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Park J, Kim HS. Rice-Based Gluten-Free Foods and Technologies: A Review. Foods 2023; 12:4110. [PMID: 38002168 PMCID: PMC10670158 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice, one of the most widely consumed staples worldwide, serves as a versatile gluten-free substitute. However, review articles on technological developments in grain-free production focusing on rice are scarce. This review assesses various research results concerning the quality attributes of rice-based gluten-free foods, including bread, pasta, and beer. To optimize the key attributes in processed products, such as dough leavening in bread and the physical and cooking properties of noodles and pasta, research has focused on blending different gluten-free grains and incorporating additives that mimic the gluten function. Additionally, various processing technologies, such as starch preprocessing and extrusion puffing processes, have been employed to boost the quality of rice-based gluten-free products. Today, a variety of products, including bread, noodles, and beer, use rice as a partial replacement for barley or wheat. With rapid advancements in technology, a noticeable portion of consumers now shows a preference for products containing rice as a substitute. This trend indicates that rice-based gluten-free foods can be enhanced by leveraging the latest developments in gluten-free product technologies, particularly in countries where rice is a staple or is predominantly cultivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Park
- Department of Central Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), 126 Suin-ro, Kwonseon-gu, Suwon 16429, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
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Ledley AJ, Elias RJ, Cockburn DW. Impact of mashing protocol on the formation of fermentable sugars from millet in gluten-free brewing. Food Chem 2023; 405:134758. [PMID: 36334456 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The production of fermentable sugars (FS) in gluten-free (GF) brewing is hindered by the high starch gelatinization temperatures of GF malts and lower diastatic power compared to barley malt. Our previous work has demonstrated that starch gelatinization was the primary hurdle, and when decoupled from a single mash phase, high concentrations of FS could be produced. However, more research was required to improve the applicability of GF brewing. In this study, millet was used as a model GF malt demonstrating that despite the low α-amylase and β-amylase activities compared to barley malt ∼ 90 % of the FS (∼110 g/L) could be produced within 40 min. Limitations to enzyme extraction and separation due to coarse milling and lautering initially limited FS by ∼ 30 g/L, requiring additional processing or exogenous enzyme supplements that improved fermentable sugar generation by ∼ 20 g/L. Overall, millet is a promising brewing ingredient, provided appropriate mashing procedures are implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ledley
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ryan J Elias
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Darrell W Cockburn
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Gluten reduction in beer: Effect of sorghum:quinoa ratio and protein rest time on brewing parameters and consumer acceptability. J Cereal Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2022.103607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Alfeo V, De Francesco G, Sileoni V, Blangiforti S, Palmeri R, Aerts G, Perretti G, Todaro A. Physicochemical properties, sugar profile, and non-starch polysaccharides characterization of old wheat malt landraces. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Li C, Dong G, Bian M, Liu X, Gong J, Hao J, Wang W, Li K, Ou W, Xia T. Brewing rich 2-phenylethanol beer from cassava and its producing metabolisms in yeast. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:4050-4058. [PMID: 33349937 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cassava is rich in nutrition and has high edible value, but the development of the cassava industry is limited by the traditional low added value processing and utilization mode. In this study, cassava tuber was used as beer adjunct to develop a complete set of fermentation technology for manufacturing cassava beer. RESULTS The activities of transaminase, phenylpyruvate decarboxylase and dehydrogenase in 2-phenylethanol Ehrlich biosynthesis pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were higher in cassava beer than that of malt beer. Aminotransferase ARO9 gene and phenylpyruvate decarboxylase ARO10 gene were up-regulated in the late stage of fermentation, which indicated that they were the main regulated genes of 2-phenylethanol Ehrlich pathway with phenylalanine as substrate in cassava beer preparation. CONCLUSIONS Compared with traditional wheat beer, cassava beer was similar in the content of nutrition elements, diacetyl, total acid, alcohol and carbon dioxide, but has the characteristics of fresh fragrance and better taste. The hydrocyanic acid contained in cassava root tubes was catabolized during fermentation and compliant with the safety standard of beverage. Further study found that the content of 2-phenylethanol in cassava beer increased significantly, which gave cassava beer a unique elegant and delicate rose flavor. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Li
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Geyu Dong
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Meng Bian
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Xinli Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Gong
- TsingTao Brewery (Jinan) Co. LTD, Jinan, China
| | - Jingxin Hao
- TsingTao Brewery (Jinan) Co. LTD, Jinan, China
| | - Wenquan Wang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haiko, China
| | - Kaimian Li
