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Tian F, Woo SY, Lee SY, Park SB, Im JH, Chun HS. Mycotoxins in soybean-based foods fermented with filamentous fungi: Occurrence and preventive strategies. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:5131-5152. [PMID: 36084140 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Fermented soybean products are widely consumed worldwide, and their popularity is increasing. Filamentous fungi, such as Actinomucor, Aspergillus, Monascus, Mucor, Penicillium, Rhizopus, and Zymomonas, play critical roles in the fermentation processes of many soybean foods. However, besides producing essential enzymes for food fermentation, filamentous fungi can release undesirable or even toxic metabolites into the food. Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain filamentous fungi and may be detected during the food production process. Without effective prevention strategies, mycotoxin contamination in fermented soybean products poses a risk to human health. This review focused on the changes in mycotoxigenic fungal abundance and mycotoxin contamination at different stages during the production of soybean-based fermented foods, as well as effective strategies for preventing mycotoxin contamination in such products. Data from relevant studies demonstrated a tendency of change in the genera of mycotoxigenic fungi and types of mycotoxins (aflatoxins, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, rhizoxins, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone) present in the raw materials and the middle and final products. The applicability of traditional chemical and physical mitigation strategies and novel eco-friendly biocontrol approaches to prevent mycotoxin contamination in soybean-based fermented foods were discussed. The present review highlights the risks of mycotoxin contamination during the production of fermented soybean products and recommends promising strategies for eliminating mycotoxin contamination risk in soybean-based fermented foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tian
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Woo
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yoo Lee
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Been Park
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Im
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang Sook Chun
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
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The Status Quo of Criminal Responsibility for Aflatoxin Pollution in China: From the Perspective of Judgment Analysis. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2022; 2022:8212370. [PMID: 36003998 PMCID: PMC9385277 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8212370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
With the development of the economy, the food safety problems caused by aflatoxin have become increasingly prominent. With regard to the control of aflatoxin pollution, the Chinese government has promulgated a series of legal documents on food safety related to aflatoxin pollution, such as the formulation of industry standards for allowable limits of aflatoxin and various penalties for violators. Although these measures have achieved good results to some extent, there are still many legal problems. This study reviews the current situation of aflatoxin pollution control in food in China. The court judgment documents related to aflatoxin pollution from January 1st 2014 to January 1st 2020 are investigated to analyze the accountability status of aflatoxin pollution treatment in China. Furthermore, this study mainly cross verified the above problems by means of the literature survey and an organization interview and proposed solutions on the basis of in-depth analysis of their causes. Finally, some suggestions are put forward to solve the problem of aflatoxin pollution accountability in China.
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Lima RE, Coradi PC, Nunes MT, Bellochio SDC, da Silva Timm N, Nunes CF, de Oliveira Carneiro L, Teodoro PE, Campabadal C. Mathematical modeling and multivariate analysis applied earliest soybean harvest associated drying and storage conditions and influences on physicochemical grain quality. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23287. [PMID: 34857813 PMCID: PMC8640013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02724-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticipating the harvest period of soybean crops can impact on the post-harvest processes. This study aimed to evaluate early soybean harvest associated drying and storage conditions on the physicochemical soybean quality using of mathematical modeling and multivariate analysis. The soybeans were harvested with a moisture content of 18 and 23% (d.b.) and subjected to drying in a continuous dryer at 80, 100, and 120 °C. The drying kinetics and volumetric shrinkage modeling were evaluated. Posteriorly, the soybean was stored at different packages and temperatures for 8 months to evaluate the physicochemical properties. After standardizing the variables, the data were submitted to cluster analysis. For this, we use Euclidean distance and Ward's hierarchical method. Then defining the groups, we constructed a graph containing the dispersion of the values of the variables and their respective Pearson correlations for each group. The mathematical models proved suitable to describe the drying kinetics. Besides, the effective diffusivity obtained was 4.9 × 10-10 m2 s-1 promoting a volumetric shrinkage of the grains and influencing the reduction of physicochemical quality. It was observed that soybean harvested at 23% moisture, dried at 80 °C, and stored at a temperature below 23 °C maintained its oil content (25.89%), crude protein (35.69%), and lipid acidity (5.54 mL). In addition, it is to note that these correlations' magnitude was substantially more remarkable for the treatments allocated to the G2 group. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity was negatively correlated with all the physicochemical variables evaluated. Besides this, the correlation between crude protein and oil yield was positive and of high magnitude, regardless of the group formed. In conclusion, the early harvest of soybeans reduced losses in the field and increased the grain flow on the storage units. The low-temperature drying and the use of packaging technology close to environmental temperatures conserved the grain quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roney Eloy Lima
- Center of Rural Science, Department of Postgraduate Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenue Roraima, 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Carteri Coradi
- Center of Rural Science, Department of Postgraduate Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenue Roraima, 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105900, Brazil.
