Hip transposition as a limb salvage procedure following the resection of periacetabular tumors

Incidence of avascular necrosis of native femur following hip transposition surgery for periacetabular malignancies: a single-centre experience

BACKGROUND

Hip transposition surgery after surgical resection of large pelvic tumours is a well-established alternate to endoprosthetic reconstruction. The major goals of surgery are to ensure adequate resection margins with limb salvation, albeit with acceptable levels of morbidity. While surveillance is aimed at diagnosing local recurrence or distant metastasis primarily, other complications may occasionally be seen.The aim of this study was to assess incidence of avascular necrosis (AVN) in the preserved native femoral heads after hip transposition surgery for periacetabular malignancies, also known as hanging hip surgery.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patient records and follow-up imaging of 22 patients who had undergone hanging hip surgery from 1999 to 2020 were retrospectively analysed to assess for any probable causes of AVN.

RESULTS

Of the 22 patients, 5 (22.7%) had developed AVN on follow-up with a mean time of onset of about 10.5 months from surgery (5 months-2 years). A review of the patient demographics, surgical notes, preoperative management did not offer any clues as to the cause of AVN in these patients. Osteopenia was the most common radiological finding (59%) in most patients, but this also did not herald AVN onset.

CONCLUSIONS

The theory that loss of major vascular supply to the femoral head from capsular disruption during hip transposition surgery would lead to AVN in most patients did not hold true as AVN occurred in a small number of patients.

Hip Transposition Can Provide Early Walking Function After Periacetabular Tumor Resection: A Multicenter Study

BACKGROUND

Reconstruction after periacetabular bone tumor resection involves important tradeoffs; large bone grafts or endoprostheses are reported to offer fair walking function in general but can be technically demanding and carry a high risk of severe complications. Conversely, hip transposition avoids implant-related risks, but stability and functional return may be less consistent. Fewer studies are available on hip transposition, which is also appealing in more resource-constrained environments, and little is known about the time course from surgery to functional return after hip transposition.

QUESTIONS/PURPOSES

(1) What is the time course of recovery of walking function after hip transposition, especially in the first 6 months? (2) What factors are associated with a greater likelihood of early functional recovery? (3) Is early (2-month) functional recovery associated with a greater likelihood of walking ability and higher Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) scores?

METHODS

Between 2009 and 2019, six tertiary care centers in Japan treated 48 patients with internal hemipelvectomy for malignant tumors. During that time, the preferred reconstructive approach was hip transposition, and 92% (44 of 48) of our patients were treated with this procedure. Among them, 86% (38 of 44) had follow-up of at least 6 months, had no local recurrence during that time, and were included in our retrospective study. We chose 6 months as the minimum follow-up duration because the endpoints in this study pertained to early recovery rather than reconstructive durability. Hip transposition involved moving the proximal end of the femur (femoral head, resection end of the trochanteric area, and spacers such as prostheses) upward to the underside of the resected ilium or the lateral side of the sacrum if sacroiliac joint resection was performed. The end of the proximal femur was stabilized to the remaining ilium or sacrum using polyethylene tape, polyethylene terephthalate mesh, an iliotibial tract graft, or an external fixator, according to the surgeon's preference. The median age at surgery was 46 years (range 9 to 76 years), there were 23 women and 15 men, and the median follow-up duration was 17 months (range 6 to 110 months). The postoperative time course of functional recovery was assessed with a record review, the timing of functional milestones was identified (wheelchair, walker, bilateral crutches, single crutch or cane, and walking without an aid), and the MSTS score at the final follow-up was assessed. Additionally, demographic and surgical factors were reviewed, and their association with short-term functional recovery and the final functional outcome was analyzed.

RESULTS

Patients started using a walker at median postoperative day (POD) 20 (IQR 14 to 36) and with bilateral crutches at median POD 35 (IQR 20 to 57). At POD 60, which was the approximate median date of discharge, 76% (29 of 38) of patients were able to walk using bilateral crutches (the early recovery group) and 24% (nine of 38) of patients were not able to do so (the delayed recovery group). No baseline factors were different between the two groups. The early recovery group had a higher median MSTS score than the delayed recovery group: 57% (range 17% to 90%) versus 45% (13% to 57%) (p = 0.047). Moreover, more patients acquired better function (a single crutch or cane or more) in the early recovery group, with a median of 5 months (95% CI 4 to 11) than did those in the delayed recovery group (median not reached) (p = 0.0006). The HR was 15.2 (95% CI 2.5 to 93). Forty-two percent (16 of 38) underwent additional surgery for wound management.

