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Badawi N, Bollmann UE, Haarder EB, Albers CN, Kørup K, Karan S. Leaching of unexpected cyazofamid degradation products into groundwater demonstrates gaps in current pesticide risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 349:123887. [PMID: 38554838 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the formation and leaching potential of degradation products N,N-dimethylsulfamide (DMS) and dimethylsulfamic acid (DMSA) from cyazofamid under real-world agricultural conditions, the fungicide cyazofamid was applied in a potato crop as part of the Danish Pesticide Leaching Assessment Programme (PLAP). Leaching of DMS, DMSA, 4-chloro-5-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-imidazole-2-carbonitrile (CCIM), and 4-chloro-5-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-imidazole-2-carboxylicacid (CTCA) was monitored in water from the variably saturated zone (suction cups) and groundwater for more than two years following the applications. In total, 424 samples were analyzed for the content of the four degradation products. An additional laboratory study was executed in parallel with the field monitoring study. Here, cyazofamid was applied to soil columns and leaching of the four degradation products was studied under controlled conditions. In the EFSA conclusion on cyazofamid, CCIM and CTCA are mentioned as major relevant metabolites; DMS is not mentioned in the risk assessment and DMSA is only included in acute oral toxicity studies and an in vitro bacterial mutation assay. In contrast to the EFSA conclusion on cyazofamid, our studies showed no leaching of the two major metabolites, CTCA and CCIM, but instead, major leaching of DMS and DMSA in both the field and laboratory studies was observed. That is, both DMS and DMSA leached to the groundwater in concentrations >0.1 μg/L for more than half a year. Based on this, we suggest improvements to the current pesticide risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Badawi
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Oester Voldgade 10, DK 1350, Denmark.
| | - Ulla E Bollmann
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Oester Voldgade 10, DK 1350, Denmark
| | - Eline B Haarder
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Oester Voldgade 10, DK 1350, Denmark
| | - Christian N Albers
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Oester Voldgade 10, DK 1350, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Kørup
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Sachin Karan
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Oester Voldgade 10, DK 1350, Denmark
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Balkan T, Yağcı A, Kara K. Dissipation behaviors of deltamethrin, emamectin benzoate and hexythiazox in grape under field conditions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2024; 59:123-129. [PMID: 38287657 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2024.2308487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the dissipation kinetics of deltamethrin, emamectin benzoate, and hexythiazox in grapes. The QuEChERS method was employed and validated for the precise determination of these three pesticides using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Excellent linearity was observed with regression coefficients exceeding 0.998. Notably, the limits of quantification (LOQ) were significantly lower than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) established for grapes by the European Union. The QuEChERS method l recovered 93.23% of the pesticides with an acceptable RSD of 5.35% (n = 180), demonstrating its suitability for quantifying them in grapes. Half-lives of deltamethrin, emamectin benzoate, and hexythiazox in grapes were 2.62-2.68 days, 8.15-7.30 days, and 3.24-4.01 days, respectively, for both single and double doses. Residues of all pesticides fell below the MRLs by the preharvest interval. This suggests that their application can be considered safe for grapes, ensuring both pest control and consumer safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarık Balkan
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Türkiye
| | - Adem Yağcı
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Türkiye
| | - Kenan Kara
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Türkiye
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Zhao P, Liu R, Yuan L. Dissipation, Residue and Human Dietary Risk Assessment of Pyraclostrobin and Cyazofamid in Grapes Using an HPLC-UV Detector. Foods 2024; 13:314. [PMID: 38254615 PMCID: PMC10814842 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyraclostrobin is a new broad-spectrum methoxyacrylic acid fungicide. Cyazofamid is a new selective foliar spray acaricide. Here, we studied the degradation rate and final residues of pyraclostrobin and cyazofamid in grape and evaluated their dietary risk to consumers. The average recoveries of pyraclostrobin ether ester, cyazofamid and cyazofamid metabolite (CCIM) in grapes were 84-94%, 92-98% and 99-104%, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 6.0-20.3%, 2.4-10.5% and 1.3-4.0%, respectively, and the LOQs were all 0.05 mg/kg. The digestion dynamics of the experimental sites were in accordance with the first-order kinetic equation. The degradation half-lives of pyraclostrobin ether ester and cyazofamid were 17.8 d-28.9 d and 4.3 d-7.8 d, respectively. The final residues of pyraclostrobin ether ester, cyazofamid and CCIM in grapes were <0.05-1.88 mg/kg, <0.05-0.31 mg/kg and <0.05-0.47 mg/kg, respectively. Using probability models, the total chronic risk values for pyraclostrobin and cyazofamid were calculated to be 0.112-189.617% and 0.021-1.714%, respectively. The results of the contribution analysis indicate that pyraclostrobin poses a much greater risk to Chinese consumers than cyazofamid, especially to children and adolescents, who have a significantly greater risk than adults. This suggests that more consideration should be given to the cumulative risk of compounds for vulnerable groups in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Rong Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Longfei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
