidant activities of different plant parts (leaf, stem, root, and seeds), which are otherwise not well explored. Phytoconstituent analysis revealed seeds as a potential source of carbohydrates (50.15 g/100 g), proteins (10.96 g/100 g), and fats (11.25 g/100 g). Roots showed the highest fat (17.66 g/100 g) and dietary fiber (81.49 g/100 g). Leaves and roots contain more iron (29.59 and 29.39 mg/100 g), whereas seed has high zinc content (12.09 mg/100 g). Leaf oil showed 47.83 g/100 g of omega-3-fatty acid, confirmed by GC-MS analysis. Seed oil showed 22.23 g/100, 44.48 g/100, and 24.04 g/100 g of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids, respectively. The leaf extract has the highest TPC (597.55 mg/100 g), followed by the seed (421.68 mg/100 g). The leaf's 80% ethanolic extract had high TFC (2442.19 mg/100 g), followed by 70% methanolic extract (1566.25 mg/100 g). The antinutritional profile indicated significant phytic acid and oxalates in the leaf (9.3 g/100 and 2.07 g/100 g) and stem (6.9 and 1.58 g/100 g) and low tannin content (<0.5 g/100 g). The leaf's 80% ethanolic extract exhibited double the TAA than 70% methanolic extract (1.52 g/100 g). The leaf with an 80% ethanolic extract had the lowest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging EC50 (2.22 and 0.37 mg/mL). The leaf with an 80% ethanolic extract (479.73 mg/100 g) and seed (391.14 mg/100 g) had the highest FRAP activity. Our study proves that different parts of R. humilis had a good content of phytoconstituents, bioactives, and antioxidant activities. Hence, R. humilis leaves and seeds are a novel source of omega fatty acids and minerals reported for the first time and have potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poyilil Riya
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Plant
Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central
Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka 570020, India
| | - Sandopu Sravan Kumar
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Plant
Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central
Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka 570020, India
| | - Parvatam Giridhar
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Plant
Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central
Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka 570020, India
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Brahmi F, Mateos-Aparicio I, Mouhoubi K, Guemouni S, Sahki T, Dahmoune F, Belmehdi F, Bessai C, Madani K, Boulekbache-Makhlouf L. Kinetic Modeling of Convective and Microwave Drying of Potato Peels and Their Effects on Antioxidant Content and Capacity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030638. [PMID: 36978886 PMCID: PMC10045004 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study deals with drying properties and focuses on the drying kinetics of potato peels (PP) by two processes, namely convection drying (CD) at various temperatures (40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 °C) and microwave drying (MD) at different powers (200, 400, 600, and 800 W). In addition, the effectiveness of the adopted processes was evaluated in terms of antioxidant contents and antioxidant capacity. A total of 22 mathematical models were undertaken to predict the drying kinetics, and the best model was selected based on the highest R2 values and the lowest χ2 and RMSE values. The Sledz model was the more appropriate for both methods with values of 0.9995 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.9999, χ2 = 0.0000, and 0.0054 ≤ RMSE ≤ 0.0030 for CD, and the results of MD were 0.9829 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.9997, 0.0000 ≤ χ2 ≤ 0.0010, and 0.0304 ≤ RMSE ≤ 0.0053. The best drying rates (DR) of PP were assigned to a temperature of 120 °C and a power of 600 W with values of 0.05 and 0.20 kg water/kg dw min, respectively. A potential explanation is that as PP’s moisture content decreased during the drying process, there was a drop in absorption, which led to a reduction in the DR. The energy consumption of both processes was assessed, and it rose with increasing temperature or power. The microwave process reduced the drying time, consumed lower energy, and presented a higher drying efficiency at a moderate power level compared to the convection process. Furthermore, MD preserved antioxidants better compared to CD and improved the antioxidant capacity. Therefore, the proposed microwave process for drying PP is suggested for its expected use in various fields, including the food processing industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatiha Brahmi
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Scientometry, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (I.M.-A.); Tel.: +213-776-52-54-87 (F.B.); +34-91394-1807 (I.M.-A.)
| | - Inmaculada Mateos-Aparicio
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (I.M.-A.); Tel.: +213-776-52-54-87 (F.B.); +34-91394-1807 (I.M.-A.)