CONCLUSION

It took patients a fair amount of time to recover walking function after hip transposition, and patients who could not walk on bilateral crutches at POD 60 seemed less likely to regain walking function and were likely to have lower MSTS scores thereafter. Wound-related complications were frequent. This method may be a realistic alternative for younger patients who have the strength for a long rehabilitation period or those who want to minimize prosthesis-related complications. Future studies with more patients are necessary to understand the risk factors associated with delayed recovery.Level of Evidence Level III, therapeutic study.

Beyond type III Paprosky acetabular defects: are partial pelvic replacements with iliosacral fixation successful?

PURPOSE

Supra-acetabular bone loss close beyond the sciatic notch is one of the most challenging defect types for stable anatomical reconstruction in revision arthroplasty. Using reconstruction strategies from tumour orthopaedic surgery, we adapted tricortical trans-iliosacral fixation options for custom-made implants in revision arthroplasty. The aim of the present study was to present the clinical and radiological results of this extraordinary pelvic defect reconstruction.

METHODS

Between 2016 and 2021, 10 patients with a custom-made pelvic construct using tricortical iliosacral fixation (see Fig. 1) were included in the study. Follow-up was 34 (SD 10; range 15-49) months. Postoperatively CT scans evaluating the implant position were performed. Functional outcome and the clinical results were recorded.

RESULTS

Implantation was possible as planned in all cases in 236 (SD 64: range 170-378) min. Correct centre of rotation (COR) reconstruction was possible in nine cases. One sacrum screw crossed a neuroforamen in one case without clinical symptoms. During the follow-up period, four further operations were required in two patients. There were no individual implant revisions or aseptic loosening recorded. The Harris Hip Score increased significantly from 27 Pts. to 67 Pts. with a mean improvement of 37 (p < 0.005). EQ-5D developed from 0.562 to 0.725 (p = 0.038) as a clear improvement in quality of life.

CONCLUSION

Custom-made partial pelvis replacement with iliosacral fixation offers a safe solution in "beyond Paprosky type III defects" for hip revision arthroplasty. Due to meticulous planning, precise implantation with good clinical outcome can be achieved. Furthermore, the functional outcome and patient satisfaction increased significantly showing promising early results with a relatively low complication rate.

Complications and Functional Outcome Differences in Carbon Ion Radiotherapy and Surgery for Malignant Bone Tumors of the Pelvis: A Multicenter, Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

Carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) is an evolving treatment option for malignant pelvic tumors in patients with poor surgical indications. However, the difference in complications and functional outcomes between CIRT and surgery is poorly understood. This study compares the complications and functional outcomes of CIRT and surgery to facilitate treatment selection.

METHODS

A total of 28 patients who underwent CIRT for pelvic bone tumors while theoretically meeting the surgical resection criteria were included. Sixty-nine patients who underwent surgery for pelvic bone tumors were included as controls. Major complication rates and functional outcomes (ambulatory, pain, urination, constipation) were evaluated and compared at several time points (pretreatment, discharge, and final follow-up) between the groups.

RESULTS

Early (within 90 days) major complications were not observed in the CIRT group but occurred in 30% of the surgery group, which was statistically significant (P < 0.001). In contrast, late (after 90 days) major complications occurred more often in the CIRT group than in the surgery group (18% and 4%, respectively; P = 0.042). From pretreatment until discharge, all functional outcomes in the surgery group deteriorated (P < 0.001 for all) but did not change in the CIRT group (P = 0.77-1.00). At the final follow-up, all functional outcomes showed no significant intergroup difference (P = 0.28-0.92) due to the recovery trend in the surgery group and the deterioration trend in the CIRT group.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with surgery, CIRT may have favorable safety and stable functional outcomes in the short-term but more late complications. Mid-term functional outcomes were similar between the groups.

LUMiC® endoprosthesis for pelvic reconstruction: A Canadian experience

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

The LUMiC® prosthesis was introduced to reduce the mechanical complications encountered with periacetabular reconstruction after pelvic tumor resection. Few have evaluated the outcomes associated with its use.

