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Yoshida A, Choi J, Jin HR, Li Y, Bajpai S, Qie S, Diehl JA. Fbxl8 suppresses lymphoma growth and hematopoietic transformation through degradation of cyclin D3. Oncogene 2020; 40:292-306. [PMID: 33122824 PMCID: PMC7808939 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01532-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of D-type cyclins in human cancer frequently occurs as a result of protein stabilization, emphasizing the importance of identification of the machinery that regulates their ubiqutin-dependent degradation. Cyclin D3 is overexpressed in ~50% of Burkitt’s lymphoma correlating with a mutation of Thr-283. However, the E3 ligase that regulates phosphorylated cyclin D3 and whether a stabilized, phosphorylation deficient mutant of cyclin D3, has oncogenic activity are undefined. We describe the identification of SCF-Fbxl8 as the E3 ligase for Thr-283 phosphorylated cyclin D3. SCF-Fbxl8 poly-ubiquitylates p-Thr-283 cyclin D3 targeting it to the proteasome. Functional investigation demonstrates that Fbxl8 antagonizes cell cycle progression, hematopoietic cell proliferation, and oncogene-induced transformation through degradation of cyclin D3, which is abolished by expression of cyclin D3T283A, a non-phosphorylatable mutant. Clinically, the expression of cyclin D3 is inversely correlated with the expression of Fbxl8 in lymphomas from human patients implicating Fbxl8 functions as a tumor suppressor. Fbxl8 suppresses cell division, cell proliferation, and tumorigenesis through phosphorylation-dependent degradation of cyclin D3. Fbxl8 suppresses oncogene-induced transformation of hematopoietic cells and lymphoma cell proliferation through cyclin D3 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Yoshida
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hong Ri Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Sagar Bajpai
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Shuo Qie
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - J Alan Diehl
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA. .,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Moradi Binabaj M, Bahrami A, Khazaei M, Ryzhikov M, Ferns GA, Avan A, Mahdi Hassanian S. The prognostic value of cyclin D1 expression in the survival of cancer patients: A meta-analysis. Gene 2019; 728:144283. [PMID: 31838249 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between the expression of cyclin D1 and cancer prognosis and outcomes in different malignancies has not been fully elucidated. AIMS In the presented meta-analysis, we assessed the association between the expression level of cyclin D1 with overall survival (OS) in several cancers. METHODS Eligible studies were identified using PubMed, EMBase, Scopus, Web of Sciences and Cochrane Library databases. For the prognostic meta-analysis, study-specific hazard ratios (HRs) of tissue cyclin D1 for survival were obtained. Finally we pooled data derived from one hundred and eight studies comprising 19,224 patients with 10 different cancer types. RESULTS In the pooled analysis, high expression of cyclin D1 was significantly related to a poor OS with a pooled HR of 1.11 (95% CI: 1.02-1.20, P = 0.015; random-effects). Sub-group analysis revealed that high expression of cyclin D1 was related to worse OS of head and neck cancers (HR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.75-2.47; P < 0.001), but not in breast (HR = 1.033, 95% CI: 0.873-1.223, P = 0.702), gastrointestinal (HR = 1.025, 95% CI:0.824-1.275; P = 0.825), bladder (HR = 0.937, CI: 0.844-1.041; P = 0.225) and in lung cancer patients (HR = 1.092, CI: 0.819-1.455; P = 0.549). CONCLUSION Further large, prospective, and well-designed trials are warranted to elucidate the precise clinical importance of cyclin D1 overexpression in the prognosis of cancer patients receiving different treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Moradi Binabaj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Afsane Bahrami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mikhail Ryzhikov
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Wang H, Zhou Y, Liu Q, Xu J, Ma Y. Prognostic value of SOX2, Cyclin D1, P53, and ki-67 in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:5171-5181. [PMID: 30210237 PMCID: PMC6114475 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s160066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated SOX2, Cyclin D1, p53, and ki-67 expression immunohistochemically in 117 samples of surgically resected esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and matched normal tumor adjacent tissues and correlated the expression with clinicopathological finding and patient survival. Lymph node metastasis was observed in 36.8% of patients, and organ metastasis was observed in 17.9%. We detected high expression of SOX2, Cyclin D1, p53, and ki-67 in 46.1%, 70.1%, 54.7%, and 32.5% of ESCC tissues, respectively. SOX2 is localized in the tumor cell nuclei, and its expression was significantly associated with N stage (p=0.034) and differentiation (p=0.003) and ki-67 expression (p=0.001), whereas increased Cyclin D1 expression was correlated with high p53 (p=0.015). With regard to survival, we found that ESCC patients with high SOX2 expression had significantly better survival time than those with low SOX2 expression (p=0.021). A multivariate Cox analysis revealed that therapy and high p53 expression and venous invasion were independent predictors of unfavorable prognosis in overall survival (p=0.039, p=0.004, and p=0.023, respectively). Furthermore, higher T stage, clinical stage (pTNM), venous invasion, and high p53 expression were independent predictors of a worse progression-free survival. Notably, co-overexpression of p53 and Cyclin D1 was significantly correlated with poor overall survival and progression-free survival (p=0.029 and p=0.0227, respectively). Therefore, SOX2 might be considered as a potential prognostic indicator and a potential target for therapeutic targets in ESCC. p53 staining and combined p53 and Cyclin D1 expression had significantly unfavorable prognostic value for patients with ESCC. These findings provide more insight into ESCC; thus, further investigations into molecular mechanisms of drug resistance are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- The Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China,
| | - Yaxing Zhou
- The Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China,
| | - Qian Liu
- The Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China,
| | - Jiarong Xu
- The Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yuqing Ma
- The Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China,
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Association between cyclin D1 (CCND1) G870A polymorphism and gastric cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:66109-66118. [PMID: 27623072 PMCID: PMC5323219 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Published data on the association between cyclin D1 (CCND1) G870A polymorphism and gastric cancer (GC) risk are inconclusive. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between CCND1 G870A polymorphism and GC risk. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of science and the Cochrane Library up to June 12, 2015 for relevant studies. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the strength of associations. Nine studies published from 2003 to 2014, with a total of 1813 cases and 2173 controls, were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled results showed that there was no association between CCND1 G870A polymorphism and GC risk in any genetic model. The subgroup analysis stratified by ethnicity showed an increased breast cancer risk in Caucasian based on heterozygote comparison (GA vs. GG: OR=1.49, 95% CI=1.06-2.10, P=0.02). We found the same association in population based (PB) stratified analyses by Source of controls (AA vs. GG: OR=1.39, 95% CI=1.01-1.93, 0.05). When stratifying by the type, Sex and H. pylori infection in dominant model, Interestingly, we found the opposite result in Male (AA + GA vs. GG: OR=0.5, 95% CI=0.33-0.76, P=0.001), there were no association between CCND1 G870A polymorphism and GC risk in any other subgroup. This meta-analysis suggests that CCND1 G870A polymorphism is a risk factor for susceptibility to GC in Caucasians and in general populations. While, CCND1 G870A polymorphism plays a possible protective effect in GC in Male. Further large scale multicenter epidemiological studies are warranted to confirm this finding.