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Li R, Men X, Li R, Liu T, Liang H, Fang F, Sun-Waterhouse D, Wang Y. Residue behaviors and dietary risk of cyazofamid in turnip, onion and romaine lettuce assessed by a QuEChERS-LC-MS/MS method. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2023.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Tian F, Qiao C, Wang C, Pang T, Guo L, Li J, Pang R, Xie H. Dissipation behavior of prochloraz and its metabolites in grape under open-field, storage and the wine-making process. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Li J, Chen W, Deng K, Liu S, Li B, Li Y. Monitoring and dietary exposure assessment of pesticide residues in strawberry in Beijing, China. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2022; 15:98-105. [PMID: 35067199 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2022.2028311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 142 pesticide residues in 245 strawberry samples, gathered from farmers markets or supermarkets in Beijing from June 2017 to May 2018, were investigated. The samples were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). According to the validation data, including linearity, recovery, precision and measurement uncertainty, the method performed well in monitoring pesticide residues and complied with the requirements of the European Guideline SANTE/11813/2017. Among the strawberry samples, 26.0% contained at least one pesticide residue, four of which contained pesticide residues that exceeded the maximum residue limit of China. Carbendazim, pyrimethanil and azoxystrobin were the most frequently detected pesticides in the strawberry samples. Lower bound, middle bound and upper bound values were used to replace left-censored results. In the worst-case scenario, the hazard index (HI) for adults and children was 0.91% and 3.62%, respectively. Carbofuran, bifenazate and pyraclostrobin were identified as the top three contributors to HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxun Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Center for Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing of Agricultural Products and Processed Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenhui Chen
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Kailin Deng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Center for Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing of Agricultural Products and Processed Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shuyan Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Center for Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing of Agricultural Products and Processed Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, PR China
| | - Bei Li
- Hainan Institute for Food Control, Key Laboraory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Hainan, PR China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Center for Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing of Agricultural Products and Processed Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, PR China
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Zhao P, Chai Y, Liu R, Yuan L. Dissipation, Residue, and Dietary Risk Assessment of Bifenthrin, Bifenazate, and Its Metabolite Bifenazate-Diazene in Apples Based on Deterministic and Probabilistic Methods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14302-14310. [PMID: 34806379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive, and effective multiresidue analytical method was established to investigate the degradation rate and final residues of bifenthrin, bifenazate, and its metabolite bifenazate-diazene in apples, and the dietary risk of consumers was evaluated. The residues of bifenthrin, bifenazate, and bifenazate-diazene in apple samples from 12 different apple-producing areas of China were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The average recoveries of the three compounds in apples were 88.4-104.6%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 1.3-10.5%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for each compound was 0.01 mg/kg. Although the degradation half-lives of bifenthrin, bifenazate, and bifenazate-diazene were 17.8-28.9, 4.3-7.8, and 5.0-5.8 days, under good agricultural practice (GAP) conditions, the final residues of bifenthrin, bifenazate, and the sum of bifenazate and its metabolite bifenazate-diazene in apples were <0.01-0.049, < 0.01-0.027, and <0.02-0.056 mg/kg, respectively, which were lower than the maximum residue limit (MRL) in China. By comparing the deterministic model with the probabilistic model, the results of the probabilistic model at the