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Caldara M, Gullì M, Graziano S, Riboni N, Maestri E, Mattarozzi M, Bianchi F, Careri M, Marmiroli N. Microbial consortia and biochar as sustainable biofertilisers: Analysis of their impact on wheat growth and production. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170168. [PMID: 38244628 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The European Union is among the top wheat producers in the world, but its productivity relies on adequate soil fertilisation. Biofertilisers, either alone or in combination with biochar, can be a preferable alternative to chemical fertilisers. However, the addition of biofertilisers, specifically plant growth promoting microbes (PGPM), could modify grain composition, and/or deteriorate the soil composition. In this study, the two wheat cultivars Triticum aestivum (Bramante) and T. durum (Svevo) were cultivated in open fields for two consecutive years in the presence of a commercial PGPM mix supplied alone or in combination with biochar. An in-depth analysis was conducted by collecting physiological and agronomic data throughout the growth period. The effects of PGPM and biochar were investigated in detail; specifically, soil chemistry and rhizosphere microbial composition were characterized, along with the treatment effects on seed storage proteins. The results demonstrated that the addition of commercial microbial consortia and biochar, alone or in combination, did not modify the rhizospheric microbial community; however, it increased grain yield, especially in the cultivar Svevo (increase of 6.8 %-13.6 %), even though the factors driving the most variations were associated with both climate and cultivar. The total gluten content of the flours was not affected, whereas the main effect of the treatments was a variation in gliadins and low-molecular-weight-glutenin subunits in both cultivars when treated with PGPM and biochar. This suggested improved grain quality, especially regarding the viscoelastic properties of the dough, when the filling period occurred in a dry climate. The results indicate that the application of biofertilisers and biochar may aid the effective management of sustainable wheat cultivation, to support environmental health without altering the biodiversity of the resident microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Caldara
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Mariolina Gullì
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy; Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Graziano
- Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Nicolò Riboni
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Maestri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy; Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy; National Interuniversity Consortium for Environmental Sciences (CINSA), Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Monica Mattarozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy; Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy; Interdepartmental Center CIDEA, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Careri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy; Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Nelson Marmiroli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy; Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy; National Interuniversity Consortium for Environmental Sciences (CINSA), Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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Han M, Wang H, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Romanova N, Ivanistau A, Yang Q, Feng B. Gluten-starch microstructure analysis revealed the improvement mechanism of Triticeae on broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.). Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:130222. [PMID: 38365145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism by which Triticeae improves the quality of broomcorn millet (BM) is key to expanding the use of this crop to address food crises and food security. This study aimed to explore the effects of Triticeae on the disulfide bonds, secondary structures, microstructure, and rheological properties of BM dough, and to investigate the potential food applications of BM. Gluten protein, intermolecular SS, and β-Sheets content of the reconstituted doughs were significantly improved compared with BM dough, which improved disorderly accumulation of starch and gluten-starch interaction in BM dough. CLSM analysis showed that broomcorn millet-common wheat (BM-CW) and broomcorn millet-durum wheat (BM-DW) also possessed larger protein areas, smaller lacunarities, and better gluten-starch interactions in the reconstituted doughs. Disulfide bonds were positively correlated with the gluten network structure, and more disulfide bonds were formed in BM-CW (3.86 μmol/g), which promoted stronger mechanical resistance in BM-CW. Therefore, the combination of BM flour with CW and DW flours had better dough elasticity and stability. Finally, a potential evaluation and optimization scheme for BM as a cooked wheaten food is proposed to improve the reference for future food security and dietary structure adjustment of residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Han
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling 712000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Honglu Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling 712000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling 712000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yuchuan Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling 712000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Natalia Romanova
- Belarusian State Agricultural Academy, Gorki 213407, Mogilev region, Belarus
| | | | - Qinghua Yang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling 712000, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Baili Feng