| | - Khokha Mouhoubi
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Scientometry, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
- Agri-Food Technologies Research Center, Targua Ouzemmour Rouad, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
| | - Sara Guemouni
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Scientometry, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
| | - Tassadit Sahki
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Scientometry, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
| | - Farid Dahmoune
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Scientometry, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Scientometry, Faculty of Natural and Life and Earth Sciences Sciences, University of Bouira, Bouira 10000, Algeria
| | - Ferroudja Belmehdi
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Scientometry, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
| | - Chafiaa Bessai
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Scientometry, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
| | - Khodir Madani
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Scientometry, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lila Boulekbache-Makhlouf
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Scientometry, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
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Heating effect on nutritional value from two morphotypes (palmate and semi-palmate leaves) of Hibiscus sabdariffa. Int J Gastron Food Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgfs.2023.100698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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8
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Chen JH, Wu PT, Chyau CC, Wu PH, Lin HH. The Nephroprotective Effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa Leaf and Ellagic Acid in Vitro and in Vivo Models of Hyperuricemic Nephropathy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:382-397. [PMID: 36562602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hyperuricemic nephropathy (HN) is caused by urate crystals that get deposited in the kidney and contribute to renal fibrosis. Uric acid (UA) has been proven to directly cause renal mesangial cell oxidative stress and fibrosis in the pathogenesis of HN. Some antioxidants can be used as chemopreventive agents of HN. Hibiscus sabdariffa leaf extracts (HLE), rich in polyphenol, have been shown to possess hypoglycemic, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, antiatherosclerotic, and anticancer effects. The aim of the study is to examine the inhibitory effect of HLE and its main component ellagic acid (EA) on renal fibrosis. In vitro, mouse renal glomerular mesangial SV40MES13 cells pretreated with UA were demonstrated to trigger obvious morphological changes and viability loss, as well as affect matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activities. Noncytotoxic doses of HLE and EA abolished the UA-induced cell injury and MMP-2/9 secretion. In addition, HLE and EA exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on the UA-treated cells with a reduction in transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) production. Next, the UA-activated pro-fibrotic factors, extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, and epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) were inhibited by HLE or EA. Mechanistic assays indicated that antifibrotic effects of HLE might be mediated via TGF-β/Smad signaling, as confirmed by the transfection of Smad7 siRNA. In vivo, HLE and EA supplementations significantly alleviated HN development, which may result from inhibiting adenine-induced TGF-β production accompanying oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as fibrogenesis. Our data imply that EA-enriched HLE regulates the TGF-β/Smad signaling, which in turn led to reduced renal mesangial cell injury and fibrosis in HN and provided a new mechanism for its nephroprotective activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hsien Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
- Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Tzu Wu
- Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Charng-Cherng Chyau
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Hsuan Lin
- Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
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M'be C, Scher J, Petit J, Paris C, Amani N, Burgain J. Effect of powder fractionation on anthocyanin extraction kinetics during powder reconstitution. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.118119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chaya H, Kumar SS, Jayarama S, Mahadevappa P. Comprehensive Nutritional Analysis, Antioxidant Activities, and Bioactive Compound Characterization from Seven Selected Cereals and Pulses by UHPLC-HRMS/MS. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:31377-31387. [PMID: 36092608 PMCID: PMC9453962 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cereals and pulses comprise the largest proportion in a typical Indian diet plate. This research mainly focuses on determining the nutritional composition, bioactive compound characterization, and antioxidant activities of seven selected cereals and pulses. The total carbohydrate content was high in unripe banana (67.65/100 g) and arrowroot (63.76/100 g). Finger millet (44.55 μmol %), chickpea (53.33 μmol %), and green gram (17.40 μmol %) showed high oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid contents, respectively. The ascorbic acid content was the highest in chickpea and horse gram at 86.83 and 83.76 mg/100 g, respectively. The major phenolics and flavonoids quantified and confirmed using HPLC and UHPLC-HRMS/MS were gallic, protocatechuic, vanillic, para-coumaric, ferulic, chlorogenic, sinapic, and trans-cinnamic acids, rutin, and quercetin. The sample extracts showed dose-dependent antioxidant activity to combat the reactive oxygen species. Hence, these serve as an excellent source for the development of functional food formulations for lowering the risk of various diseases.