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Rasool S, Ganai BA, Sameer AS, Masood A. Esophageal Cancer: Associated Factors with Special Reference to the Kashmir Valley. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 98:191-203. [DOI: 10.1177/030089161209800203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. It is a multifactorial disease, and no single agent has been identified so far as the sole cause of the cancer. Many factors like smoking, the consumption of alcohol, fungal-contaminated, spicy and various nitrosamine-containing food stuffs and hot beverages, nutritional deficiency of some vitamins like β-carotene, vitamin A, C and E and minerals like zinc, selenium and molybdenum, the use of opium, HPV infection and various genetic factors have been found associated with the occurrence of the disease worldwide. Wide geographic differences and substantial changes in the incidence of esophageal cancer occurring over time have been suggested. Among the risk factors in India, betel quid chewing carries a relatively high risk. High incidences in Kashmir have been associated with the consumption of hot salted tea, sun-dried, smoked foods, tobacco in the form of hukka and various genetic factors. The exact cause of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is unknown. Much work has been carried out on the role of various environmental factors, gene mutations, and polymorphisms worldwide, including Kashmir. Although the Kashmir valley is present on the border of the ‘high risk esophageal cancer belt’ and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma represents the most commonly occurring malignancy in Kashmir, the amount of information available on various associated factors is still very little as there is a paucity of various epidemiological and molecular studies being carried out in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabha Rasool
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Kashmir
| | - Bashir A Ganai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Kashmir
| | - A Syed Sameer
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Bemina, Srinagar, Kashmir, India
| | - Akbar Masood
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Kashmir
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Hou X, Liang RB, Wei JC, Xu Y, Fu JH, Luo RZ, He JH, Zhang LJ, Lin P, Yang HX. Cyclin D1 expression predicts postoperative distant metastasis and survival in resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:31088-96. [PMID: 27145270 PMCID: PMC5058741 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We aim to identify esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients with increased risk of postoperative metastases. Results A high level of cyclin D1 expression, together with poor tumor cell differentiation and advanced tumor stages, increased risk of postoperative metastasis and decreased distant metastasis-free survival in ESCC in both cohorts. A high level of cyclin D1 expression also decreased overall survival in the training cohort (p < 0.01) but not in the validation cohort (p = 0.415). However, when the two cohorts of patients were pooled to obtain a larger case number, a high level of cyclin D1 expression was again demonstrated as an independent predictor that decreased overall survival (p < 0.01). Methods We used data from two institutions to establish training (n = 319) and validation (n = 164) cohorts. Tissue microarrays were generated for immunohistochemical evaluation. The correlation among cyclin D1 expression, clinicopathologic variables, postoperative distant metastases, overall survival, and distant metastasis-free survival were analyzed. Multivariate analyses were used to test the independent factors impacting postoperative distant metastases and survival. The outcomes generated from the training cohort were then tested using the validation cohort and pooled dataset. Conclusions High level of cyclin D1 expression increased distant metastasis, decreased overall survival and distant metastasis-free survival in resectable ESCC. Using a combination of cyclin D1 expression, tumor cell differentiation grade, and tumor stages, identifying patients with increased risk of postoperative metastases becomes possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Hou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Run-Bin Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jin-Chang Wei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Linzhou Esophageal Cancer Hospital, Yaocun Town, Linzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Sun Yat-sen University Medical College, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian-Hua Fu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Rong-Zhen Luo
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jie-Hua He
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lan-Jun Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hao-Xian Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
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7
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Zhu L, Zhang X, Fu X, Li Z, Sun Z, Wu J, Wang X, Wang F, Li X, Niu S, Ding M, Yang Z, Yang W, Yin M, Zhang L, Zhang M. TIPE2 suppresses progression and tumorigenesis of esophageal carcinoma via inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. J Transl Med 2018; 16:7. [PMID: 29343267 PMCID: PMC5773041 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Esophageal carcinoma is the eighth prevalent malignancy and ranks the sixth in carcinoma-related death worldwide. Tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein-8 like-2 (TIPE2) has been identified as a tumor suppressor in multiple carcinomas. However, its roles and molecular mechanisms underlying esophageal carcinoma progression are still undefined till now. Methods RT-qPCR assay was employed to detect the expression of TIPE2 mRNA. TIPE2 protein expression was measured by using western blot assay. Ad-V and Ad-TIPE2 adenoviruses were constructed to overexpress TIPE2. The effects of TIPE2 overexpression on cell proliferation, invasion and apoptosis were assessed by MTT and Edu incorporation assays, transwell invasion assay and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. The effect of TIPE2 overexpression on xenograft tumor growth was determined by measuring tumor volume and weight, together with immunohistochemistry assay. The effect of TIPE2 overexpression on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was evaluated by detecting the protein levels of β-catenin, c-Myc and cyclinD1 in EC9076 cells and xenograft tumors of esophageal carcinoma. Results TIPE2 expression was downregulated in esophageal carcinoma tissues and cells. Adenovirus-mediated TIPE2 overexpression suppressed cell proliferation and invasion, and induced apoptosis in esophageal carcinoma cells. Enforced expression of TIPE2 inhibited tumor growth in vivo, as evidenced by the reduced tumor volume, tumor weight and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression. Overexpression of TIPE2 inhibited the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in esophageal carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions These results suggest that TIPE2 suppressed progression and tumorigenesis of esophageal carcinoma via inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linan Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Νo. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Νo. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorui Fu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Νo. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoming Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Νo. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenchang Sun