P95 level (12.91-48.9% for bifenthrin, 17.48-52.01% for bifenazate including its metabolite) were selected as reasonable assessment criteria for chronic dietary risk, and the acute risk was at the P99.9 level (3.00-15.59% for bifenthrin). Although the exposure risk calculated by both the deterministic model and the probabilistic model was less than 100%, the risk to children is significantly higher than that of the general population. This suggests that in future research and policy making, we should pay more attention to the risk of vulnerable groups such as children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yida Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Longfei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Li P, Hu J. Residual levels and dietary risk assessment of bifenthrin and dinotefuran and its major metabolites in open wheat field conditions. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 36:e5267. [PMID: 34654060 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the residual levels of bifenthrin and dinotefuran, a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous detection of bifenthrin and dinotefuran and its major metabolites in wheat was developed and validated. Dietary risk assessments were further performed based on the relevant residual data from 12 wheat fields, toxicology data and dietary patterns. In wheat grain and straw, the recoveries of all analytes ranged from 77 to 102% with the relative standard deviation <9.7% and the limit of quantitation 0.05 mg kg-1 . The highest terminal residue of bifenthrin in wheat grain was 0.069 mg kg-1 and dinotefuran was 0.34 mg kg-1 . Residual concentrations of bifenthrin and dinotefuran decreased to <0.05 and 0.15 mg kg-1 at 21 days (pre-harvest interval), respectively. The chronic risk quotient ranged from 6.4 to 62.7% and the acute risk quotient varied from 0.38 to 17.73%. The chronic and acute dietary risks caused by the terminal residues of the two insecticides were negligible for Chinese populations. The recommended pre-harvest interval was proposed to ensure safe wheat consumption. These data could provide a scientific reference to establish the Chinese maximum residue limit of dinotefuran in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Jiye Hu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
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Li R, Pan X, An X, Wang K, Dong F, Xu J, Liu X, Wu X, Zheng Y. Monitoring the behavior of imazalil and its metabolite in grapes, apples, and the processing of fruit wine at enantiomeric level. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:5478-5486. [PMID: 33682082 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imazalil is widely used in agriculture, which may pose a threat to food safety. This study aimed to investigate the fate of imazalil and its main metabolite, R14821 (imazalil-M), in field grapes and apples, and in the processing of fruit wine at the enantiomeric level. RESULTS Analysis method was established to determine imazalil and imazalil-M enantiomers in grape, apple, fruit wine and pomace. The method showed acceptable recoveries of 71.6-99.9% and precision with relative standard deviation of 0.3-11.7%. Processing factors (PFs) were 0.15-0.40 (for imazalil enantiomers) and <0.13-0.83 (for imazalil-M enantiomers) during the wine-making process. The PFs after individual steps including washing, peeling, fermentation, and clarification were all less than 1. No enantioselective dissipation of imazalil was found in grapes under field conditions with half-lives of 23.82-24.49 days. R-(-)-imazalil degraded slightly faster than S-(+)-imazalil in apples under field conditions with half-lives of 9.82-10.09 days. S-(+)-imazalil-M preferentially degraded in field grapes and apple. No significant enantioselectivity of imazalil and imazalil-M was observed during the wine-making process. The enantiomeric fraction (EF) values of imazalil were 0.484-0.511 and 0.509-0.522 in grape wine and cider, respectively. The EFs were 0.484-0.501(in grape wine) and 0.484-0.504 (in cider) for imazalil-M. CONCLUSION The results showed that the wine-making process could reduce imazalil and imazalil-M residues in grapes and apples. The finding of non-enantioselectivity of imazalil during the processing of fruit wine was useful for accurate risk assessment for imazalil in raw and processing fruits. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xinglu Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaokang An
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Kuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
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Jankowska M, Kaczyński P, Łozowicka B. Dissipation kinetics and processing behavior of boscalid and pyraclostrobin in greenhouse dill plant (Anethum graveolens L.) and soil. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:3349-3357. [PMID: 33773022 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determining the environmental behavior and fate of chemical compounds during technological processing of plants is a task of great significance nowadays. However, the current knowledge is still incomplete for unique herbal matrices belonging to minor crops. The research in this article presents, for the first time, the dissipation kinetics and processing behavior of carboxamide boscalid (BOS) and stobilurin pyraclostrobin (PYR) fungicides during glasshouse dill (Anethum graveolens L.) cultivation. RESULTS The half-lives (t1/2 ) of BOS and PYR after application at the recommended and double dosage were in the range: 1.62-2.01 days in plant and 2.08-4.85 days in soil, respectively. The processing behavior in dill was estimated after washing, hot air drying and drying in sunlight without/with pretreatment. Processing factors (PFs) were above 1 after drying (PF = 1.24-1.39 hot air; PF = 1.15-1.28 sunlight) and below this value when the washing step was applied (PF = 0.31-0.42 hot air; PF = 0.21-0.34 sunlight), indicating the highest effectiveness of reduction, up to 73% BOS and 79% PYR. CONCLUSION BOS/PYR residues at pre-harvest intervals after both doses were below European Union (EU) maximum residue limits (MRLs). The highest effectiveness was noted for drying carried out with the washing step, which has a great influence on the concentration of residues in the final product. The findings can supplement PF databases not set for minor crops and can be used to establish MRLs and determine human exposures more accurately in risk assessment studies. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Jankowska
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Kaczyński
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Bożena Łozowicka
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Bialystok, Poland
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Zhao H, Zhao Y, Hu J. Dissipation, residues and risk assessment of pyraclostrobin and picoxystrobin in cucumber under field conditions. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:5145-5151. [PMID: 32519755 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyraclostrobin and picoxystrobin are two representative pesticides of strobilurins used to treat cucumber downy mildew, which have raised issues of food safety and human health. A new formulation containing these two compounds is being prepared for marketing in China. RESULTS The dissipation and residual levels of pyraclostrobin and picoxystrobin in cucumbers under field conditions were determined simultaneously by a validated method via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The dissipation rules were described by first-order kinetics and the half-lives of pyraclostrobin and picoxystrobin were less than 8.2 days and 3.4 days. The highest terminal residue of pyraclostrobin was 0.014 mg kg-1 which was lower than maximum residue limit (MRL) in China (0.5 mg kg-1 ) and of picoxystrobin was 0.029 mg kg-1 , respectively. In the long-term intake risk assessment of pyraclostrobin and picoxystrobin for general population (18-79 years), the chronic risk quotient (RQc ) varied from 5.64% to 21.97%. The assessment of short-term risks included children (1-6 years) and adults (18-79 years) and in which the RQa values were 0.38% and 2.85%. Both results showed the intake risks of cucumber were acceptable. CONCLUSION Pyraclostrobin and picoxystrobin degraded easily in cucumbers under open field conditions. The long-term and short-term risks caused by final residues of pyraclostrobin and picoxystrobin were insignificant. The recommended pre-harvest interval of 3 days was safe. The article will be helpful in rational use of these pesticides and MRL formulation of picoxystrobin on cucumber. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Jiye Hu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
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Sarker A, Lee SH, Kwak SY, Nam AJ, Kim HJ, Kim JE. Residue Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Cyazofamid and Its Metabolite in Korean Cabbage Under Greenhouse Conditions. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 105:595-601. [PMID: 32862252 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-02972-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The residual characteristics and risk assessment with respect to cyazofamid and its metabolite 4-chloro-5-p-tolylimidazole-2-carbonitrile were monitored in case of Korean cabbage at different preharvest intervals during a greenhouse trial. The 0.02 kg a.i/ha of cyazofamid was sprayed twice on seven-day intervals (i.e., on day 0, 7, 14, and 21 before harvest). The liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis was used to monitor the residual amount of fungicide. The matrix-matched calibration curves with respect to the cyazofamid in Korean cabbage exhibited good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.999) and acceptable recoveries of 84.1%-114.9%. The biological half-life of cyazofamid in Korean cabbage was 3.18 days. During the treatment, the preharvest residue of cyazofamid in Korean cabbage 14 days before harvest (0.80 mg/kg) was lower than that specified by the MFDS-MRL (Ministry of Food and Drug Safety-Maximum Residue Limit, 2.0 mg/kg) and should be recommended as the safe preharvest-interval application limit. The hazard quotient showed low toxicity (70.58%) during the risk assessment study of cyazofamid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Sarker
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, EXIM Bank Agricultural University Bangladesh (EBAUB), Chapainawabganj, Bangladesh
| | - Sang-Hyeob Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Se-Yeon Kwak
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Ae-Ji Nam
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jeong Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Jang-Eok Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea.