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Hasanović M, Čakar J, Ahatović A, Murtić S, Subašić M, Bajrović K, Durmić-Pašić A. Physiological parameters indicate remarkable survival mechanisms of Sanguisorba minor Scop. on metalliferous and non-metalliferous sites. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Barani YH, Zhang M, Mujumdar AS, Chang L. Preservation of Color and Nutrients in Anthocyanin‐rich Edible Flowers: Progress of New Extraction and Processing Techniques. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Hlaine Barani
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Province International Joint Laboratory on Fresh Food Smart Processing and Quality Monitoring Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu China
| | - Arun S. Mujumdar
- Department of Bioresource Engineering Macdonald College McGill University Ste. Anne de Bellevue Quebec Canada
| | - Lu Chang
- Shandong Huamei Biology Science & Technology Co Pingyin China
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Shreelakshmi SV, Nazareth MS, Matam P, Dorairaj D, Shetty NP. Chemometric evaluation of functional components and anti-quorum sensing activity of mulberry leaves from Indian cultivars: a potential contribution to the food industry. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:567-574. [PMID: 34148238 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potential use of many native, easily available vegetal materials for human consumption and value addition is not well recognized. Mulberry, being a traditional industrial crop rich in nutrients and nutraceuticals can be of great importance for the food industry. However, mulberry leaves are mainly being utilized in sericulture and are not exploited for their functional components. Thus, the selection of promising mulberry cultivars, rich in bioactive compounds, like resveratrol and 1-deoxynojirimycin, increase their potential use in functional foods. RESULTS Chlorogenic acid, myricetin and kaempferol were the major polyphenols present in the nine selected cultivars, in the range 0.001-0.086, 0.003-0.079 and 0.003-0.163 g kg-1 fresh weight (FW), respectively. Protocatechuic acid, epicatechin and rutin were predominantly present in cultivars V-1, G-2 and ML (0.103, 0.080 and 0.121 g kg-1 FW, respectively). Similarly, resveratrol and 1-deoxynojirimycin were highest in cultivars ML and K-2 (0.078 and 0.079 g kg-1 FW, respectively). Leaf extracts of cultivars G-2 and ML were able to effectively inhibit the violacein production with 64.08% and 70.04%, respectively at the concentration of 6 mg mL-1 presumably due to a higher content of polyphenols. Chemometric evaluation of chromatographic data showed the intraspecific variability and secondary metabolite co-existence in different cultivars. CONCLUSIONS Considering phytoconstituents, cultivars G-2, ML, K-2 and V-1 could contribute efficiently to the rational utilization of mulberry in agro-food industries. Furthermore, cultivars G-2 and ML leaves can be a new source of quorum sensing inhibitory agents. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saligrama Viswanath Shreelakshmi
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India
- Department of Bioscience, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Mangaluru, India
| | - Maria Sheeba Nazareth
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India
| | - Pradeep Matam
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India
| | - Darshan Dorairaj
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India
| | - Nandini P Shetty
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India
- Department of Bioscience, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Mangaluru, India
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Onwude DI, Iranshahi K, Rubinetti D, Schudel S, Schemminger J, Martynenko A, Defraeye T. How much do process parameters affect the residual quality attributes of dried fruits and vegetables for convective drying? FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Macchioni V, Picchi V, Carbone K. Hop Leaves as an Alternative Source of Health-Active Compounds: Effect of Genotype and Drying Conditions. PLANTS 2021; 11:plants11010099. [PMID: 35009102 PMCID: PMC8747731 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In hop cultivation, one-third of the crop is a valuable product (hop cones), and two-thirds is unexploited biomass, consisting mainly of leaves and stems, which, in a circular economy approach, can be recovered and, once stabilized, supplied to industrial sectors, such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and phytotherapy, with high added value. In this regard, this study aimed to investigate the effects of two different drying methods: oven drying (OD) at 45 °C and freeze-drying (FD), on the overall nutraceutical profile (i.e., total phenols, total flavans and total thiols), pigment content (i.e., carotenoids and chlorophylls) and the antioxidant potential of leaves from five different Humulus lupulus varieties grown in central Italy. Moreover, attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was applied to dried leaf powders to study the influence of both the variety and treatment on their molecular fingerprints. The spectral data were then analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA), which was able to group the samples mainly based on the applied treatment. Considering the overall phytochemical profile, FD appeared to be the most suitable drying method, while OD provided higher carotenoid retention, depending on the genotype considered. Finally, unsupervised chemometric tools (i.e., PCA and hierarchical clustering) revealed that the two main clusters contained subclusters based on the drying treatment applied; these subgroups were related to the susceptibility of the variety to the drying conditions studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Macchioni
- CREA-Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Via di Fioranello 52, 00134 Rome, Italy;
| | - Valentina Picchi
- CREA-Research Centre for Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Via G. Venezian 26, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Katya Carbone
- CREA-Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Via di Fioranello 52, 00134 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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16
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Effect of Preservation Methods on Physicochemical Quality, Phenolic Content, and Antioxidant Activity of Stevia Leaves. J FOOD QUALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/5378157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of freeze-drying and gamma irradiation at 0.5, 1, and 2 kGy on the physicochemical composition (moisture, fat, ash, mineral, and chlorophyll contents), microstructure, total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity of stevia leaves was investigated in the present study. The results obtained indicated that freeze-drying and gamma irradiation treatments caused significant reduction (
≤ 0.05) of moisture and fat contents in comparison with those of commercial leaves, while ash content was not significantly affected. Mineral composition was analysed. Among the analysed elements, potassium and iron levels were higher in the freeze-dried and irradiated samples, respectively. The microstructure was analysed using a scanning electron microscope. Micrographs revealed that a higher porous size structure was obtained by freeze-drying, and degradation of cell wall structure was more clearly visualized by irradiation at 2 kGy. However, the main functional groups were stable as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The effects on chlorophyll content, phenolic profile, and antioxidant properties were evaluated before and after ten months of storage. In terms of chlorophyll contents, the freeze-dried leaves exhibited the highest content. Chlorophylls a and b decreased when storage progressed for freeze-dried leaves as well as for gamma-irradiated leaves. Both preservation methods gave significant advantages in increasing the total phenolic content and DPPH scavenging activity. Moreover, a significant increase of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity was observed as the gamma irradiation dose increased. In addition, the storage time increased the amounts of polyphenols and DPPH scavenging activity. After 10 months of storage, gamma-irradiated leaves had the highest total phenolic content as well as the DPPH scavenging activity followed by freeze-dried leaves. The results indicate that freeze-drying and gamma irradiation at the studied doses could be effective postharvest methods for preservation of stevia leaf quality.