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling 712000, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Boscaro R, Panozzo A, Piotto S, Moore SS, Barion G, Wang Y, Vamerali T. Effects of Foliar-Applied Mixed Mineral Fertilizers and Organic Biostimulants on the Growth and Hybrid Seed Production of a Male-Sterile Inbred Maize Line. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2837. [PMID: 37570991 PMCID: PMC10421008 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants of inbred maize lines are characterized by low vigor due to their high rates of homozygosity and may, therefore, benefit from additional nutrients and biostimulants supplied via foliar spraying. The present study innovatively investigated the effects of foliar treatment with three commercial organic-mineral fertilizers/biostimulants on a male-sterile inbred line of maize at the five-leaf stage. The three fertilizers were characterized by their following content: (i) NPK + hydrolyzed animal epithelium + micronutrients (named 'NPK + Hae + micro'), (ii) NK + humified peat (named 'NK + Hp'), and (iii) PK + Ascophyllum nodosum extracts (named 'PK + An'). The resulting shoot and root growth and seed yield and quality were compared to a control (C). Both NPK + Hae + micro and PK + An treatments enhanced root growth in the top 20 cm soil layer at the ten-leaf stage: root dry biomass increased by 80 and 24%, respectively, and the volumetric root length density by 61 and 17%. The two treatments also allowed for a larger number of commercial seeds to be produced (on average +16 bags per gross hectare vs. C) owing to a better seed caliber, which consequently reduced rates of seed disposal (-11 and -20% for PK + An and NPK + Hae + micro, respectively) and, in the case of NPK + Hae + micro, due to an increment in the number of kernels per ear (+5% vs. C). These effects were not associated with any significant changes in shoot growth, height, or leaf net CO2 assimilation. In this preliminary trial, peak commercial benefit was obtained with the use of hydrolyzed epithelium together with macro- and micronutrients. Further investigation into application timing and dose, and the means by which these products alleviate the effects of low vigor and stress conditions observed particularly under mechanical emasculation is, however, necessary for their full exploitation in the production of hybrid maize seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Boscaro
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.P.); (S.S.M.); (G.B.); (T.V.)
| | - Anna Panozzo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.P.); (S.S.M.); (G.B.); (T.V.)
| | - Simone Piotto
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.P.); (S.S.M.); (G.B.); (T.V.)
| | - Selina Sterup Moore
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.P.); (S.S.M.); (G.B.); (T.V.)
| | - Giuseppe Barion
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.P.); (S.S.M.); (G.B.); (T.V.)
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Teofilo Vamerali
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (R.B.); (S.P.); (S.S.M.); (G.B.); (T.V.)
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Zhang X, Blennow A, Jekle M, Zörb C. Climate-Nutrient-Crop Model: Novel Insights into Grain-Based Food Quality. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37384408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Mineral nutrients spatiotemporally participate in the biosynthesis and accumulation of storage biopolymers, which directly determines the harvested grain yield and quality. Optimizing fertilizer nutrient availability improves the grain yield, but quality aspects are often underestimated. We hypothesize that extensive mineral nutrients have significant effects on the biosynthesis, content, and composition of storage proteins, ultimately determining physicochemical properties and food quality, particularly in the context of climate change. To investigate this, we hierarchized 16 plant mineral nutrients and developed a novel climate-nutrient-crop model to address the fundamental question of the roles of protein and starch in grain-based food quality. Finally, we recommend increasing the added value of mineral nutrients as a socioeconomic strategy to enhance agro-food profitability, promote environmental sustainability, and improve climate resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Quality of Plant Products, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mario Jekle
- Department of Plant-Based Foods, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Zörb
- Institute of Crop Science, Quality of Plant Products, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Zhao Y, Islam S, Alhabbar Z, Zhang J, O'Hara G, Anwar M, Ma W. Current Progress and Future Prospect of Wheat Genetics Research towards an Enhanced Nitrogen Use Efficiency. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091753. [PMID: 37176811 PMCID: PMC10180859 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
To improve the yield and quality of wheat is of great importance for food security worldwide. One of the most effective and significant approaches to achieve this goal is to enhance the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in wheat. In this review, a comprehensive understanding of the factors involved in the process of the wheat nitrogen uptake, assimilation and remobilization of nitrogen in wheat were introduced. An appropriate definition of NUE is vital prior to its precise evaluation for the following gene identification and breeding process. Apart from grain yield (GY) and grain protein content (GPC), the commonly recognized major indicators of NUE, grain protein deviation (GPD) could also be considered as a potential trait for NUE evaluation. As a complex quantitative trait, NUE is affected by transporter proteins, kinases, transcription factors (TFs) and micro RNAs (miRNAs), which participate in the nitrogen uptake process, as well as key enzymes, circadian regulators, cross-talks between carbon metabolism, which are associated with nitrogen assimilation and remobilization. A series of quantitative genetic loci (QTLs) and linking markers were compiled in the hope to help discover more efficient and useful genetic resources for breeding program. For future NUE improvement, an exploration for other criteria during selection process that incorporates morphological, physiological and biochemical traits is needed. Applying new technologies from phenomics will allow high-throughput NUE phenotyping and accelerate the breeding process. A combination of multi-omics techniques and the previously verified QTLs and molecular markers will facilitate the NUE QTL-mapping and novel gene identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhao
- Food Futures Institute & College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding of Hebei, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Shahidul Islam
- Food Futures Institute & College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Zaid Alhabbar
- Department of Field Crops, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, Mosul 41002, Iraq
| | - Jingjuan Zhang
- Food Futures Institute & College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
| | - Graham O'Hara
- Food Futures Institute & College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
| | - Masood Anwar
- Food Futures Institute & College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
| | - Wujun Ma
- Food Futures Institute & College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agriculture University, Qingdao 266109, China
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Gu XY, Liu Y, Liu YH, Paliwal J, Wen XX. Effects of foliar spraying of potassium fertilizer on the contents of microelement, phytic acid and HMW-GS in wheat flour. J Cereal Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2022.103621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Visioli G, Lauro M, Morari F, Longo M, Bresciani A, Pagani MA, Marti A, Pasini G. Protein Maps for Durum Wheat Precision Harvest and Pasta Production. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3149. [PMID: 36432877 PMCID: PMC9695900 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The quality traits of dough and dry pasta obtained from semolina (Triticum durum Desf. var. Biensur), harvested from a 13.6 ha field, subjected to variable-rate nitrogen (N) fertilization, were assessed to test site-specific pasta production for a short supply chain. Based on the grain quality spatial distribution, two distinct areas with protein content lower or higher than 13% were delineated and harvested selectively. The rheological properties of semolina samples obtained from those areas were evaluated. Furthermore, dry pasta was produced and characterized for its cooking behaviour and sensory characteristics. Semolina was demonstrated to have rheological characteristics (i.e., gluten aggregation time and energy, as evaluated by GlutoPeak test) positively related to the protein content as well as the related pasta, showing better cooking quality. These results are driven by the high amounts of gluten proteins, as well as by the glutenin/gliadin ratio, which are indicators of the technological quality of semolina. Overall, the results indicate that segregation of the grain with >13% of protein at harvest led to the production of semolina with a higher gluten protein content and a higher glutenin/gliadin ratio and, hence, to the production of pasta with better cooking quality. Therefore, site-specific pasta could be a potential asset for a short supply chain, aiming at improving traceability, as well as environmental and economic sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Visioli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Marta Lauro
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Morari
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro-Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Longo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro-Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Bresciani
- Department of Food, Environmental, and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Ambrogina Pagani
- Department of Food, Environmental, and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Marti
- Department of Food, Environmental, and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pasini
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro-Padua, Italy
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Melash AA, Ábrahám ÉB. Barriers and levers to enhance end-use functional properties of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) grain: An agronomic implication. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09542. [PMID: 35663752 PMCID: PMC9156948 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The current trends in population growth and consumption pattern remain to increase the demand for durum wheat grain. However, multiple biotic and abiotic challenges due to climate change coupled with crop management practices possess major concern to improve durum wheat production and storage proteins. Efforts on developing innovative agronomic and breeding strategies are essential to enhance productivity, and nutritional quality under the changing climate. Nitrogen is an important structural component of protein, and potentially reduce the adverse effect of drought stress through maintaining metabolic activities. Optimum nitrogen fertilization allows durum wheat producing farmers to attain high quality yield, brings economic benefit, and reduces environmental pollution. However, defining an optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate for specific location requires considering yield achievement and quality of the end products. If the producers interest is, geared towards production of high protein content, high nitrogen dose is required. If the interest gears towards grain yield improvement optimization of nitrogen fertilizer rate is important. This indicates that defining product-specific nitrogen application is required for sustainable durum wheat production. Therefore, future challenges of increasing production, productivity, and end-use functional properties of durum wheat will only be achieved through cooperation of multidisciplinary teams who are able to incorporate new technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anteneh Agezew Melash
