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Wang B, Ormston S, Płatosz N, Parker JK, Qin N, Humphries DJ, Pétursdóttir ÁH, Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau A, Juniper DT, Stergiadis S. Effect of dietary protein source and Saccharina latissima on nutritional and safety characteristics of milk. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 38661233 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheat distillers' grains (WDG) and seaweeds are recommended as alternative protein sources and enteric methane mitigators in dairy cow diets, respectively, but little is known about their impact on milk quality and safety. In the present study, 16 cows in four 4 × 4 Latin squares were fed isonitrogenous diets (50:50 forage:concentrate ratio), with rapeseed meal (RSM)-based or WDG-based concentrate (230 and 205 g kg-1 dry matter) and supplemented with or without Saccharina latissima. RESULTS Replacement of RSM with WDG enhanced milk nutritional profile by decreasing milk atherogenicity (P = 0.002) and thrombogenicity (P = 0.019) indices and the concentrations of the nutritionally undesirable saturated fatty acids - specifically, lauric (P = 0.045), myristic (P = 0.022) and palmitic (P = 0.007) acids. It also increased milk concentrations of the nutritionally beneficial vaccenic (P < 0.001), oleic (P = 0.030), linoleic (P < 0.001), rumenic (P < 0.001) and α-linolenic (P = 0.012) acids, and total monounsaturated (P = 0.044), polyunsaturated (P < 0.001) and n-6 (P < 0.001) fatty acids. Feeding Saccharina latissima at 35.7 g per cow per day did not affect the nutritionally relevant milk fatty acids or pose any risk on milk safety, as bromoform concentrations in milk were negligible and unaffected by the dietary treatments. However, it slightly reduced milk concentrations of pantothenate. CONCLUSION Feeding WDG to dairy cows improved milk fatty acid profiles, by increasing the concentrations of nutritionally beneficial fatty acids and reducing the concentration of nutritionally undesirable saturated fatty acids, while feeding seaweed slightly reduced pantothenate concentrations. However, when considering the current average milk intakes in the population, the milk compositional differences between treatments in this study appear relatively small to have an effect on human health. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Sabrina Ormston
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Natalia Płatosz
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jane K Parker
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Nanbing Qin
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - David J Humphries
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | | | | | - Darren T Juniper
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Sokratis Stergiadis
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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Lashkari S, Johansen M, Weisbjerg MR, Jensen SK. Milk from cows fed clover-rich silage compared with cows fed grass silage is higher in n-3 fatty acids. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:9813-9826. [PMID: 34176621 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of a high proportion of different forage species in the diet, parity, milking time, and days in milk (DIM) on milk fatty acid (FA) profile, and transfer efficiency of C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3, n-6, and n-3 in dairy cows. Swards with perennial ryegrass [early maturity stage (EPR) and late maturity stage (LPR)], festulolium, tall fescue (TF), red clover (RC), and white clover (WC) were cut in the primary growth, wilted, and ensiled without additives. Thirty-six Danish Holstein cows in an incomplete Latin square design were fed ad libitum with total mixed rations containing a high forage proportion (70% on dry matter basis). The total mixed rations differed only in forage source, which was either 1 of the 6 pure silages or a mixture of LPR silage with either RC or WC silage (50:50 on dry matter basis). Proportion of C18:2n-6 in milk FA was affected by diet, and RC and WC diets resulted in the highest proportion of C18:2n-6 in milk FA (21.6 and 21.8 g/kg of FA, respectively). The highest and lowest milk C18:3n-3 proportion was observed in WC and LPR, respectively. In addition, WC diet resulted in highest transfer efficiency of C18:3n-3 from feed to milk (12.2%) followed by RC diet (10.7%), whereas EPR diet resulted in the lowest transfer efficiency of C18:3n-3 (3.45%). The highest milk proportion of cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was observed in cows fed TF (3.20 g/kg of FA), which was 23 to 64% higher than the proportion observed in the cows fed the other diets. The highest α-tocopherol concentration (µg/mL) in milk was observed in EPR (1.15), LPR (1.10), and festulolium (1.06). Primiparous cows showed higher proportion of cis-9,trans-11 CLA (2.63 g/kg of FA) than multiparous cows (2.21 g/kg of FA). Cows early in lactation had a higher proportion of long-chain FA in milk than cows later in lactation, as long-chain FA decreased with 0.184 g/kg of FA per DIM, whereas medium-chain FA increased with 0.181 g/kg of FA per DIM. Proportion of C18:2n-6 in milk from evening milking was higher than in milk from morning milking (16.7 vs. 15.8 g/kg of FA). In conclusion, the results showed that milk FA profile of cows was affected by forage source in the diet, and RC and WC increased the health-promoting FA components, particularly n-3, whereas the TF diet increased proportion of CLA isomers in milk. Proportion of CLA isomers in milk FA from primiparous cows was higher than in milk from multiparous cows. In addition, evening milk contained more FA originating from diets compared with morning milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lashkari
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, PO Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - M Johansen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, PO Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M R Weisbjerg
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, PO Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - S K Jensen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, PO Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Timlin M, Tobin JT, Brodkorb A, Murphy EG, Dillon P, Hennessy D, O’Donovan M, Pierce KM, O’Callaghan TF. The Impact of Seasonality in Pasture-Based Production Systems on Milk Composition and Functionality. Foods 2021; 10:607. [PMID: 33809356 PMCID: PMC7998991 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal calving, pasture-based dairy systems are widely practiced in countries with a temperate climate and plentiful rainfall such as Ireland and New Zealand. This approach maximizes milk production from pasture and, consequently, is a low-cost, low-input dairy production system. On the other hand, the majority of global milk supply is derived from high input indoor total mixed ration systems where seasonal calving is not practiced due to the dependence on ensiled silages, grains and concentrated feeds, which are available year-round. Synchronous changes in the macro and micronutrients in milk are much more noticeable as lactation progresses through early, mid and late stages in seasonal systems compared to non-seasonal systems-which can have implications on the processability and functionality of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Timlin
- Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland; (M.T.); (J.T.T.); (A.B.); (E.G.M.)