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Raudone L, Puzerytė V, Vilkickyte G, Niekyte A, Lanauskas J, Viskelis J, Viskelis P. Sea Buckthorn Leaf Powders: The Impact of Cultivar and Drying Mode on Antioxidant, Phytochemical, and Chromatic Profile of Valuable Resource. Molecules 2021; 26:4765. [PMID: 34443353 PMCID: PMC8398517 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. (HR)) leaf powders are the underutilized, promising resource of valuable compounds. Genotype and processing methods are key factors in the preparation of homogenous, stable, and quantified ingredients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phenolic, triterpenic, antioxidant profiles, carotenoid and chlorophyll content, and chromatic characteristics of convection-dried and freeze-dried HR leaf powders obtained from ten different female cultivars, namely 'Avgustinka', 'Botaniceskaja Liubitelskaja', 'Botaniceskaja', 'Hibrid Percika', 'Julia', 'Nivelena', 'Otradnaja', 'Podarok Sadu', 'Trofimovskaja', and 'Vorobjovskaja'. The chromatic characteristics were determined using the CIELAB scale. The phytochemical profiles were determined using HPLC-PDA (high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector) analysis; spectrophotometric assays and antioxidant activities were investigated using ABTS (2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) and FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant power) assays. The sea buckthorn leaf powders had a yellowish-green appearance. The drying mode had a significant impact on the total antioxidant activity, chlorophyll content, and chromatic characteristics of the samples; the freeze-dried samples were superior in antioxidant activity, chlorophyll, carotenoid content, and chromatic profile, compared to convection-dried leaf powder samples. The determined triterpenic and phenolic profiles strongly depend on the cultivar, and the drying technique had no impact on qualitative and quantitative composition. Catechin, epigallocatechin, procyanidin B3, ursolic acid, α-amyrin, and β-sitosterol could be used as quantitative markers in the phenolic and triterpenic profiles. The cultivars 'Avgustinka', 'Nivelena', and 'Botaniceskaja' were superior to other tested cultivars, with the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Raudone
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania; (G.V.); (A.N.)
| | - Viktorija Puzerytė
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Technology, Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno Str. 30, LT-54333 Babtai, Kaunas District, Lithuania; (V.P.); (J.V.); (P.V.)
| | - Gabriele Vilkickyte
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania; (G.V.); (A.N.)
| | - Aurelija Niekyte
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania; (G.V.); (A.N.)
| | - Juozas Lanauskas
- Department of Horticulture Technologies, Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno Str. 30, LT-54333 Babtai, Kaunas District, Lithuania;
| | - Jonas Viskelis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Technology, Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno Str. 30, LT-54333 Babtai, Kaunas District, Lithuania; (V.P.); (J.V.); (P.V.)
| | - Pranas Viskelis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Technology, Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno Str. 30, LT-54333 Babtai, Kaunas District, Lithuania; (V.P.); (J.V.); (P.V.)
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18
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Antioxidant product analysis of Folium Hibisci Mutabilis. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2021.101272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Kinetic Study on Chlorophyll and Antioxidant Activity from Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms Leaves via Microwave-Assisted Extraction. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123761. [PMID: 34205529 PMCID: PMC8235075 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyscias fruticosa (L.) leaves contain significant bioactive compounds with high antioxidant activity such as chlorophylls, total polyphenols, etc. but these have still been underutilized. In this study, the kinetics of chlorophyll and antioxidant activity extraction from P. fruticosa leaves by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) were investigated. Microwave power was 300, 450, or 600 (W); the ratio of material/solvent varied from 1:40 to 1:80 (g/mL). In this study, the second-order kinetic model successfully predicted the change of chlorophyll and antioxidant activity during MAE. The increase of microwave power or/and the solvent amount increased saturated extraction efficiency and the extraction rate constant. However, the saturated concentration of chlorophyll and antioxidant activity increased with the increment of microwave power and the decrease in solvent amount.