- Kálmán Kerpely Doctoral School of Crop Production and Horticultural Science, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi Street 138, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Babett Ábrahám
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural, Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi Street 138, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
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Gluten aggregation properties as a tool for durum wheat quality assessment: A chemometric approach. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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10
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Lv X, Ding Y, Long M, Liang W, Gu X, Liu Y, Wen X. Effect of Foliar Application of Various Nitrogen Forms on Starch Accumulation and Grain Filling of Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) Under Drought Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:645379. [PMID: 33841473 PMCID: PMC8030621 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.645379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Foliar nitrogen (N) fertilizer application at later stages of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth is an effective method of attenuating drought stress and improving grain filling. The influences or modes of action of foliar application of various nitrogen forms on wheat growth and grain filling need further research. The objective of this study was to examine the regulatory effects of various forms of foliar nitrogen [NO3 -, NH4 +, and CO(NH2)2] on wheat grain filling under drought stress and to elucidate their underlying mechanisms. The relative effects of each nitrogen source differed in promoting grain filling. Foliar NH4 +-N application notably prolonged the grain filling period. In contrast, foliar application of CO(NH2)2 and NO3 --N accelerated the grain filling rate and regulated levels of abscisic acid (ABA), z-riboside (ZR), and ethylene (ETH) in wheat grains. Analysis of gene expression revealed that CO(NH2)2 and NO3 --N upregulated the genes involved in the sucrose-starch conversion pathway, promoting the remobilization of carbohydrates and starch synthesis in the grains. Besides, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) were increased, whereas the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) declined under foliar nitrogen application (especially NH4 +-N). Under drought stress, enhancement of carbohydrate remobilization and sink strength became key factors in grain filling, and the relative differences in the effects of three N forms became more evident. In conclusion, NH4 +-N application improved the antioxidant enzyme system and delayed photoassimilate transportation. On the other hand, foliar applications of NO3 --N and CO(NH2)2 enhanced sink capacity and alleviated drought stress injury in wheat.
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Ben Mariem S, González-Torralba J, Collar C, Aranjuelo I, Morales F. Durum Wheat Grain Yield and Quality under Low and High Nitrogen Conditions: Insights into Natural Variation in Low- and High-Yielding Genotypes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1636. [PMID: 33255440 PMCID: PMC7760076 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The availability and management of N are major determinants of crop productivity, but N excessive use has an associated agro-ecosystems environmental impact. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of N fertilization on yield and grain quality of 6 durum wheat genotypes, selected from 20 genotypes as high- and low-yielding genotypes. Two N levels were applied from anthesis to maturity: high (½ Hoagland nutrient solution) and low (modified ½ Hoagland with one-third of N). Together with the agronomic characterization, grain quality analyses were assessed to characterize carbohydrates concentration, mineral composition, glutenin and gliadin concentrations, polyphenol profile, and anti-radical activity. Nitrogen supply improved wheat grain yield with no effect on thousand-grain weight. Grain soluble sugars and gluten fractions were increased, but starch concentration was reduced, under high N. Mineral composition and polyphenol concentrations were also improved by N application. High-yielding genotypes had higher grain carbohydrates concentrations, while higher concentrations in grain minerals, gluten fractions, and polyphenols were recorded in the low-yielding ones. Decreasing the amount of N to one-third ensured a better N use efficiency but reduced durum wheat agronomic and quality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinda Ben Mariem
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Avda. de Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain; (S.B.M.); (J.G.-T.); (I.A.)
| | - Jon González-Torralba
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Avda. de Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain; (S.B.M.); (J.G.-T.); (I.A.)
| | - Concha Collar
- Cereals and Cereal-Based Products, Food Science Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Avda. Catedrático Agustín Escardino, 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain;
| | - Iker Aranjuelo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Avda. de Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain; (S.B.M.); (J.G.-T.); (I.A.)
| | - Fermín Morales
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Avda. de Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain; (S.B.M.); (J.G.-T.); (I.A.)