METHODS

A retrospective study from five Orthopedic Oncology Canadian centers was conducted. All patients with a LUMiC® endoprosthesis were included. Their charts were reviewed for surgical and functional outcomes.

RESULTS

A total of 16 patients were followed for 28 months (3-60). A total of 12 patients (75%) had a LUMiC® after a resection of a primary sarcoma. Mean surgical time was 555 min. Four patients (25%) had a two-stages procedure. MSTS score was 60.3 preoperatively and 54.3 postoperatively. Patients got a dual mobility bearing and the silver coated implant was used in 7 patients (43.7%). Five patients (31.3%) underwent capsular reconstruction using a fabric. Silver-coating was not found to reduce infection risk (p = 0.61) and capsuloplasty did not prevent dislocation (p = 0.6). Five patients had peroperative complications (31.3%). Eight patients (50%) had an infection including all four with two-stages surgery. Dislocation occurred in five patients (31.3%) whereas no cases of aseptic loosening were reported. A total of 10 patients (62.5%) needed a reoperation.

CONCLUSION

LUMiC® endoprosthesis provides low rates of aseptic loosening on medium-term follow-up. Infection and dislocation are common complications but we were unable to show benefits of capsuloplasty and silver-coated implants.

Changes in psoas muscle size and ambulatory function after internal hemipelvectomy without reconstruction

Internal hemipelvectomy without reconstruction of the pelvis is a viable treatment for pelvic sarcoma; however, the time it takes to return to excellent function is quite variable. Some patients require greater time and rehabilitation than others. To determine if psoas muscle recovery is associated with changes in ambulatory function, we retrospectively evaluated psoas muscle size and limb-length discrepancy (LLD) before and after treatment and their correlation with objective functional outcomes. T1-weighted MR images were evaluated at three intervals for 12 pelvic sarcoma patients following interval hemipelvectomy without reconstruction. Correlations between the measured changes and improvements in Timed Up and Go test (TUG) and gait speed outcomes were assessed both independently and using a stepwise multivariate regression model. Increased ipsilesional psoas muscle size from three months postoperatively to latest follow-up was positively correlated with gait speed improvement (r = 0.66). LLD at three months postoperatively was negatively correlated with both TUG (r = -0.71) and gait speed (r = -0.61). This study suggests that psoas muscle strengthening and minimizing initial LLD will achieve the greatest improvements in ambulatory function. LLD and change in hip musculature remain substantial prognostic factors for achieving the best clinical outcomes after internal hemipelvectomy. Changes in psoas size were correlated with the amount of functional improvement. Several patients in this study did not return to their preoperative ipsilateral psoas size, indicating that monitoring changes in psoas size could be a beneficial rehabilitation strategy.

Custom-Made 3D-Printed Prosthesis after Resection of a Voluminous Giant Cell Tumour Recurrence in Pelvis

Giant-cell tumours are benign aggressive bone lesions that can affect any part of the skeleton. In early stages, curettage is preferred, but in case of local recurrence or voluminous lesions in the periacetabular region, wide resection and reconstruction are recommended. The purpose of this article is to increase clinicians' awareness of the importance of the follow-up of these patients and to describe a case of a voluminous recurrence of a giant-cell tumour in the pelvis. We present a 25-year-old female who underwent internal hemipelvectomy assisted by 3D cutting-guides and reconstruction with a custom-made 3D-printed pelvic prosthesis, hip arthroplasty and ilio-sacral arthrodesis. No postoperative complications occurred and, at long-term follow-up, the patient had a stable and painless hip joint, good bone-implant osteointegration, with an excellent functional outcome. In spite of all available reconstructive techniques, in well-selected patients with voluminous pelvic resections, custom-made 3D-printed implants allow patients to have a good mechanical outcome.

[Strategies for cup revision]

Hip arthroplasty revision management can range from simple procedures using standard implants to complex surgical interventions requiring the combined use of revision cups, metal augments, bone grafts, and antiprotrusio cages. The adequate restoration of biomechanics and function of the hip joint with reconstruction of the original center of rotation can be challenging. We present an overview of various available techniques with the associated implant and anchoring strategies and the respective clinical results depending on the acetabular defect situation.