- Laboratory Postharvest, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Campus Cachoeira do Sul, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenue Taufik Germano, 3013 - Passo D'Areia, Cachoeira do Sul, RS, 96503-205, Brazil.
| | - Marcela Trojahn Nunes
- Center of Rural Science, Department of Postgraduate Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenue Roraima, 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105900, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Dalla Corte Bellochio
- Center of Rural Science, Department of Postgraduate Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenue Roraima, 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105900, Brazil
| | - Newiton da Silva Timm
- Center of Rural Science, Department of Postgraduate Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenue Roraima, 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105900, Brazil
| | - Camila Fontoura Nunes
- Center of Rural Science, Department of Postgraduate Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenue Roraima, 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105900, Brazil
| | - Letícia de Oliveira Carneiro
- Laboratory Postharvest, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Campus Cachoeira do Sul, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenue Taufik Germano, 3013 - Passo D'Areia, Cachoeira do Sul, RS, 96503-205, Brazil
| | - Paulo Eduardo Teodoro
- Department of Agronomy, Campus de Chapadão do Sul, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Chapadão do Sul, MS, 79560-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Campabadal
- Grain Science and Industry, International Grain Program, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
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Nunes MDGP, Pizzutti IR, Brackmann A, Reichert B, Zorzella Fontana ME, Duarte Dos Santos I, Cuti LK, Jänisch BD, Panciera MP, Ludwig V, Cardoso CD. Multimycotoxin Determination in Grains: A Comprehensive Study on Method Validation and Assessment of Effectiveness of Controlled Atmosphere Storage in Preventing Mycotoxin Contamination. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11440-11450. [PMID: 34520209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two simple and low-cost QuEChERS approaches were optimized and validated for multimycotoxin determination in grains by UPLC-MS/MS and applied to assess effectiveness of controlled atmosphere (CA) storage in preventing mycotoxin contamination. Common bean, soybean, and maize samples were stored for 6 months. CA treatments were conducted varying O2 and CO2 partial pressures, temperatures, and moisture contents of the chambers. In the validation study for common bean and maize, 8 out of 11 mycotoxins were successfully validated. For soybean, 10 out of 11 mycotoxins were validated. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in all commodities. Statistical tests suggest that storage temperature played a key role in aflatoxin B1 concentrations in common bean and soybean, but had no influence on maize. Maize was also positive for fumonisins B1 and B2. Differences in fumonisin concentrations were not significant among different treatments. Concentrations of aflatoxin B1 in some samples exceeded legislation's maximum levels. Thus, some of the CA treatments applied were effective in preventing mycotoxin contamination in common bean and soybean but were not effective for maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria da Graça Pereira Nunes
- Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ionara Regina Pizzutti
- Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Auri Brackmann
- Plant Science Department, Postharvest Research Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Reichert
- Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marlos Eduardo Zorzella Fontana
- Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Duarte Dos Santos
- Department of Technology and Food Science, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97015-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lisandra Kopp Cuti
- Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Daiana Jänisch
- Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Matheus Pelizzaro Panciera
- Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vagner Ludwig
- Plant Science Department, Postharvest Research Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carmem Dickow Cardoso
- Chemistry Department, Center of Research and Analysis of Residues and Contaminants (CEPARC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Liao X, Sun C, Wei F, Zhou L, Kong W. Exploration of the safe water content and activity control points for medicinal and edible lotus seeds from mildew. AMB Express 2020; 10:89. [PMID: 32399943 PMCID: PMC7218039 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Affected by the inner properties and the external environmental conditions, medicinal and edible lotus seeds are susceptible to mildew with fungal infection under suitable temperature and humidity conditions, leading to the production and contamination of various mycotoxins, along with threats to its quality and safety. In this study, the changes of water content (Cw) and water activity (Aw) of lotus seeds stored at 25 °C and different relative humidity conditions, as well as the correlation between them and mildew of this edible and medicinal material were studied, aiming to explore the safe Cw and Aw control points for screening out the suitable storage conditions from mildew. Blank (without fungal conidia) and experimental (artificially added with Aspergillus flavus conidia) groups of lotus seeds were stored at 25 °C and relative humidity of 40%, 50%, 60% and 70% for about 30 days, respectively. The mildew was observed and the changes of Cw, Aw, together with the production of aflatoxins were measured. Results showed that no mildew was found and aflatoxins were not detected in lotus seeds when they were stored for 30 days at 25 °C and relative humidity of 40%, 50% and 60% with Cw < 12% and Aw < 0.6. While, when the relative humidity was up to 70%, the Cw and Aw values rose quickly, and the Cw exceeded the officially-permitted level (14%). Although no mildew was observed, AFB1 was still detected, increasing the potential risk of lotus seeds regarding aflatoxins. For warranting the quality with economic and safe storage, lotus seeds are suggested to be stored at 25 °C and relative humidity lower than 60% with 12% and 0.6 as the safe Cw and Aw control points, respectively, to prevent medicinal and edible products from mildew and the contamination of aflatoxins.