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Νo. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Νo. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Νo. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Νo. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangke Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Νo. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Songtao Niu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Νo. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjie Ding
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Νo. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Yang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Νo. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanqiu Yang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Νo. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Meifeng Yin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Νo. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Νo. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Νo. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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Wang S, Du Z, Luo J, Wang X, Li H, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Ma J, Xiao W, Wang Y, Zhong X. Inhibition of heat shock protein 90 suppresses squamous carcinogenic progression in a mouse model of esophageal cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 141:1405-16. [PMID: 25563492 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1896-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), a potential therapeutic target, has been widely recognized in vitro and in vivo in immunodeficient mice. Here, we aimed to evaluate the role of Hsp90 in an immunocompetent mouse model of esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC). METHODS The carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) was used to induce ESCC in C57BL/6 mice. Cancer progression was analyzed through observation of appearance, hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemical detection, and terminal dUTP nick-end labeling analysis. RESULTS 4NQO led to the progressive appearance of preneoplastic and tumoral lesions in the esophagus, with 100 % incidence of ESCC in situ occurring only after 16 weeks of carcinogen exposure. Most of these lesions evolved spontaneously into highly invasive ESCC even after 4NQO withdrawal (weeks 16-22). Interestingly, there was marked upregulation of Hsp90 and its client proteins in tumoral lesions at 22 weeks. Hsp90 inhibition by intraperitoneal injection of SNX-2112 over the following 2 weeks downregulated AKT and cyclin D1 expression, leading to significant reduction in tumor incidence and prevention of ESCC progression. Moreover, SNX-2112 treatment decreased proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression and increased the number of apoptotic cells in ESCC tissues. CONCLUSIONS Our in vivo findings support the contribution of Hsp90 to ESCC progression, which was achieved by stimulating apoptosis and inhibition of cell proliferation, and provide a strong rationale for further evaluation of Hsp90 inhibitors for treating ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxiang Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
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Wang X, Zheng Y, Fan Q, Zhang X, Shi Y. siRNA blocking the RAS signalling pathway and inhibits the growth of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in nude mice. Cell Biochem Funct 2014; 32:625-9. [PMID: 25430959 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Wang
- Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Department; First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan China 450052
| | - Yuling Zheng
- Department of Oncology; First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan China 450052
| | - Qingxia Fan
- Department of Oncology; First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan China 450052
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department of Oncology; First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan China 450052
| | - Yonggang Shi
- Department of Radiotherapy; First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan China 450052
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Chen M, Huang J, Zhu Z, Zhang J, Li K. Systematic review and meta-analysis of tumor biomarkers in predicting prognosis in esophageal cancer. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:539. [PMID: 24206575 PMCID: PMC3828582 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer (EC) is a frequently occurring cancer with poor prognosis despite combined therapeutic strategies. Many biomarkers have been proposed as predictors of adverse events. We sought to assess the prognostic value of biomarkers in predicting the overall survival of esophageal cancer and to help guide personalized cancer treatment to give patients the best chance at remission. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published literature to summarize evidence for the discriminatory ability of prognostic biomarkers for esophageal cancer. Relevant literature was identified using the PubMed database on April 11, 2012, and conformed to the REMARK criteria. The primary endpoint was overall survival and data were synthesized with hazard ratios (HRs). RESULTS We included 109 studies, exploring 13 different biomarkers, which were subjected to quantitative meta-analysis. Promising markers that emerged for the prediction of overall survival in esophageal squamous cell cancer included VEGF (18 eligible studies, n=1476, HR=1.85, 95% CI, 1.55-2.21), cyclin D1 (12 eligible studies, n=1476, HR=1.82, 95% CI, 1.50-2.20), Ki-67 (3 eligible studies, n=308, HR=1.11, 95% CI, 0.70-1.78) and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (5 eligible studies, n=700, HR=1.28, 95% CI, 0.97-1.69); prognostic markers for esophageal adenocarcinoma included COX-2 (2 eligible studies, n=235, HR=3.06, 95% CI, 2.01-4.65) and HER-2 (3 eligible studies, n=291, HR=2.15, 95% CI, 1.39-3.33); prognostic markers for uncategorized ECs included p21 (9 eligible studies, n=858, HR=1.27, 95% CI, 0.75-2.16), p53 (31 eligible studies, n=2851, HR=1.34, 95% CI, 1.21-1.48), CRP (8 eligible studies, n=1382, HR=2.65, 95% CI, 1.64-4.27) and hemoglobin (5 eligible studies, n=544, HR=0.91, 95% CI, 0.83-1.00). CONCLUSIONS Although some modest bias cannot be excluded, this review supports the involvement of biomarkers to be associated with EC overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilan Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No.22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Jizheng Huang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No.22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Zhenli Zhu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No.22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No.22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No.22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
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11