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20
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Sindhoora S, Janhavi P, Muthukumar SP, Vijayanand P. Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of soluble polyphenols from Capparis zeylanica fruit according to drying method. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-00832-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Pham NTK, Le NL. Effects of α-amylase and wheatgrass supplement on fermentation process, textural, antioxidant and sensory properties of steamed white honeycomb cakes. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-00858-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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22
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Pérez-Báez AJ, Valenzuela-Melendres M, Camou JP, González-Aguilar G, Tortoledo-Ortiz O, González-Ríos H, Viuda-Martos M. Modelling the Effects of Roselle Extract, Potato Peel Flour, and Beef Fat on the Sensory Properties and Heterocyclic Amines Formation of Beef Patties Studied by Using Response Surface Methodology. Foods 2021; 10:1184. [PMID: 34070238 PMCID: PMC8225005 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) are compounds with carcinogenic potential formed during high-temperature processing of meat and meat products. Vegetables or their extracts with high antioxidant capacity can be incorporated into the meat matrix to reduce their formation, but it is necessary to find the optimal levels to achieve maximum inhibition without affecting the sensory properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of roselle extract (RE, 0-1%), potato peel flour (PP, 0-2%), and beef fat (BF, 0-15%) on the sensory properties and formation of HCAs in beef patties using response surface methodology. IQx, IQ, MeIQx, MeIQ, 4,8-DiMeIQx, and PhIP were identified and quantified by HPLC. Regression models were developed to predict sensory properties and HCAs' formation. All models were significant (p < 0.05) and showed a R2 > 0.70. Roselle extract and beef fat had a negative linear effect on the formation of the total HCAs, while PP had a positive linear effect. The optimal formula that minimizes the formation of HCAs included 0.63% RE, 0.99% PP, and 11.96% BF. RE and PP are foods that can be used as ingredients in low-fat beef patties to minimize the formation of HCAs without affecting their sensory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Judith Pérez-Báez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo E. Astiazarán Rosas, #46. Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico; (A.J.P.-B.); (J.P.C.); (G.G.-A.); (O.T.-O.); (H.G.-R.)
| | - Martin Valenzuela-Melendres
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo E. Astiazarán Rosas, #46. Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico; (A.J.P.-B.); (J.P.C.); (G.G.-A.); (O.T.-O.); (H.G.-R.)
| | - Juan Pedro Camou
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo E. Astiazarán Rosas, #46. Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico; (A.J.P.-B.); (J.P.C.); (G.G.-A.); (O.T.-O.); (H.G.-R.)
| | - Gustavo González-Aguilar
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo E. Astiazarán Rosas, #46. Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico; (A.J.P.-B.); (J.P.C.); (G.G.-A.); (O.T.-O.); (H.G.-R.)
| | - Orlando Tortoledo-Ortiz
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo E. Astiazarán Rosas, #46. Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico; (A.J.P.-B.); (J.P.C.); (G.G.-A.); (O.T.-O.); (H.G.-R.)
| | - Humberto González-Ríos
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo E. Astiazarán Rosas, #46. Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico; (A.J.P.-B.); (J.P.C.); (G.G.-A.); (O.T.-O.); (H.G.-R.)