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Abstract
This work gives a brief review of existing studies that compares spelt and modern wheat from various aspects of quality including technological, nutritional, functional and safety performance. Spelt shows acceptable breadmaking performances. It can be used for bread, cookie, cracker and pasta manufacture with some adaptations in processing. Regarding nutritional quality, spelt is very similar to wheat and represents richer source of
selenium, folates, phytosterols and alkilresorcinols than modern wheats. From the aspect of food safety, spelt shows advantages as being a hulled wheat.
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Recent progress of the effect of environmental factors on Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxins production on foods. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyz040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The contamination of Aspergillus flavus and subsequent aflatoxins (AFs) has been considered as one of the most serious food safety problems due to their acute and chronic adverse effects on humans and animals. This review collects the available information from recent years on the effect of the major environmental factors such as water activity (aw), temperature, CO2, and pH on the fungal growth, the expression of AFs-related genes, and AFs production by A. flavus on foods. In particular, the relationship between the relative expression of key regulatory (aflR and aflS) and structural genes (aflD, aflO, aflQ, etc.) and AFs production under different environmental conditions are collected and discussed. The information collected in this review can be used to design control strategies of A. flavus and AFs contamination in practical applications, primarily during storage and processing. These data suggest that integrating various post-harvest methods with synergistic functions may be more efficient for the control of A. flavus growth and AFs production, although the individual environmental factors alone have an impact.
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Zhao G, Wang YF, Chen J, Yao Y. Predominant Mycotoxins, Pathogenesis, Control Measures, and Detection Methods in Fermented Pastes. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E78. [PMID: 31979410 PMCID: PMC7076863 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermented pastes are some of the most popular traditional products in China. Many studies reported a strong possibility that fermented pastes promote exposure to mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and cereulide, which were proven to be carcinogenic and neurotoxic to humans. The primary mechanism of pathogenicity is by inhibiting protein synthesis and inducing oxidative stress using cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. The level of mycotoxin production is dependent on the pre-harvest or post-harvest stage. It is possible to implement methods to control mycotoxins by using appropriate antagonistic microorganisms, such as Aspergillus niger, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from ordinary foods. Also, drying products as soon as possible to avoid condensation or moisture absorption in order to reduce the water activity to lower than 0.82 during storage is also effective. Furthermore, organic acid treatment during the soaking process reduces toxins by more than 90%. Some novel detection technologies based on magnetic adsorption, aptamer probes, and molecular-based methods were applied to rapidly and accurately detect mycotoxins in fermented pastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, China; (G.Z.); (Y.-F.W.)
| | - Yi-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, China; (G.Z.); (Y.-F.W.)
| | - Junling Chen
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 471023 Luoyang, China;
| | - Yunping Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, China; (G.Z.); (Y.-F.W.)
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Milićević D, Petronijević R, Petrović Z, Đjinović-Stojanović J, Jovanović J, Baltić T, Janković S. Impact of climate change on aflatoxin M1 contamination of raw milk with special focus on climate conditions in Serbia. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:5202-5210. [PMID: 31032967 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of climate change has been identified as an emerging issue worldwide owing to potential effects that can provoke changes in the nature and occurrence of food safety hazards. Mycotoxins are a group of naturally occurring toxic substances produced by several genera of filamentous fungi, among which, primarily aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes and zearalenone are of the greatest concern owing to their negative impact on human health, animal productivity and international trade. RESULTS Extreme weather conditions such as floods and droughts which have not occurred previously in Serbia may be supporting factors for contamination of crops by various species of toxigenic fungi and their related mycotoxins. In this study, principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate analyses were used as powerful tools allowing better understanding of the range of climate factors impacting on crop contamination by mycotoxins. Among the selected environmental variables, temperature and moisture significantly influenced aflatoxin production. Recent drought and then flooding confirmed that Serbia is one of the few European countries with very high risk exposure to natural hazards, as well as that mycotoxins are one of the foodborne hazards most susceptible to climate change. Thus climate change effects on mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxin contamination are now receiving scientific attention, especially from a risk analysis perspective. CONCLUSION This paper evaluates the available information on the influence of climate change on mycotoxin contamination, especially aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). In addition, this investigation should beneficially contribute to more accurate predictions of the regional risk from mycotoxins in future decades. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Milićević
- Adviser of Director for Scientific Research, Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Radivoj Petronijević
- Department of Chemical and Physicochemical Analysis, Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Petrović
- Coordinator of the Institute's Management System, Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Jelena Jovanović
- Department of Sensory and Physical Testing and Parasitology, Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Baltić
- Department of Microbiological and Molecular-Biological Research, Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Saša Janković
- Department for Residue Testing, Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Belgrade, Serbia
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