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Zhao J, Li L, Wei S, Gao Y, Chen Y, Wang G, Wu Z. Clinicopathological and prognostic role of cyclin D1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Dis Esophagus 2012; 25:520-6. [PMID: 22098104 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2011.01278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin D1 is one of the most commonly over-expressed oncogenes; however, its role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains controversial. We conducted a meta-analysis of 20 studies, comprising 2,041 patients to clarify this issue. In all studies, paraffin-embedded surgical specimens were collected and the status of cyclin D1 was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The combined odds ratios (Ors) for cyclin D1 expression were 0.74 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.58-0.93) for well and moderately differentiated versus poorly differentiated tumors, 0.65 (95% CI: 0.45-0.94) for T1/T2 versus T3/ T4 tumors, 0.59 (95% CI: 0.39-0.90) for N0 versus N1 tumors, and 0.48 (95% CI: 0.33-0.71) for stage I/II versus stage III/IV diseases, respectively. The association between cyclin D1 expression and prognosis was examined in 10 studies, and the combined hazard ratio was 1.78 (95% CI: 1.49-2.12). Cyclin D1 expression level detected by IHC is associated with worst clinicopathological features and prognosis for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Ying J, Shan L, Li J, Zhong L, Xue L, Zhao H, Li L, Langford C, Guo L, Qiu T, Lu N, Tao Q. Genome-wide screening for genetic alterations in esophageal cancer by aCGH identifies 11q13 amplification oncogenes associated with nodal metastasis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39797. [PMID: 22761904 PMCID: PMC3382571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is highly prevalent in China and other Asian countries, as a major cause of cancer-related mortality. ESCC displays complex chromosomal abnormalities, including multiple structural and numerical aberrations. Chromosomal abnormalities, such as recurrent amplifications and homozygous deletions, directly contribute to tumorigenesis through altering the expression of key oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Methodology/Principle Findings To understand the role of genetic alterations in ESCC pathogenesis and identify critical amplification/deletion targets, we performed genome-wide 1-Mb array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis for 10 commonly used ESCC cell lines. Recurrent chromosomal gains were frequently detected on 3q26-27, 5p15-14, 8p12, 8p22-24, 11q13, 13q21-31, 18p11 and 20q11-13, with frequent losses also found on 8p23-22, 11q22, 14q32 and 18q11-23. Gain of 11q13.3-13.4 was the most frequent alteration in ESCC. Within this region, CCND1 oncogene was identified with high level of amplification and overexpression in ESCC, while FGF19 and SHANK2 was also remarkably over-expressed. Moreover, a high concordance (91.5%) of gene amplification and protein overexpression of CCND1 was observed in primary ESCC tumors. CCND1 amplification/overexpression was also significantly correlated with the lymph node metastasis of ESCC. Conclusion These findings suggest that genomic gain of 11q13 is the major mechanism contributing to the amplification. Novel oncogenes identified within the 11q13 amplicon including FGF19 and SHANK2 may play important roles in ESCC tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Ying
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- * E-mail: (QT); (NL); (JY)
| | - Ling Shan
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jisheng Li
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Chemotherapy, Cancer Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lan Zhong
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Liyan Xue
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Abdominal Surgical Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Li
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Cordelia Langford
- Microarray Facility, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Lu
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (QT); (NL); (JY)
| | - Qian Tao
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- * E-mail: (QT); (NL); (JY)
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13
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Lehrbach DM, Cecconello I, Ribeiro U, Capelozzi VL, Ab'saber AM, Alves VAF. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction: relationship between clinicopathological data and p53, cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 immunoexpressions. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2010; 46:315-20. [PMID: 20232013 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-28032009000400013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2007] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma has an aggressive behavior, and TNM (UICC) staging is not always accurate enough to categorize patient's outcome. OBJECTIVES To evaluated p53, cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 immunoexpressions in esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma patients, without Barrett's esophagus, and to compared to clinicopathological characteristics and survival rate. METHODS Tissue sections from 75 esophagogastric junction adenocarcinomas resected from 1991 to 2003 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for p53, cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 using streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase method. The mean follow-up time was 60 months SD = 61.5 (varying from 4 to 273 months). RESULTS Fifty (66.7%) of the tumors were intestinal type and 25 (33.3%) were diffuse. Vascular, lymph node and perineural infiltration were verified in 16%, 80% and 68% of the patients, respectively. The patients were distributed according to the TNM staging in IA in 4 (5.3%), IB in 10 (13.3%), II in 15 (20%), IIA in 15 (20%), IIIB in 15 (20%) and IV in 16 (21.3%). Immunohistochemical analysis was positive for p53, cyclin D1 and bcl-2 in 68%, 18.7% and 100%, respectively. There was no association between immunoexpression and vascular and/or perineural invasions, clinicopathological characteristics and patients' survival rate. CONCLUSION In this selected population, there was no association between the immunomarkers, p53, cyclin D1 and bcl-2 and clinicopathological data and/or overall survival.
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14
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Naganawa Y, Ishiguro H, Kuwabara Y, Kimura M, Mitsui A, Katada T, Tanaka T, Shiozaki M, Fujii Y, Takeyama H. Decreased expression of FBXW7 is correlated with poor prognosis in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Exp Ther Med 2010; 1:841-846. [PMID: 22993608 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2010.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
FBXW7 is a tumor suppressor gene that induces the degradation of positive cell-cycle regulators such as c-Myc, cyclin E, c-Jun and Notch. The loss of FBXW7 promotes cell-cycle progression and cell proliferation. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between FBXW7 expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The expression of FBXW7 was quantified by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in 43 primary ESCCs and their paired normal esophageal mucosa in patients who had not received preoperative therapy. FBXW7 expression levels were significantly correlated with the progression of the cancer and with local invasiveness. In muscle-invasive tumor cases (T2-4), lymphatic invasive tumor cases and stage II-IV cases, FBXW7 expression levels were significantly decreased (P=0.0315, P=0.0336 and P=0.0289, respectively). Decreased expression of FBXW7 was correlated with poor prognosis (P=0.0255). In conclusion, this study examined the relationship between FBXW7 expression and tumor progression in ESCC. We suggest that FBXW7 is a molecular prognostic marker and can be used to elucidate the mechanism of carcinogenesis.