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland;
- Food for Health Ireland, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - John T. Tobin
- Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland; (M.T.); (J.T.T.); (A.B.); (E.G.M.)
| | - André Brodkorb
- Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland; (M.T.); (J.T.T.); (A.B.); (E.G.M.)
- Food for Health Ireland, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Eoin G. Murphy
- Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland; (M.T.); (J.T.T.); (A.B.); (E.G.M.)
- Food for Health Ireland, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Pat Dillon
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Fermoy, P61 P302 Co. Cork, Ireland; (P.D.); (D.H.); (M.O.)
| | - Deirdre Hennessy
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Fermoy, P61 P302 Co. Cork, Ireland; (P.D.); (D.H.); (M.O.)
| | - Michael O’Donovan
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Fermoy, P61 P302 Co. Cork, Ireland; (P.D.); (D.H.); (M.O.)
| | - Karina M. Pierce
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland;
- Food for Health Ireland, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Tom F. O’Callaghan
- Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland; (M.T.); (J.T.T.); (A.B.); (E.G.M.)
- Food for Health Ireland, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
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Newell MT, Holman BW, Refshauge G, Shanley AR, Hopkins DL, Hayes RC. The effect of a perennial wheat and lucerne biculture diet on feed intake, growth rate and carcass characteristics of Australian lambs. Small Rumin Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Nørskov NP, Givens I, Purup S, Stergiadis S. Concentrations of phytoestrogens in conventional, organic and free-range retail milk in England. Food Chem 2019; 295:1-9. [PMID: 31174736 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of dairy management system (conventional, CNV; organic, ORG; free-range, FRG) and month on retail milk phytoestrogen composition was assessed for 12 consecutive months. ORG milk contained more secoisolariciresinol, matairesinol, lariciresinol, sum of plant lignans, daidzein, genistein, formononetin, naringenin, equol, sum of isoflavones and coumestrol, than CNV and FRG milk. This may be explained by the higher supply of pasture, and grazed or ensiled clover, in ORG dairy diets. Seasonal variation in milk phytoestrogen concentrations was higher for ORG than CNV and FRG systems. Phytoestrogen composition did not vary between FRG and CNV milk. Consuming organic milk can increase intake of potentially beneficial lignans and isoflavonoids, and in particular equol; but, any effects on human health from such milk compositional differences cannot be implied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalja P Nørskov
- Aarhus University, Department of Animal Science, AU-Foulum, Blichers Alle 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Ian Givens
- University of Reading, Institute for Food Nutrition and Health, Agriculture Building, P.O. Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - Stig Purup
- Aarhus University, Department of Animal Science, AU-Foulum, Blichers Alle 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Sokratis Stergiadis
- University of Reading, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Animal, Dairy and Food Chain Sciences, Agriculture Building, P.O. Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom.
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Stergiadis S, Berlitz CB, Hunt B, Garg S, Ian Givens D, Kliem KE. An update to the fatty acid profiles of bovine retail milk in the United Kingdom: Implications for nutrition in different age and gender groups. Food Chem 2019; 276:218-230. [PMID: 30409587 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of UK dairy production system, month, and their interaction, on retail milk fatty acid (FA) profile throughout the year. Milk samples (n = 120) from four conventional (CON), four organic (ORG) and two free-range (FR) brands were collected monthly. ORG milk had more nutritionally-desirable polyunsaturated FA, including rumenic acid and the omega-3 PUFA α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids, and less of the nutritionally-undesirable palmitic acid. Milk FA profile was similar between FR and CON systems, but FR milk had less saturated FA (SFA) and/or palmitic acid, and/or greater α-linolenic and rumenic acids in certain months within the peak-grazing season. According to the measured milk FA profiles and UK milk fat intakes, milk and dairy products contribute around one-third of the maximum recommended SFA intake. A small increased intake of beneficial PUFA may be expected by consuming ORG milk but human health implications from such differences are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sokratis Stergiadis
- University of Reading, Animal, Dairy and Food Chain Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, PO Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom.
| | - Carolina B Berlitz
- University of Reading, Animal, Dairy and Food Chain Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, PO Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Department of Animal Science, Av Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Benjamin Hunt
- University of Reading, Animal, Dairy and Food Chain Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, PO Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - Sneha Garg
- University of Reading, Animal, Dairy and Food Chain Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, PO Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - D Ian Givens
- University of Reading, Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, PO Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty E Kliem
- University of Reading, Animal, Dairy and Food Chain Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, PO Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom; University of Reading, Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, PO Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
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