| | - Manuel Viuda-Martos
- Grupo de Industrialización de Productos de Origen Animal, Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Carretera Beniel, Km 3.2, E-Orihuela, 03312 Alicante, Spain
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Kannan VS, Arjunan TV, Vijayan S. Drying characteristics of mint leaves ( Mentha arvensis) dried in a solid desiccant dehumidifier system. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 58:777-786. [PMID: 33568871 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this present study, solid desiccant-based pressure-swing adsorption (PSA) dehumidifier was developed and the process parameters were optimized to deliver the air continuously at 0.1% relative humidity. Mint (Mentha arvensis) leaves are tested to study the drying characteristics at varied flow rates of dehumidified air in the drying chamber. The initial moisture content of 5.059 g water/g dry matter have been reduced to a safe storage level in 360 min at 0.160 m3/min volume low rate. The effective moisture diffusivity of the mint leaves was found in the range of 2.07534 × 10-11m2/s to 3.45817 × 10-11m2/s. The percentage of retention of ascorbic acid in dried mint leaves is increased by an increase in the volume flow rate of dry air and a maximum of 70.11% is achieved by 0.160 m3/min. The colour measurement and chlorophyll content of the dried samples indicated that the desiccant dehumidified air dryers are suitable for heat sensitive green leafy vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Suresh Kannan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Coimbatore Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu India
| | - T V Arjunan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Studies in Engineering and Technology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh India
| | - S Vijayan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu India
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Salem MA, Zayed A, Beshay ME, Abdel Mesih MM, Ben Khayal RF, George FA, Ezzat SM. Hibiscus sabdariffa L.: phytoconstituents, nutritive, and pharmacological applications. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-020-00542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Ghoshal G, Singh D. Synthesis and characterization of starch nanocellulosic films incorporated with Eucalyptus globulus leaf extract. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 332:108765. [PMID: 32593919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carrot cellulose nano fibers (CNF) have been extracted from carrot pulp using acid hydrolysis process. The size of the CNF was in the range of 6.33-58.77 nm. Starch nano-composite films were manufactured using varying concentration of CNF (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) and mechanical properties of the films were studied at relative humidity 50% and 75%. Nano-composite films were manufactured using Eucalyptus globulus leafs extract (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%). Physio-chemical properties, antioxidant, antimicrobial, morphological and crystalline properties of the films were studied. Nano-composite films with 4% Eucalyptus globulus leafs extract was best to provide better barrier, antioxidant properties to grapes when wrapped and stored at room temperature (25 ± 2)°C for 7 days and refrigerator temperature (4 ± 1)°C for 28 days. Wrapped grapes with NCC/Eucalyptus globulus leaf extract stored for 28 days either at 25 °C or 4 °C had bacterial surface loads reduced up to 5 orders of magnitude compared to non-wrapped samples and had 4 orders of magnitude less bacterial surface loads than at the beginning of the experiments. Wrapped grapes with NCC/Eucalyptus globulus leaf extract significantly reduced the growth of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium and Penicillium spp. when the cells of these organisms were spiked onto grapes and the samples were stored either at (25 ± 2) °C or (4 ± 1) °C for 28 days. The results showed that nano-composite with 4% Eucalyptus globulus leafs extract films have immense potential as food packaging/wrapping material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Ghoshal
- Dr. S. S. Bhatnagar University Institute of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Deepinderjot Singh
- Dr. S. S. Bhatnagar University Institute of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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26
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Zam W, Ali A, Hasan R. Determination of Phenolic Compounds’ Extraction Conditions from Pistacia palaestina Leaves at Two Different Stages of Maturity. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401315666191009100726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Phenolic compounds are distributed throughout the plant kingdom. Numerous
investigations have proved that Pistacia species have secondary metabolites, and these contain
different classes of bioactive phenolic compounds.
Objective:
The objective of the present work was to optimize the extraction conditions of phenolic
compounds from Pistacia palaestina leaves cultivated in Syria and find out the effects of the solvent
type, extraction time, and temperature on total phenolic content (TPC) and in vitro antioxidant activity%
(AA%). Two different growth stages were studied.
Methods:
Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content values were estimated using 2,2’-diphenyl-
1-picrylhydrazyl and Folin-Ciocalteu methods, respectively.
Results:
The highest TPC and AA% were found in fresh leaves (14.32g/100g and 92.69%, respectively).
The optimum extraction solvent for phenolic recovery and antioxidant capacity was acetone
40%. Changes both in temperature (25, 40, 60 and 80°C) and time (15, 30, 45 and 60 min) had no
significant influence on TPC and AA% of Pistacia extracts.
Conclusion:
Phenolic compounds could be extracted in a short time at a low temperature and could
be used as natural antioxidant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissam Zam
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Andalus University for Medical Sciences, Tartous, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Ali Ali
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Andalus University for Medical Sciences, Tartous, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Razan Hasan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technical Engineering, Tartous University, Tartous, Syrian Arab Republic
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Kumar SS, Arya M, Nagbhushan P, Giridhar P, Shetty NP, Yannam SK, Mahadevappa P. Evaluation of Various Drying Methods on Bioactives, Ascorbic Acid and Antioxidant Potentials of Talinum triangulare L., foliage. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 75:283-291. [PMID: 32350811 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-020-00804-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the efficiency of different drying methods (room, sun, oven, microwave, cross-flow, infra-red, dehumidifier, and freeze-drying) on maximum retention of the nutritional and bioactive compounds profiling of Talinum triangulare, which is a less-known perishable leafy-vegetable. The evaluation of various drying methods is to learn the best appropriate strategy for a post-harvest drying method for retaining all the potential benefits with minor loss. Microwave and freeze-dried samples held the maximum ascorbic acid quantified by HPLC with 1.36 and 1.11 g/100 g DW, respectively. The main carotenoid compounds identified were violaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, β-carotene isomers, trans-β-carotene, and cis-β-carotenes. Gallic, protocatechuic, catechin, para-coumaric, ferulic, rutin, trans-cinnamic, and quercetin are the significant phenolics and flavonoids identified and quantified by liquid chromatography. The efficiency of different solvents on bioactive extractions uncovered that the methanol and 80% aqueous ethanol were good for retention of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant compounds, which was affirmed through phosphomolybdate, DPPH, and FRAP assays. Dried T. triangulare foliage could be productively utilized as a promising raw material for food and pharma businesses because of its rich bioactive composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandopu Sravan Kumar
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020, India
| | - Monisha Arya
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020, India
| | - Priyanka Nagbhushan
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020, India
| | - Parvatam Giridhar
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020, India
| | - Nandini P Shetty
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020, India
| | - Sudheer Kumar Yannam
- Traditional Food and Sensory Science, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020, India
| | - Paramesha Mahadevappa
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020, India.