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15
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Jiang Y, Huang C, Lei J, Zhu W, Xiao H, Du H. Effects of a Regional Chinese Diet on Proliferation of Human Esophageal Cancer Cell Line Eca-109 by a Sero-Physiology Method. Nutr Cancer 2010; 62:543-53. [DOI: 10.1080/01635580903532465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Takahashi KI, Uzawa N, Myo K, Okada N, Amagasa T. Simultaneous Assessment of Cyclin D1 and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Gene Copy Number for Prognostic Factor in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1348-8643(09)80009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Esophageal cancer is a significant worldwide health problem because of its poor prognosis and high incidence in certain parts of the world. Tobacco smoke and alcohol consumption are significant risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, whereas frequent gastroesophageal reflux and subsequent inflammatory reactions play a role in causing the adenocarcinoma. Esophageal carcinogenesis involves multiple genetic alterations. A large body of knowledge has been generated regarding molecular alterations associated with esophageal carcinogenesis. These alterations include aberrant cell cycle control, DNA repair, cellular enzymes, growth factor receptors, and nuclear receptors. This chapter reviews the most frequent gene alterations and their correlation with risk factors as well as the prevention strategies in esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-chun Xu
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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18
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Wang Y, Liu DP, Chen PP, Koeffler HP, Tong XJ, Xie D. Involvement of IFN regulatory factor (IRF)-1 and IRF-2 in the formation and progression of human esophageal cancers. Cancer Res 2007; 67:2535-43. [PMID: 17363571 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
IFN regulatory factor (IRF)-1 and IRF-2 are generally regarded as a tumor suppressor and an oncoprotein, respectively. However, little is known about their expression and function in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC). In our present work, IRF-1 expression was decreased and IRF-2 expression was increased in ESCCs compared with matched normal esophageal tissues. Moreover, statistical data indicated that IRF-2 expression was tightly correlated with progression of ESCCs. As expected, overexpression of either IRF-1 or IRF-2 in an ESCC cell line resulted in either suppression or enhancement of cell growth, respectively. Also, proliferation- and apoptosis-related molecules (p21(WAF1/CIP1), cyclin-D1, Bcl-2, and histone H4) were regulated by IRF-1 and IRF-2. Additionally, high levels of IRF-2 blocked the function of IRF-1 by preventing the latter from translocating into the nucleus; in contrast, knock down of IRF-2 by small interfering RNA permitted nuclear localization and activity of IRF-1. In vivo assay using nude mice indicated that the tumorigenicity of ESCC cells was enhanced with IRF-2 overexpression but dramatically attenuated after forced expression of IRF-1. In conclusion, IRF-1 and IRF-2 are able to regulate tumorigenicity of ESCC cells as antioncoprotein and oncoprotein, respectively. Relative amounts of IRF-1 to IRF-2 are functionally very important for the development and progression of ESCCs, and reduction of the ratio of IRF-1/IRF-2 may lead to the enhancement of tumorigenicity of ESCC cells. Therefore, levels of IRF-1 and IRF-2 are useful indicators in diagnosis and prognosis for ESCCs, and these molecules are potential drug targets for ESCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Kudo J, Nishiwaki T, Haruki N, Ishiguro H, Shibata Y, Terashita Y, Sugiura H, Shinoda N, Kimura M, Kuwabara Y, Fujii Y. Aberrant nuclear localization of beta-catenin without genetic alterations in beta-catenin or Axin genes in esophageal cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2007; 5:21. [PMID: 17309796 PMCID: PMC1808060 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-5-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background β-catenin is a multifunctional protein involved in two apparently independent processes: cell-cell adhesion and signal transduction. β-catenin is involved in Wnt signaling pathway that regulates cellular differentiation and proliferation. In this study, we investigated the expression pattern of β-catenin and cyclin D1 using immunohistochemistry and searched for mutations in exon 3 of the β-catenin gene and Axin gene in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Materials and methods Samples were obtained from 50 esophageal cancer patients. Immunohistochemical staining for β-catenin and cyclin D1 was done. Mutational analyses of the exon3 of the β-catenin gene and Axin gene were performed on tumors with nuclear β-catenin expression. Results Four (8%) esophageal cancer tissues showed high nuclear β-catenin staining. Overexpression of cyclin D1 was observed in 27 out of 50 (54%) patients. All four cases that showed nuclear β-catenin staining overexpressed cyclin D1. No relationship was observed between the expression pattern of β-catenin and cyclin D1 and age, sex, tumor size, stage, differentiation grade, lymph node metastasis, response to chemotherapy, or survival. No mutational change was found in β-catenin exon 3 in the four cases with nuclear β-catenin staining. Sequencing analysis of the Axin cDNA revealed only a splicing variant (108 bp deletion, position 2302–2409) which was present in the paired normal mucosa. Conclusion A fraction of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas have abnormal nuclear accumulation of β-catenin accompanied with increased cyclin D1 expression. Mutations in β-catenin or axin genes are not responsible for this abnormal localization of β-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzo Kudo
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nishiwaki
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Haruki
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ishiguro
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Shibata
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukio Terashita
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hironori Sugiura
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Shinoda
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kimura
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kuwabara
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Fujii
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
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20