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12
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Influence of gluten and starch granules interactions on dough mixing properties in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Blandino M, Visioli G, Marando S, Marti A, Reyneri A. Impact of late-season N fertilisation strategies on the gluten content and composition of high protein wheat grown under humid Mediterranean conditions. J Cereal Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2020.102995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ramírez-Rodríguez GB, Miguel-Rojas C, Montanha GS, Carmona FJ, Dal Sasso G, Sillero JC, Skov Pedersen J, Masciocchi N, Guagliardi A, Pérez-de-Luque A, Delgado-López JM. Reducing Nitrogen Dosage in Triticum durum Plants with Urea-Doped Nanofertilizers. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1043. [PMID: 32486000 PMCID: PMC7353301 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is emerging as a very promising tool towards more efficient and sustainable practices in agriculture. In this work, we propose the use of non-toxic calcium phosphate nanoparticles doped with urea (U-ACP) for the fertilization of Triticum durum plants. U-ACP nanoparticles present very similar morphology, structure, and composition than the amorphous precursor of bone mineral, but contain a considerable amount of nitrogen as adsorbed urea (up to ca. 6 wt % urea). Tests on Triticum durum plants indicated that yields and quality of the crops treated with the nanoparticles at reduced nitrogen dosages (by 40%) were unaltered in comparison to positive control plants, which were given the minimum N dosages to obtain the highest values of yield and quality in fields. In addition, optical microscopy inspections showed that Alizarin Red S stained nanoparticles were able to penetrate through the epidermis of the roots or the stomata of the leaves. We observed that the uptake through the roots occurs much faster than through the leaves (1 h vs. 2 days, respectively). Our results highlight the potential of engineering nanoparticles to provide a considerable efficiency of nitrogen uptake by durum wheat and open the door to design more sustainable practices for the fertilization of wheat in fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria B. Ramírez-Rodríguez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Av. Fuente Nueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Department of Science and High Technology and To.Sca.Lab, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy; (C.M.-R.); (F.J.C.); (N.M.)
| | - Cristina Miguel-Rojas
- Department of Science and High Technology and To.Sca.Lab, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy; (C.M.-R.); (F.J.C.); (N.M.)
- IFAPA Alameda del Obispo, Area of Genomic and Biotechnology, Avenida Menéndez Pidal, S/N, 14004 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Gabriel S. Montanha
- Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Centenário 303, 13416-000 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Francisco J. Carmona
- Department of Science and High Technology and To.Sca.Lab, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy; (C.M.-R.); (F.J.C.); (N.M.)
| | - Gregorio Dal Sasso
- Institute of Crystallography and To.Sca.Lab, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IC-CNR), Via Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy; (G.D.S.); (A.G.)
| | - Josefina C. Sillero
- IFAPA Alameda del Obispo, Area of Genomic and Biotechnology, Avenida Menéndez Pidal, S/N, 14004 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Jan Skov Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Norberto Masciocchi
- Department of Science and High Technology and To.Sca.Lab, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy; (C.M.-R.); (F.J.C.); (N.M.)
| | - Antonietta Guagliardi
- Institute of Crystallography and To.Sca.Lab, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IC-CNR), Via Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy; (G.D.S.); (A.G.)