- Department of Studies and Research in Food Technology, Davangere University, Davangere, Karnataka, 577007, India.
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Li J, Lu YR, Lin IF, Kang W, Chen HB, Lu HF, Wang HMD. Reversing UVB-induced photoaging with Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx aqueous extract. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:672-681. [PMID: 31583701 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hibiscus sabdariffa is commonly used in daily life and its extract is applied widely in food and cosmetics. However, it has not been evaluated for its anti-aging effects. RESULTS Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx aqueous extract (HSCAE) has shown potential collagenase activity suppression effects, together with tyrosinase activity inhibition, and anti-oxidation as a free radical scavenger. The current investigation demonstrated that HSCAE was not cytotoxic in skin fibroblasts, and it significantly decreased ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) on a flow cytometry assay. Moreover, HSCAE reduced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, increased tissue inhibition of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 level, and enhanced collagen content by inhibiting collagenase activity. It also blocked mRNA and protein expressions of melanin production pathway key factors, including the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), and dopachrome tautomerase-2 (TRP-2). CONCLUSION These results demonstrated, for the first time, the potential of HSCAE as a natural antioxidant with the ability to maintain collagen production and to decrease melanin syntheses under UVB radiation, for anti-aging effects. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yi-Ru Lu
- Department of Bachelor Program of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - I-Fan Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wenyi Kang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function, Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hong-Bin Chen
- College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Hsu-Feng Lu
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Min David Wang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
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Kho K, Sim YY, Nyam KL. Antioxidant activities of tea prepared from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L. KR9) leaves at different maturity stages. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-019-00121-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sim YY, Nyam KL. Effect of different drying methods on the physical properties and antioxidant activities of Hibiscus cannabinus leaves. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-019-00043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Akar G, Barutçu Mazı I. Color change, ascorbic acid degradation kinetics, and rehydration behavior of kiwifruit as affected by different drying methods. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Göksu Akar
- Department of Food Engineering, Agricultural FacultyOrdu University Ordu Turkey
| | - Işıl Barutçu Mazı
- Department of Food Engineering, Agricultural FacultyOrdu University Ordu Turkey
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Nouri E, Abbasi H, Rahimi E. Effects of processing on stability of water- and fat-soluble vitamins, pigments (C-phycocyanin, carotenoids, chlorophylls) and colour characteristics of Spirulina platensis. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2018.1304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Nouri
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - H. Abbasi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - E. Rahimi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, College of Agriculture, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
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Drying Rate and Product Quality Evaluation of Roselle ( Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Calyces Extract Dried with Foaming Agent under Different Temperatures. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2018; 2018:9243549. [PMID: 29755991 PMCID: PMC5883938 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9243549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The utilisation of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) calyx as a source of anthocyanins has been explored through intensive investigations. Due to its perishable property, the transformation of roselle calyces into dried extract without reducing their quality is highly challenging. The aim of this work was to study the effect of air temperatures and relative humidity on the kinetics and product quality during drying of roselle extract foamed with ovalbumin and glycerol monostearate (GMS). The results showed that foam mat drying increased the drying rate significantly and retained the antioxidant activity and colour of roselle calyces extract. Shorter drying time was achieved when higher air temperature and/or lower relative humidity was used. Foam mat drying produced dried brilliant red roselle calyces extract with better antioxidant activity and colour qualities when compared with nonfoam mat drying. The results showed the potential for retaining the roselle calyces extract quality under suggested drying conditions.