- Tropical Crops Genetics Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haiko, China
| | - Wenjun Ou
- Tropical Crops Genetics Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haiko, China
| | - Tao Xia
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
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Autochthonous Biological Resources for the Production of Regional Craft Beers: Exploring Possible Contributions of Cereals, Hops, Microbes, and Other Ingredients. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081831. [PMID: 34441608 PMCID: PMC8391379 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Selected biological resources used as raw materials in beer production are important drivers of innovation and segmentation in the dynamic market of craft beers. Among these resources, local/regional ingredients have several benefits, such as strengthening the connection with territories, enhancing the added value of the final products, and reducing supply costs and environmental impacts. It is assumed that specific ingredients provide differences in flavours, aromas, and, more generally, sensory attributes of the final products. In particular, of interest are ingredients with features attributable and/or linked to a specific geographical origin. This review encompasses the potential contribution and exploitation of biodiversity in the main classes of beer inputs, such as cereals, hops, microbes, and adjuncts, with a specific emphasis on autochthonous biological resources, detailing the innovative paths already explored and documented in the scientific literature. This dissertation proposes an overview of the impact on beer quality for each raw material category, highlighting the benefits and limitations that influence its concrete applications and scale-up, from the field to the stain. The topics explored promote, in the sector of craft beers, trends already capitalised in the production of other alcoholic beverages, such as the preservation and revalorisation of minor and autochthonous varieties, the exploitation of yeast and bacteria strains isolated from specific sites/plant varieties, and the valorisation of the effects of peculiar terroirs on the quality of agricultural products. Finally, the examined tendencies contribute toward reducing the environmental impacts of craft beer manufacturing, and are in line with sustainable development of food systems, increasing the economic driver of biodiversity preservation.
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A Modified Brewing Procedure Informed by the Enzymatic Profiles of Gluten-Free Malts Significantly Improves Fermentable Sugar Generation in Gluten-Free Brewing. BEVERAGES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages7030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mashing step underpins the brewing process, during which the endogenous amylolytic enzymes in the malt, chiefly β-amylase, α-amylase, and limit dextrinase, act concurrently to rapidly hydrolyze malt starch to fermentable sugars. With barley malts, the mashing step is relatively straightforward, due in part to malted barley’s high enzyme activity, enzyme thermostabilities, and gelatinization properties. However, barley beers also contain gluten and individuals with celiac disease or other gluten intolerances should avoid consuming these beers. Producing gluten-free beer from gluten-free malts is difficult, generally because gluten-free malts have lower enzyme activities. Strategies to produce gluten-free beers commonly rely on exogenous enzymes to perform the hydrolysis. In this study, it was determined that the pH optima of the enzymes from gluten-free malts correspond to regions already typically targeted for barley mashes, but that a lower mashing temperature was required as the enzymes exhibited low thermostability at common mashing temperatures. The ExGM decoction mashing procedure was developed to retain enzyme activity, but ensure starch gelatinization, and demonstrates a modified brewing procedure using gluten-free malts, or a combination of malts with sub-optimal enzyme profiles, that produces high fermentable sugar concentrations. This study demonstrates that gluten-free malts can produce high fermentable sugar concentrations without requiring enzyme supplementation.
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Puligundla P, Smogrovicova D, Mok C. Recent innovations in the production of selected specialty (non-traditional) beers. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2021; 66:525-541. [PMID: 34097198 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00881-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Customer demand for product diversity is the key driving force for innovations in the brewing industry. Specialty beers are regarded as a distinct group of beers different from two major types, lagers and ales, without established definitions or boundaries. Specialty beers, including low- to no-alcohol beer, low carbohydrate beer, gluten-free beer, sour beer, probiotic beer, and enriched beer, are exclusively brewed and developed keeping in mind their functionality, the health and wellbeing of the consumer, and emerging market trends. Compared with conventional beer-brewing, the production of specialty beers is technologically challenging and usually requires additional process steps, unique microorganisms, and special equipment, which in turn may incur additional costs. In addition, the maintenance of quality and stability of the products as well as consumer acceptability of the products are major challenges to successful commercialization. A harmonious integration of traditional brewing practices and modern technological approaches may hold potential for future developments. In the present review, latest developments in the fermentative production of selected specialty beers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Puligundla
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea.