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Luo ML, Shen XM, Zhang Y, Wei F, Xu X, Cai Y, Zhang X, Sun YT, Zhan QM, Wu M, Wang MR. Amplification and overexpression of CTTN (EMS1) contribute to the metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by promoting cell migration and anoikis resistance. Cancer Res 2007; 66:11690-9. [PMID: 17178864 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gain of chromosome 11q13 is a common event in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The cortactin gene (CTTN, also EMS1), located at 11q13, plays a pivotal role in coupling membrane dynamics to cortical actin assembly. This gene has been implicated in the motility of several types of cells. In the present study, we found that the amplification and overexpression of the CTTN gene was associated with lymph node metastasis in ESCC. Functional analysis by small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of CTTN revealed that in addition to the effect on cell migration, CTTN influenced cell invasiveness by anoikis resistance. In vivo assay showed that inhibition of CTTN expression also decreased tumor growth and lung metastasis of ESCC cells. At the molecular level, we showed for the first time that the protective role of CTTN in anoikis resistance was correlated with the activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Overall, the data suggest that CTTN is an oncogene in the 11q13 amplicon and exerts functions on tumor metastasis in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Li Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Bizari L, Borim AA, Leite KRM, Gonçalves FDT, Cury PM, Tajara EH, Silva AE. Alterations of the CCND1 and HER-2/neu (ERBB2) proteins in esophageal and gastric cancers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 165:41-50. [PMID: 16490596 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2005.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2005] [Revised: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/30/2005] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the relationship of amplification and polysomy of both the CCND1 and the ERBB2 (alias HER-2/NEU) genes to the overexpression of their proteins in esophageal and gastric cancers and also their association with clinicopathological features. CCND1 gene amplification (45%) was more prevalent than polysomy (25%) in esophageal carcinoma, but the pattern observed was similar in gastric adenocarcinoma (10% amplification, 15% polysomy). For ERBB2, polysomy was a more frequent mechanism than amplification in both esophageal (32.5 vs. 7.5%) and gastric (15 vs. 5%) cancers. Overexpression of cyclin D1 protein was identified in 37.5% of the specimens of esophageal tumors and 35% of gastric tumors, and overexpression of Her-2/neu protein in 12.5 and 7.5%, respectively. The kappa-statistics revealed a fair agreement in both types of tumors only in overexpression and amplification of the CCND1 gene; the ERBB2 gene showed a fair agreement in amplification and polysomy and the level of protein expression in gastric adenocarcinoma. Thus, polysomy 17 could contribute to a high Her-2/neu protein level, at least in gastric cancer. Our data indicated an association with alcohol consumption and the CCND1 gene or protein levels, in both esophageal and gastric cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucimari Bizari
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
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22
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23
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Myo K, Uzawa N, Miyamoto R, Sonoda I, Yuki Y, Amagasa T. Cyclin D1 gene numerical aberration is a predictive marker for occult cervical lymph node metastasis in TNM Stage I and II squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Cancer 2005; 104:2709-16. [PMID: 16265665 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.21491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of occult cervical lymph node metastases originating from oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the value of cyclin D1 gene (CCND1) numerical aberrations in predicting the risk of late lymph node metastases. METHODS Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), using a BAC clone specific for CCND1, was performed on OSCC specimens obtained by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy from 45 patients with previously untreated TNM Stage I and II (T1-2N0M0) disease who had not undergone elective cervical lymph node dissection. RESULTS CCND1 numerical aberrations were observed in 15 (33.3%) of the 45 patients and were significantly associated with the mode of invasion of the primary tumor (P = 0.01) and the presence of occult lymph node metastases (P < 0.001). Twelve of these 15 patients (80%) developed late cervical lymph node metastases within 2 years of surgery for primary OSCCs. All patients with cluster-type amplification of CCND1 developed late lymph node metastases. Multivariate analysis showed that only CCND1 numerical aberrations (risk ratio, 8.685%, 95% confidence interval = 2.232-33.802, P = 0.002) independently predicted late cervical lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Aberrations in CCND1 numbers appear to be valuable in identifying patients at high risk of late lymph node metastasis in Stage I and II OSCCs. Analysis of CCND1 numerical aberrations using FISH on FNA biopsy specimens may be useful in selecting patients for elective cervical lymph node dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Myo
- Maxillofacial Surgery, Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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24
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Casson AG, Zheng Z, Evans SC, Geldenhuys L, van Zanten SV, Veugelers PJ, Porter GA, Guernsey DL. Cyclin D1 polymorphism (G870A) and risk for esophageal adenocarcinoma. Cancer 2005; 104:730-9. [PMID: 15971196 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.21229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate individual susceptibility to gastroesophageal reflux disease, Barrett esophagus, and esophageal adenocarcinoma, the authors studied the frequency of the common G870A polymorphism of CCND1, which encodes cyclin D1, a key cell cycle regulatory protein. METHODS The study population included 307 patients who were enrolled in a prospective case-control study to evaluate lifestyle risk factors and molecular alterations in gastroesophageal reflux disease (n = 126 patients), Barrett esophagus (n = 125 patients), and esophageal adenocarcinoma (n = 56 patients). A control group included 95 strictly asymptomatic individuals. Genomic DNA was extracted from cases and controls, and polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify exon 4 of CCND1. After digestion with BsrI, acrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to identify the wild type and common G870A polymorphic alleles. The frequency of alleles (G/G, G/A, A/A) was compared between cases and controls. Immunohistochemistry was used to study cyclin D1 distribution in among patients in the case group. RESULTS Compared with the asymptomatic control group, and adjusted for age and gender, increasing frequencies were seen for the A/A genotype in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (odds ratio [OR], 2.83; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.09-7.34), Barrett esophagus (OR, 3.69; 95% CI, 1.46-9.29), and esophageal adenocarcinoma (OR, 5.99; 95% CI, 1.86-18.96). No association was seen between genotype and cyclin D1 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS The CCND1 A/A genotype was associated with increased risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease, Barrett esophagus, and esophageal adenocarcinoma. The contribution of this polymorphism to susceptibility of defined stages of progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma suggested potential application in endoscopic Barrett surveillance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G Casson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Huang JX, Yan W, Song ZX, Qian RY, Chen P, Salminen E, Toppari J. Relationship between proliferative activity of cancer cells and clinicopathological factors in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:2956-9. [PMID: 15902736 PMCID: PMC4305667 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i19.2956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess whether the molecular markers of malignant tumors could improve the understanding of tumor charact-eristics, and to observe the characteristics of expression of cell cycle markers Ki-67 and cyclin A in esophageal carcinoma and to analyze the relationship between proliferative activity of cancer cells and clinicopathological factors.