| | - Alejandro Pérez-de-Luque
- IFAPA Alameda del Obispo, Area of Genomic and Biotechnology, Avenida Menéndez Pidal, S/N, 14004 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - José M. Delgado-López
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Av. Fuente Nueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain;
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15
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Is Site-Specific Pasta a Prospective Asset for a Short Supply Chain? Foods 2020; 9:foods9040477. [PMID: 32290137 PMCID: PMC7231165 DOI: 10.3390/foods9040477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 2011–2012 season, variable-rate nitrogen (N) fertilization was applied two times during durum wheat vegetative growth in three field areas which differed in soil fertility in northern Italy. The quality traits of the mono-varietal pasta obtained from each management zone were assessed in view of site-specific pasta production for a short supply chain. To this purpose, semolina from cv. Biensur obtained from management zones with different fertility treated with N at variable rate was tested in comparison with a commercial reference (cv. Aureo) to produce short-cut pasta. Biensur semolina demonstrated to have technological characteristics positively correlated with the low-fertility zones treated with high N doses (200 and 200+15 kg/ha) and, to a lesser extent, with the high-soil-fertility zones (130 and 130 + 15 kg/ha of N). The lower quality parameters were obtained for pasta produced with wheat from medium-fertility zones, independently of the N dose applied. The derived pasta obtained from the low-fertility zones treated with high N doses had cooking and sensory properties comparable to those of pasta obtained using the reference cv. Aureo. These results are explained by the higher amounts of gluten proteins and by a higher glutenin/gliadin ratio in semolina, which are indicators of technological quality. Overall, the results indicate that segregation of the grain at harvest led to the production of semolina with higher protein content and, hence, to a higher pasta quality. Therefore, site-specific pasta could be a potential asset for a short supply chain, aiming to improve traceability and environmental and economic sustainability.
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16
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Graziano S, Marmiroli N, Visioli G, Gullì M. Proteins and Metabolites as Indicators of Flours Quality and Nutritional Properties of Two Durum Wheat Varieties Grown in Different Italian Locations. Foods 2020; 9:E315. [PMID: 32182868 PMCID: PMC7143883 DOI: 10.3390/foods9030315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Durum wheat is an important food source in Mediterranean countries, and Italy is the major producer of durum wheat in Europe. The quality of durum wheat flours depends on the type and amount of gluten proteins and starch while flour nutritional value rests on metabolite contents such as polyphenols. In this work, two Italian cultivars, Iride and Svevo, were analyzed for two years (2016-2017) in four Italian regions to explore how the environment affects: (i) reserve proteome; (ii) starch content and composition; and (iii) free, conjugated, bound phenolics and antioxidant capacity. The impact of environmental and meteorological conditions was significant for many traits. Regardless of the cultivation site, in 2017, a year with less rainfall and a higher temperature during grain filling, there was an increase in low molecular weight glutenins, in the glutenin/gliadin ratio and in the A-type starch granules size, all parameters of higher technological quality. In the same year, the cultivars showed higher amounts of polyphenols and antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, the two wheat cultivars, selected for their medium to high yield and their good quality, had higher performances in 2017 regardless of their sowing locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Graziano
- Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy; (S.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Nelson Marmiroli
- Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy; (S.G.); (N.M.)
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy;
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Environmental Sciences (CINSA), Parco Area delle Scienze 17, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Giovanna Visioli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Mariolina Gullì
- Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy; (S.G.); (N.M.)