| | - Daniela Smogrovicova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Chulkyoon Mok
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea
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Yang D, Gao X. Progress of the use of alternatives to malt in the production of gluten-free beer. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:2820-2835. [PMID: 33325770 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1859458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Beer is the most widely consumed alcoholic drink in the world, but it is not suitable for patients who suffer from celiac disease (CD) because its main ingresdients, barley or wheat, contain gluten. Approximately 1% of the world's population is affected by CD, and the development of gluten-free beer is imperative. Gluten-free beers produced using alternative materials, such as rice, sorghum, maize, millet, oats, and pseudocereals (e.g., buckwheat, quinoa and Amaranth), are studied in this review that examines the effects of specific substitutions on the different characteristics of the final beer to ensure the appropriateness of their use. The use of alternatives to malt may affect the quality of gluten-free beer and result in some negative consequences. Accordingly, the influential factors are discussed in terms of the total substitution of malt with other grains in the production of beer. Research results have provided some new alternative solutions for the production of gluten-free beer, such as the use of malted grains to improve hydrolytic enzyme activity, the application of nonconventional mashing procedures involving the decoction method and extrusion cooking techniques to increase the extract yield, the use of exogenous enzymes and nitrogen supplements to improve the sugar and amino acid spectra necessary for yeast fermentation, and the application of combinations of alternative grains to improve the flavor, body and foam stability of gluten-free beers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xuan Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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Abstract
AbstractThis article consists of a study of the literature and an assessment of available data on the production of gluten-free beer and its constituents. The article shows how the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission for Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses defines celiac disease, gluten-free products, and gluten-free beer. It describes diet-dependent diseases, which require a gluten-free diet, and groups of potential consumers of gluten-free beer. This article describes the use of oats as a raw material for the production of brewing malt and its usefulness in the production of beer. It specifies how the technological process of standard beer production needs to be modified so that the product meets the requirements of patients with celiac disease. The article also provides an overview of literature data on the production of gluten-free beer from pseudocereal malts, such as sorghum malt, buckwheat malt, amaranth malt, and quinoa malt.
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Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated gluten-sensitive enteropathy. Currently, it affects around 1% of world population, but it is constantly growing. Celiac patients have to follow a strict gluten-free (GF) diet. Beer is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide, but it is not safe for people with CD. It has a gluten content usually above the safe threshold (20 ppm), determined by the official method for hydrolyzed foods (R5-competitive-ELISA). The demand on the market for GF beers is increasingly growing. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of different strategies to produce GF beer, highlighting strengths and weaknesses of each approach and taking into account technological and sensory issues. GF cereals or pseudocereals have poor brewing attitudes (if used as main raw material) and give the beer unusual flavour. Instead, enzymatic treatments allow traditional brewing process followed by gluten content reduction. A survey on 185 GF-producing breweries (both industrial and craft) from all over the world have been considered to assess which approach is most used. Beers brewed with GF cereals and pseudocereals (used in well-balanced proportions) are more common than gluten-removed (GR) beers, obtained by enzymatic treatment.
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Hernández‐Becerra E, Contreras‐Jiménez B, Vuelvas‐Solorzano A, Millan‐Malo B, Muñoz‐Torres C, Oseguera‐Toledo ME, Rodriguez‐Garcia ME. Physicochemical and morphological changes in corn grains and starch during the malting for Palomero and Puma varieties. Cereal Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cche.10256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Hernández‐Becerra
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Querétaro México
- Departamento de Nanotecnología Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Querétaro México
| | - Brenda Contreras‐Jiménez
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Querétaro México
- Departamento de Nanotecnología Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Querétaro México
| | | | - Beatriz Millan‐Malo
- Departamento de Nanotecnología Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Querétaro México
| | | | - Miguel E. Oseguera‐Toledo
- Departamento de Nanotecnología Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Querétaro México
| | - Mario E. Rodriguez‐Garcia
- Departamento de Nanotecnología Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Querétaro México
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Characteristics of Cornelian cherry sour non-alcoholic beers brewed with the special yeast Saccharomycodes ludwigii. Food Chem 2019; 312:125968. [PMID: 31881442 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Recipes for traditional and sour non-alcoholic beers were developed in this study employing a special yeast species Saccharomycodes ludwigii. They were characterized for their basic physicochemical properties, antioxidative activity as well as subjected to the quantitative and qualitative analysis of their biologically-active compounds, and to the sensory assessment. Sour non-alcoholic beers were brewed with the addition of juice from fruits of red-colored Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) variety, which are characterized by naturally sour taste and aroma. Ethyl alcohol content in the beers manufactured ranged from 0.41%v/v in traditional non-alcoholic beers to 0.43%v/v in sour non-alcoholic beers. The final products had a low energy value, ranging from 116 to 148 kcal/500 mL of beer. The sour beers had several times higher antioxidative potential and significantly higher polyphenols concentration compared to the control ones. In addition, they were rich in anthocyanins and iridoids, and presented novel sensory attributes.
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