METHODS: Seventy of surgically resected esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were examined by immun-ohistochemistry utilizing commercially available antibodies. Nuclear staining was regarded as a positive result. At least 50 fields in each tumor and non-tumor section were evaluated at a medium power (×200) to determine the proportion of tumor cells and the staining intensity of nuclei in the entire sections.
RESULTS: Ki-67 and cyclin A were only expressed in base cells of normal esophageal mucosa. The positive immuno-staining of nuclei of SCC was significantly higher than that in normal esophageal mucosa (t = 13.32 and t = 7.52, respectively, P<0.01). The distribution of positively stained was more diffuse and stronger in poorly differentiated SCC. Both Ki-67 and cyclin A expressions were related to histological grades of tumors (t = 3.5675 and t = 3.916; t = 2.13, respectively, P<0.05) but not to the sex and age of the patients, tumor size, lymphatic invasion, location, or stage grouping.
CONCLUSION: The proliferative activity of cancer cells may be understood by immunohistochemistry of Ki-67 and cyclin A in Chinese patients with esophageal SCC. These cell cycle markers may serve as an indicator of cancer cell proliferation rate. The overexpression of cell cycle markers Ki-67 and cyclin A suggests the poor SCC differentiation in patients with esophageal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xing Huang
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, The People's Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Matsumoto M, Natsugoe S, Okumura H, Ishigami S, Takatori H, Nakashima H, Takao S, Aikou T. Clinicopathological and Biological Characteristics of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Associated with Head and Neck Cancer. Oncology 2004; 67:98-102. [PMID: 15539912 DOI: 10.1159/000080994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2003] [Accepted: 02/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Esophageal cancer has been reported to be frequently associated with cancer of the head and neck. The iodine dye method is reportedly useful to detect early esophageal cancer. The aim of this study was to clarify clinicopathological and biological characteristics of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma associated with head and neck cancer (HN group). METHODS Thirty-seven patients of the HN group who underwent esophagectomy were examined clinicopathologically compared to 42 patients with esophageal cancer alone (SE group). All resected specimens were histologically studied after iodine dye staining, and p53 and cyclin D1 (CD1) expression were immunohistochemically examined in esophageal cancer. RESULTS The HN group had more multiple iodine-unstained lesions and multiple primary cancers within the esophagus compared with the SE group (p = 0.0027, p = 0.067, respectively). There was no significant difference in smoking, drinking, family history and the other clinicopathological factors between the HN and SE groups. Coexpression of p53 and CD1 was found to be significant in the HN group (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS The coexistence of multiple iodine-unstained lesions, multiple cancers in the esophagus and overexpression of p53 and CD1 is suggested as a risk factor for the HN group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Matsumoto
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Digestive Surgery, Field of Oncology, Course of Advanced Therapeutics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
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Suzuki Y, Nakano T, Kato S, Ohno T, Tsujii H, Oka K. Immunohistochemical study of cell cycle-associated proteins in adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix treated with radiotherapy alone: P53 status has a strong impact on prognosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004; 60:231-6. [PMID: 15337561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2003] [Revised: 02/09/2004] [Accepted: 02/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Because the incidence of adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix has recently risen, the evaluation of radiotherapy (RT) for this disease has become an increasingly urgent matter. We analyzed the expression of the cell cycle-associated proteins p53, p27, p21/waf1/cip1, and cyclin D1 in cervical adenocarcinomas in correlation with the prognostic significance in tumors treated with RT alone. METHODS AND MATERIALS The expression of p53, p27, p21/waf1/cip1, and cyclin D1 was studied using an immunohistochemical method in 53 cases of cervical adenocarcinoma treated only with RT. Patients received RT alone between 1965 and 1994. The mean patient age was 61.8 +/- 12.6 years (range, 36-82 years). The number of patients with Stage I, II, III, and IVA disease was 6, 16, 28, and 3, respectively. RESULTS The number of patients with p53, p27, p21/waf1/cip1, and cyclin D1 positive tumors was 24, 18, 22, and 8, respectively; no statistically significant correlation was noted. The 5-year disease-free survival rate of p53-positive patients was 30%, significantly lower than the 62% for the p53-negative patients (p = 0.02); no statistically significant correlation was noted between disease-free survival and p27, p21/waf1/cip1, and cyclin D1 expression. No statistically significant correlation was observed between local control and expression of any of the proteins. CONCLUSION Expression of p53 protein has a statistically significant impact on disease-free survival in adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix treated with RT alone. However, the clinical significance of p27, p21/waf1/cip1, and cyclin D1 protein expression was not obvious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Suzuki
- Research Center Hospital of Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
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Lehrbach DM, Nita ME, Cecconello I. Molecular aspects of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma carcinogenesis. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2004; 40:256-61. [PMID: 15264049 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-28032003000400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of human esophageal cancer is a multistep, progressive process. An early indicator of this process is an increased proliferation of esophageal epithelial cells morphologically including basal cell hyperplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ and advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The process of tumorigenesis at cellular level is related to disorders of the control of cell proliferation and differentiation and controlled cell death (apoptosis). Most of cancer cells contain genetic alterations related to the control of these processes, including transcription factors and apoptosis related proteins. AIM In this review, the current knowledge of the genetic profile of this subtype of esophageal tumor is discussed, focusing on the potential of the development of novel tools for clinical management of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS The advances in the field of molecular biology have let us to deeper our knowledge of the process of carcinogenesis of esophagus. Ideally, this knowledge should be translated in benefits for patients suffering from cancer. Thus, better understanding of molecular alterations during carcinogenesis is expected to improve tumor control and prevention and also may lead to better disease management.