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy;
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17
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Dal Cortivo C, Ferrari M, Visioli G, Lauro M, Fornasier F, Barion G, Panozzo A, Vamerali T. Effects of Seed-Applied Biofertilizers on Rhizosphere Biodiversity and Growth of Common Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) in the Field. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:72. [PMID: 32174929 PMCID: PMC7054350 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In order to reduce chemical fertilization and improve the sustainability of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivation, maintaining at the same time high production and quality standards, this study investigated the effects of three commercial biofertilizers on rhizosphere bacterial biomass, biodiversity and enzymatic activity, and on plant growth and grain yield in a field trial. The wheat seeds were inoculated with the following aiding microrganisms: (i) a bacterial consortium (Azospirillum spp. + Azoarcus spp. + Azorhizobium spp.); and two mycorrhizal fungal-bacterial consortia, viz. (ii) Rhizophagus irregularis + Azotobacter vinelandii, and (iii) R. irregularis + Bacillus megaterium + Frateuria aurantia, and comparisons were made with noninoculated controls. We demonstrate that all the biofertilizers significantly enhanced plant growth and nitrogen accumulation during stem elongation and heading, but this was translated into only small grain yield gains (+1%-4% vs controls). The total gluten content of the flour was not affected, but in general biofertilization significantly upregulated two high-quality protein subunits, i.e., the 81 kDa high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit and the 43.6 kDa low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit. These effects were associated with increases in the rhizosphere microbial biomass and the activity of enzymes such as β-glucosidase, α-mannosidase, β-mannosidase, and xylosidase, which are involved in organic matter decomposition, particularly when Rhizophagus irregularis was included as inoculant. No changes in microbial biodiversity were observed. Our results suggest that seed-applied biofertilizers may be effectively exploited in sustainable wheat cultivation without altering the biodiversity of the resident microbiome, but attention should be paid to the composition of the microbial consortia in order to maximize their benefits in crop cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Dal Cortivo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of Padua, Legnaro-Padua, Italy
| | - Manuel Ferrari
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of Padua, Legnaro-Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanna Visioli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marta Lauro
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Flavio Fornasier
- Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Council for Agricultural Research and Analysis of Agricultural Economics (CREA), Gorizia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Barion
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of Padua, Legnaro-Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Panozzo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of Padua, Legnaro-Padua, Italy
| | - Teofilo Vamerali
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of Padua, Legnaro-Padua, Italy
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18
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Geisslitz S, Longin CFH, Scherf KA, Koehler P. Comparative Study on Gluten Protein Composition of Ancient (Einkorn, Emmer and Spelt) and Modern Wheat Species (Durum and Common Wheat). Foods 2019; 8:foods8090409. [PMID: 31547385 PMCID: PMC6769531 DOI: 10.3390/foods8090409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The spectrophotometric Bradford assay was adapted for the analysis of gluten protein contents (gliadins and glutenins) of spelt, durum wheat, emmer and einkorn. The assay was applied to a set of 300 samples, including 15 cultivars each of common wheat, spelt, durum wheat, emmer and einkorn cultivated at four locations in Germany in the same year. The total protein content was equally influenced by location and wheat species, however, gliadin, glutenin and gluten contents were influenced more strongly by wheat species than location. Einkorn, emmer and spelt had higher protein and gluten contents than common wheat at all four locations. However, common wheat had higher glutenin contents than einkorn, emmer and spelt resulting in increasing ratios of gliadins to glutenins from common wheat (< 3.8) to spelt, emmer and einkorn (up to 12.1). With the knowledge that glutenin contents are suitable predictors for high baking volume, cultivars of einkorn, emmer and spelt with good predicted baking performance were identified. Finally, spelt, emmer and einkorn were found to have a higher nitrogen partial factor productivity than common and durum wheat making them promising crops for a more sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Geisslitz
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - C Friedrich H Longin
- State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraße 21, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katharina A Scherf
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34, 85354 Freising, Germany.
- Department of Bioactive and Functional Food Chemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Peter Koehler
- biotask AG, Schelztorstrasse 54-56, 73728 Esslingen am Neckar, Germany
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19
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Effects of microwave treatment of durum wheat kernels on quality characteristics of flour and pasta. Food Chem 2019; 283:454-461. [PMID: 30722897 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The influence of microwave treatment of hydrated durum wheat kernels of two different cultivars (cv Aureo and Sfinge), on wholemeal flour and pasta quality was addressed. Size exclusion-HPLC and electrophoresis analysis were used to investigate changes in the gluten network arrangement as affected by the microwave treatment. Rheological properties of dough, cooking quality and sensory properties of pasta were also assessed. Results suggested that the microwave treatment on hydrated durum wheat kernels blocks gluten protein conformation through SS bonds formation and the free -SH are no longer able to create a strong network during pasta processing, due to the conformational changes. Rheological study of dough confirmed that the modifications induced by microwave treatment greatly affected pasta making characteristics of wheat flour, with significant negative consequences on product quality, especially for pasta cooking quality. Pasta from treated durum wheat showed low sensory quality, mainly due to high bulkiness and adhesiveness.