Comparison of customized 3D-printed prosthesis and screw-rod-cage system reconstruction following resection of periacetabular tumors

Background and purpose

Various operative methods are used for reconstructing pelvic girdle after resection of primary malignant periacetabular tumor has been reported. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy, effectiveness, and safety of customized three dimensional-printed prosthesis (3DP) in the reconstruction of bone defects compared with conventional reconstruction using the screw-rod-cage system.

Methods

A retrospective case–control analysis of 40 patients who underwent pelvic tumor resection and reconstruction with a customized 3D-printed prosthesis (3DP), or screw-rod-cage system (SRCS) between January 2010 and December 2019 was performed. The minimum follow-up time for patients alive was 2 years. Blood loss, operation time, complications, surgical margin, local recurrence, distant metastases, status at time of latest follow-up, MSTS-93 score, Harris hip score, and postoperative radiographic parameters were recorded. Moreover, overall survival, tumor-free survival, and prosthesis survival rates in both groups were compared.

Results

Customized 3DP reconstruction was performed in 15 patients, and SRCS reconstruction was done in 25 patients. The group of patients treated with customized 3DP reconstruction had significantly shorter operation time (323.7 ± 83.7 vs. 393.6 ± 98.8 min; P = 0.028) and more precise (all P < 0.05) radiographic reconstruction parameters than patients in the SRCS group. Fewer complications (P = 0.026), better MSTS score (P = 0.030), and better Harris hip score (P = 0.016) were achieved in the 3DP group. Furthermore, the survival rate of prosthesis was also significantly better in the 3DP group (P = 0.039). However, blood loss, surgical margin, local recurrence, distant metastases, and status at time of latest follow-up had no significant difference between two groups.

Conclusion

Compared with the screw-rod-cage system reconstruction, the customized 3D-printed prosthesis reconstruction is equally safe and effective, but it is more accurate and time-saving and is associated with fewer complications.

Long-term functional recovery in patients with custom-made 3D-printed anatomical pelvic prostheses following bone tumor excision

BACKGROUND

Anatomical custom-made prostheses make it possible to reconstruct complicated bone defects following excision of bone tumors, thanks to 3D-printed technology. To date, clinical measures have been used to report clinical-functional outcome and provide evidence for the effectiveness of this new surgical approach. However, there are no studies that quantified the achievable recovery during common activities by using instrumental clinical-functional evaluation in these patients.

RESEARCH QUESTION

What is the motor performance, functional outcome and quality of life in patients with custom-made 3D-printed pelvic prostheses following bone tumor?

METHODS

To analyze motor performance, six patients performed motion analysis during five motor activities at follow-up of 32 ± 18 months. Joint angles, ground reaction forces and joint moments of the operated and contralateral limbs were compared. On-off activity of lower-limb muscles were calculated from electromyography and compared to a healthy matched population. To analyze functional outcome and quality of life, differences in measured hip abductor strength between limbs were evaluated, as well as clinical-functional scores (Harris Hip Score, Barthel Index, Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score), and quality of life (SF-36 health survey).

RESULTS

We found only slight differences in joint kinematics when comparing operated and contralateral limb. The activity of gluteal muscles was normal, while hamstrings showed out-of-phase activities. Ground reaction forces and hip moments showed asymmetries between limbs, particularly in more demanding motor activities. We found a mean difference in hip abductor strength of 48 ± 82 N between limbs, good clinical-functional scores, and quality of life scores within normative.

SIGNIFICANCE

Our study showed optimal long-term results in functional recovery, mainly achieved through recovery of the gluteal function, although minor impairments were found, which may be considered for future improvement of this innovative surgery. The effect of a more loaded contralateral limb on internal loads and long-term performance of the implant remains unknown and deserves further investigation.

Combined and Modified Gibson and Ilioinguinal Approaches in Type II + III Internal Hemipelvectomy for Periacetabular Tumors

Background

The routine iliofemoral approach and its modifications in type II+III resection require extensive skin incision and massive periacetabular muscle detachment, leading to prolonged hospital stay, increased complication incidence, and impaired lower limb function. Under the management of an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol, a combined and modified Gibson and ilioinguinal (MGMII) approach was used to avoid unnecessary soft tissue trauma during tumor resection and therefore advantageous to patients’ return to normal life.