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Sun H, Zhou L, Zhang X, Luo F, Yang M, Wang X, Lou Z, Chen Z. Residue dissipation and dietary exposure risk assessment of methoxyfenozide in cauliflower and tea via modified QuEChERS using UPLC/MS/MS. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:2358-2363. [PMID: 31802504 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methoxyfenozide possesses efficacy against a variety of lepidopteron pests, including the major pests in cauliflower and tea, so it is of great importance to generalize the practical use of methoxyfenozide in the field. RESULTS An efficient method was developed and validated in both vegetable matrix and extract-rich matrix (cauliflower and tea) using modified QuEChERS combined with UPLC/MS/MS analysis. The recoveries in cauliflower, made tea and tea shoots ranged from 94.5 to 108.0%, from 85.0 to 91.6% and from 77.3 to 82.0% respectively, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 17.3% in all cases. The field results showed that methoxyfenozide dissipated in cauliflower with half-life (t1/2 ) at 2.5-3.5 days and in tea with t1/2 at 1.2 days. Combining the above experimental data and statistical food intake values, the risk quotient (RQ) values were significantly lower than 1. CONCLUSION The quantification method of methoxyfenozide in cauliflower or tea has not been established until this study. The dissipation and dietary exposure risk assessment of methoxyfenozide in cauliflower and tea were investigated in the field. Methoxyfenozide dissipated rapidly in cauliflower despite different climates, and it dissipated faster in tea. The dietary risk of methoxyfenozide through cauliflower or tea was negligible to humans. This study not only provides guidance for the safe use of methoxyfenozide but also serves as a reference for the establishment of maximum residue limits (MRLs) in China. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hezhi Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengjian Luo
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengyun Lou
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - ZongMao Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Yang Q, Wei S, Liu N, Gu Z. The Dissipation of Cyazofamid and Its Main Metabolite CCIM During Wine-Making Process. Molecules 2020; 25:E777. [PMID: 32054034 PMCID: PMC7070920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have focused on the residues of cyazofamid and its main metabolite CCIM (4-chloro-5-p-tolylimidazole-2-carbonitrile) in the wine making process, which is crucial to evaluate the potential food risk of cyazofamid and CCIM. In this work, detailed study has been conducted on the evaluation of the fate of cyazofamid and its main metabolite CCIM during the wine-making process. The targeted compounds cyazofamid and CCIM were separated and determined by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and processing procedure including washing, peeling, fermentation, and clarification. Results showed that residues of cyazofamid and CCIM decreased significantly in wine processing. The dissipation of cyazofamid in the fermentation process followed the first-order of kinetics, and the half-life of cyazofamid was 46.2-63.0 h, whereas, the residues of CCIM, in the three treatments, decreased with time elapse. The processing factors (PFs) were all less than one in different processing processes, and the PFs ranges of cyazofamid and CCIM were 0.003-0.025 and 0.039-0.067 in three treatments in the overall process. The outcome indicated that the whole process could significantly reduce the residues of cyazofamid and CCIM in red and white wines. The results might provide more precise risk assessments of cyazofamid in the wine-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxi Yang
- Department of Pesticide Science, Plant Protection College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Q.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Shiwei Wei
- Department of Pesticide Science, Plant Protection College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Q.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Zumin Gu
- Department of Pesticide Science, Plant Protection College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Q.Y.); (S.W.)
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15
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Yang M, Luo F, Zhang X, Zhou L, Lou Z, Zhao M, Chen Z. Dissipation and Risk Assessment of Multiresidual Fungicides in Grapes under Field Conditions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:1071-1078. [PMID: 31841622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Grapes are among the most popular fruits globally, and various fungicides are widely applied to grape crops. As such, the presence of multiple fungicide residues and dietary risks in grapes has become the focus of significant attention. In this study, an easy-to-implement and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS approach was developed to simultaneously determine pyraclostrobin, dimethomorph, cymoxanil, cyazofamid and its metabolite CCIM in grapes via QuEChERS. This approach achieved 78.1-106.0% recovery and a 0.01 mg kg-1 limit of quantitation (LOQ). Field trials revealed that these compounds had degradation half-lives ranging from 0.9 to 13.3 days. And their terminal residues ranging from < LOQ to 1.36 mg kg-1 were below the official maximum residue limit (MRL) in China. The short-term risk for each tested fungicide was below 54%. The long-term risk of individual chemicals ranged from 0.0086% to 3.1%, and their cumulative risk was 4.4%. Results indicated that the dietary risk of these fungicides in grapes was minor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008 , China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization , Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310008 , China
| | - Fengjian Luo
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008 , China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization , Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310008 , China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008 , China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization , Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310008 , China
| | - Li Zhou
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008 , China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization , Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310008 , China
| | - Zhengyun Lou
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008 , China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization , Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310008 , China
| | - Meiqin Zhao
- Zhejiang Tianfeng Biological Science Co. Ltd. , Jinhua 321025 , China
| | - Zongmao Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008 , China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization , Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310008 , China
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