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Effect of drying methods on the content of natural pigments and antioxidant capacity in extracts from medicinal plants: a spectroscopic study. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-017-0193-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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35
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Wang J, Cao X, Ferchaud V, Qi Y, Jiang H, Tang F, Yue Y, Chin KL. Variations in chemical fingerprints and major flavonoid contents from the leaves of thirty-one accessions of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 30:880-7. [PMID: 26394363 PMCID: PMC5061090 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The leaves of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. have been used as traditional folk medicines for treating high blood pressure and fever. There are many accessions of H. sabdariffa L. throughout the world. To assess the chemical variations of 31 different accessions of H. sabdariffa L., fingerprinting analysis and quantitation of major flavonoids were performed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC method was validated for linearity, sensitivity, precision, repeatability and accuracy. A quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (Q‐TOF‐MS) was applied for the characterization of major compounds. A total of 9 compounds were identified, including 6 flavonoids and 3 phenolic acids. In the fingerprint analysis, similarity analysis (SA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to differentiate the 31 accessions of H. sabdariffa L. Based on the results of PCA and SA, the samples No. 15 and 19 appeared much different from the main group. The total content of five flavonoids varied greatly among different accessions, ranging from 3.35 to 23.30 mg/g. Rutin was found to be the dominant compound and the content of rutin could contribute to chemical variations among different accessions. This study was helpful to understand the chemical variations between different accessions of H. sabdariffa L., which could be used for quality control. © 2015 The Authors Biomedical Chromatography Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- SFA Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, No. 8 Futong Dongdajie, Wangjing, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Xianshuang Cao
- SFA Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, No. 8 Futong Dongdajie, Wangjing, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Vanessa Ferchaud
- Southern University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Yadong Qi
- Southern University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA.,Urban Forestry Program, College of Science and Agriculture, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Hao Jiang
- SFA Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, No. 8 Futong Dongdajie, Wangjing, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Feng Tang
- SFA Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, No. 8 Futong Dongdajie, Wangjing, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Yongde Yue
- SFA Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, No. 8 Futong Dongdajie, Wangjing, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Kit L Chin
- Southern University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
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Sravan Kumar S, Manoj P, Giridhar P. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, chlorophyll content and antioxidant properties of native and defatted foliage of green leafy vegetables. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2015; 52:8131-9. [PMID: 26604386 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-015-1959-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
FTIR analysis for five selected green leafy vegetables (GLVs) viz., Hibiscus cannabinus L., (kenaf), H. sabdariffa L., (roselle), Basella alba L., (vine spinach), B. rubra L. (malabar spinach) and Rumex vesicarius L., (sorrel) confirmed the presence of free alcohol, intermolecular bonded alcohol, intramolecular bonded alcohol, alkane, aromatic compounds, imine or oxime or ketone or alkene, phenol and amine stretching. The chlorophyll content was higher in native leaves of B. alba (2.96 g/kg) than defatted samples (1.11 g/kg). Total phenolic content (TPC) in H. sabdariffa native methanol extractives is more (17.6 g/kg) than defatted leaves (9.67 g/kg). Native B. rubra methanol extractives exhibited highest total flavonoid content (TFC) (21.59 g/kg), while that of R. vesicarius was lowest (3.21 g/kg). In general, antioxidant activities showed a significant reduction in retention of antioxidants in both native and defatted GLVs samples of ethanol and methanol extractives. Methanol extractives showed significantly stronger antioxidant activity probably due to greater solubility of phenolics and destruction of cellular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sravan Kumar
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020 India
| | - P Manoj
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020 India
| | - P Giridhar
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020 India
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Chiu CT, Chen JH, Chou FP, Lin HH. Hibiscus sabdariffa Leaf Extract Inhibits Human Prostate Cancer Cell Invasion via Down-Regulation of Akt/NF-kB/MMP-9 Pathway. Nutrients 2015; 7:5065-87. [PMID: 26115086 PMCID: PMC4516987 DOI: 10.3390/nu7075065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibiscus sabdariffa leaf has been previously shown to possess hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant effects, and induce tumor cell apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the anticancer activity of H. sabdariffa leaf extract (HLE) are poorly understood. The object of the study was to examine the anti-invasive potential of HLE. First, HLE was demonstrated to be rich in polyphenols. The results of wound-healing assay and in vitro transwell assay revealed that HLE dose-dependently inhibited the migration and invasion of human prostate cancer LNCaP (lymph node carcinoma of the prostate) cells under non-cytotoxic concentrations. Our results further showed that HLE exerted an inhibitory effect on the activity and expressions of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). The HLE-inhibited MMP-9 expression appeared to be a consequence of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) inactivation because its DNA-binding activity was suppressed by HLE. Molecular data showed all these influences of HLE might be mediated via inhibition of protein kinase B (PKB, also known as Akt)/NF-κB/MMP-9 cascade pathway, as demonstrated by the transfection of Akt1 overexpression vector. Finally, the inhibitory effect of HLE was proven by its inhibition on the growth of LNCaP cells and the expressions of metastasis-related molecular proteins in vivo. These findings suggested that the inhibition of MMP-9 expression by HLE may act through the suppression of the Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway, which in turn led to the reduced invasiveness of the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Tang Chiu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Jing-Hsien Chen
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Fen-Pi Chou
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Hsuan Lin
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan.
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