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20
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Detection of Spatial and Temporal Variability of Wheat Cultivars by High-Resolution Vegetation Indices. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9050226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
An on-farm research study was carried out on two small-plots cultivated with two cultivars of durum wheat (Odisseo and Ariosto). The paper presents a theoretical approach for investigating frequency vegetation indices (VIs) in different areas of the experimental plot for early detection of agronomic spatial variability. Four flights were carried out with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to calculate high-resolution normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and optimized soil-adjusted vegetation index (OSAVI) images. Ground agronomic data (biomass, leaf area index (LAI), spikes, plant height, and yield) have been linked to the vegetation indices (VIs) at different growth stages. Regression coefficients of all samplings data were highly significant for both the cultivars and VIs at anthesis and tillering stage. At harvest, the whole plot (W) data were analyzed and compared with two sub-areas characterized by high agronomic performance (H) yield 20% higher than the whole plot, and low performances (L), about 20% lower of yield related to the whole plot). The whole plot and two sub-areas were analyzed backward in time comparing the VIs frequency curves. At anthesis, more than 75% of the surface of H sub-areas showed a VIs value higher than the L sub-plot. The differences were evident also at the tillering and seedling stages, when the 75% (third percentile) of VIs H data was over the 50% (second percentile) of the W curve and over the 25% (first percentile) of L sub-plot. The use of high-resolution images for analyzing the frequency value of VIs in different areas can be a useful approach for the detection of agronomic constraints for precision agriculture purposes.
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21
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Graziano S, Marando S, Prandi B, Boukid F, Marmiroli N, Francia E, Pecchioni N, Sforza S, Visioli G, Gullì M. Technological Quality and Nutritional Value of Two Durum Wheat Varieties Depend on Both Genetic and Environmental Factors. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2384-2395. [PMID: 30742427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn) is a major food source in Mediterranean countries since it is utilized for the production of pasta, leavened and unleavened breads, couscous, and other traditional foods. The technological and nutritional properties of durum wheat semolina depend mainly on the type of gluten proteins and on their amount, which is a genotype- and environment-dependent trait. Gluten proteins are also responsible for celiac disease (CD), an autoimmune enteropathy with a prevalence of about 0.7-2% in the human population. At this purpose, two Italian durum wheat cultivars, Saragolla and Cappelli, currently used for monovarietal pasta, were chosen to compare (i) the reserve and embryo proteome, (ii) the free and bound phenolics, antioxidant activity, and amino acid composition, and (iii) the content of immunogenic peptides produced after a simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The results obtained from 2 years of field cultivation on average showed a higher amount of gluten proteins, amino acids, and immunogenic peptides in Cappelli. Saragolla showed a higher abundance in bound phenolics, antioxidant enzymes, and stress response proteins in line with its higher antioxidant activity. However, the impact of the year of cultivation, largely depending on varying rainfall regimes through the wheat growth cycle, was significant for most of the parameters investigated. Differences in technological and nutritional characteristics observed between the two cultivars are discussed in relation to the influence of genetic and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Graziano
- Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA , University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze , 43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Silvia Marando
- Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA , University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze , 43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Barbara Prandi
- Department of Food and Drug , University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Fatma Boukid
- Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA , University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze , 43124 Parma , Italy
- Department of Food and Drug , University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Nelson Marmiroli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability , University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A , 43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Enrico Francia
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre BIOGEST-SITEIA , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Piazzale Europa 1 , 42124 Reggio Emilia , Italy
| | - Nicola Pecchioni
- CREA, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-CI) , S.S. 673 km 25,200 , I-71122 Foggia , Italy
| | - Stefano Sforza
- Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA , University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze , 43124 Parma , Italy
- Department of Food and Drug , University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Giovanna Visioli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability , University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A , 43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Mariolina Gullì
- Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA , University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze , 43124 Parma , Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability , University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A , 43124 Parma , Italy
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