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Luo A, Kong J, Hu G, Liew CC, Xiong M, Wang X, Ji J, Wang T, Zhi H, Wu M, Liu Z. Discovery of Ca2+-relevant and differentiation-associated genes downregulated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma using cDNA microarray. Oncogene 2004; 23:1291-9. [PMID: 14647409 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To identify genes that are differentially expressed in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), we have developed a cDNA microarray representing 34 176 clones to analyse gene expression profiles in ESCC. A total of 77 genes (including 31 novel genes) were downregulated, and 15 genes (including one novel gene) were upregulated in cancer tissues compared with their normal counterparts. Immunohistochemistry and Northern blot analysis were carried out to verify the cDNA microarray results. It was revealed that genes involved in squamous cell differentiation were coordinately downregulated, including annexin I, small proline-rich proteins (SPRRs), calcium-binding S100 proteins (S100A8, S100A9), transglutaminase (TGM3), cytokeratins (KRT4, KRT13), gut-enriched Krupple-like factor (GKLF) and cystatin A. Interestingly, most of the downregulated genes encoded Ca(2+)-binding or -modulating proteins that constitute the cell envelope (CE). Moreover, genes associated with invasion or proliferation were upregulated, including genes such as fibronectin, secreted protein acidic and rich in cystein (SPARC), cathepsin B and KRT17. Functional analysis of the alteration in the expression of GKLF suggested that GKLF might be able to regulate the expression of SPRR1A, SPRR2A and KRT4 in ESCC. This study provides new insights into the role of squamous cell differentiation-associated genes in ESCC initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Luo
- National Lab of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
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Xu X, Lyle S, Liu Y, Solky B, Cotsarelis G. Differential expression of cyclin D1 in the human hair follicle. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 163:969-78. [PMID: 12937137 PMCID: PMC1868252 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63456-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation of keratinocytes in the hair follicle varies from slowly cycling, intermittently proliferating stem cells in the bulge to rapidly proliferating, transient cells in the bulb. To better understand the biological differences between these two compartments, we sought to identify differentially expressed genes using cDNA macroarray analysis. Cyclin D1 was one of 13 genes increased in the bulge compared to the bulb, and its differential expression was corroborated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on the original samples. Using immunohistochemical staining, laser-capture microdissection (LCM) and quantitative real-time PCR, we localized cyclin D1 to the suprabasal cells of the telogen bulge and anagen outer root sheath (ORS). Surprisingly, cyclin D1, D2, and D3 were not detectable by immunohistochemistry in the rapidly proliferating hair-producing cells of the anagen bulb (matrix cells), while these cells were strongly positive for Ki-67 and retinoblastoma protein. In contrast, pilomatricoma, a tumor thought to be derived from matrix cells, was positive for cyclin D1, D2, and D3. Our results suggest that cyclin D1 may mediate the proliferation of stem cells in the bulge to more differentiated transient amplifying cells in the suprabasal ORS. In contrast, non-cyclin D1-proteins appear to control cell division of the highly proliferative bulb matrix cells. This non-cyclin D1-mediated proliferation may provide a protective mechanism against tumorigenesis, which is overridden in pilomatricomas. Our data also demonstrate that the combination of DNA macroarray, LCM and quantitative real-time PCR is a powerful approach for the study of gene expression in defined cell populations with limited starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Pathology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Zhang J, Li Y, Wang R, Wen D, Sarbia M, Kuang G, Wu M, Wei L, He M, Zhang L, Wang S. Association of cyclin D1 (G870A) polymorphism with susceptibility to esophageal and gastric cardiac carcinoma in a northern Chinese population. Int J Cancer 2003; 105:281-4. [PMID: 12673692 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to investigate the association of cyclin D1 (G870A) single nucleotide polymorphism with susceptibility to esophageal and cardiac carcinoma in a northern Chinese population. By polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism analysis, cyclin D1 (G870A) genotyping was carried out among 120 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), 87 patients with gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma (CAC), and 183 age- and gender-matched controls. The cyclin D1 genotype distribution among ESCC patients was significantly different from that among healthy controls (chi(2) = 7.372, p = 0.025). The G/G genotype was significantly less frequent among ESCC patients (9.2%) than among healthy controls (20.8%) (chi(2) = 7.192, p = 0.007). The G/G genotype significantly reduced risk for the development of ESCC compared to the combination of G/A and A/A genotypes (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.16-0.83). After stratification according to smoking status, the A/A frequency among smoking ESCC (34.3%) and CAC patients (35.7%) was significantly higher than that among smoking healthy controls (18.6%) (chi(2) = 5.426 and 5.599, p = 0.020 and 0.018, respectively). Smokers with the A/A genotype had an about 2-fold increased risk for both of ESCC and CAC compared to the G/A and G/G genotypes, with an adjusted OR of 2.26 in ESCC (95% CI = 1.14-4.49) and of 2.42 in CAC (95% CI = 1.17-4.98). No correlation between the cyclin D1 genotype and development of ESCC or CAC was found among nonsmokers. Determination of the cyclin D1 (G870A) single nucleotide polymorphism may be suitable to identify individuals with increased risk for ESCC or CAC in the northern Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hebei Cancer Institute, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.
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