Methods

Twenty-five patients with type II + III (including type II) periacetabular tumors who underwent reconstruction with 3D printed customized endoprostheses at our center between January 2017 and March 2019 were included in this study. There were 13 cases using MGMII approach and 12 cases using iliofemoral approach. The operation duration and blood loss were assessed by chart review. The surgical margin was evaluated by the histopathological studies. The reconstruction accuracy, the abductor muscle strength, the 1993 version of the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS-93), the Harris Hip scores (HHS), and the limp score were evaluated. Complications were recorded after reviewing the patients’ records.

Results

The operative duration and blood loss in MGMII group were shorter than those in the iliofemoral group, but the postoperative hemoglobin was slightly higher than that in the iliofemoral group. The MGMII group had stronger postoperative hip abductors, better functional restoration, and relatively fewer patients with higher limp scores. No complication was observed in the MGMII group. In the iliofemoral group, three patients encountered wound healing delay, and one patient suffered deep infection.

Conclusions

The MGMII approach can better expose the posterior column of the acetabulum, especially the ischial tuberosity, which is beneficial for avoiding tumor rupture during resection. The MGMII approach also helps to preserve residual muscle function, such as the origin of the gluteus medius, while ensuring the extent of resection.

Preoperative arterial embolization and wound complications after resection of malignant bone tumor in the pelvis: a nationwide database study

BACKGROUND

Massive intraoperative blood loss is common in pelvic malignant bone tumor surgery, and preoperative arterial embolization may be used in selected cases. Preoperative arterial embolization reportedly increases wound complications in pelvic fracture surgery, but little evidence is available regarding pelvic bone tumor surgery.

METHODS

Using a Japanese nationwide database (Diagnosis Procedure Combination database), we searched for patients who underwent pelvic malignant bone tumor surgery between July 2010 and March 2018. The primary endpoint was wound complications, defined as any wound requiring re-operation, negative pressure wound therapy or both. Univariate analyses (the chi-squared test for categorical variables, the unpaired t-test for continuous variables) and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association between preoperative arterial embolization and wound complications.

RESULTS

Among the 266 eligible patients, 43 (16%, 43/266) underwent embolization and 69 (26%, 69/266) developed wound complications. In the univariate analyses, preoperative arterial embolization (P < 0.001), duration of anesthesia (P < 0.001), the volume of blood transfusion (P < 0.001) and duration of indwelling drain tube (P < 0.001) were associated with wound complications. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, preoperative arterial embolization was significantly associated with wound complications (odds ratio, 3.92; 95% confidence interval, 1.80-8.56; P = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Preoperative arterial embolization may be associated with increased wound complications after pelvic malignant tumor surgery.

Reconstruction of Type I-II Internal Hemipelvectomy in a Patient With Pelvic Myxoid Chondrosarcoma: A Case Report

Pelvic chondrosarcomas are a major clinical challenge since the only therapeutic approach available is surgical resection. Reconstruction after partial resection of the pelvis including the acetabulum or the hip joint is a laborious and rigorous surgical procedure. Numerous complications are associated with different reparative methods. Moreover, due to the anatomical complexities of the area, adequate surgical margins are difficult to achieve in many cases, which are closely related to the advent of local recurrence of the tumor. Several techniques for hip function restoration and skeletal reconstruction have been reported. The purpose of this report is to describe a novel pelvic reconstruction technique for PI-II resection that required a custom-designed implant. We present the case of a 61-year-old female patient with chronic pain in the gluteal region. The pelvis’s magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an osteolytic tumor in the right iliac wing that compromises the acetabular roof. The diagnosis was a grade 2 central chondrosarcoma. Surgery included the reconstruction of the acetabulum by inserting two Schanz pins coated with hydroxyapatite, one in the iliopubic corridor and the other in the ischium. A supporting “pyramid” was built, unitizing both Schanz with cement, onto which an acetabular cage was inserted. The procedure was completed with a conventional total hip prosthesis. The patient presented an acute prosthesis infection, which positively responded to prompt surgical lavage and antibiotic treatment. After 10 months of follow-up, the patient remains free of infection, with weight-bearing as tolerated, without pain, and with excellent hip motion. No tumor recurrence has occurred. Medialization of the construct has occurred as expected, with no evidence of implant loosening. The technique used in this patient is novel, could be considered cost-effective, and has allowed the reconstruction of a functional hip. For resections of the acetabular area and preservation of the ischium and pelvic zones, this technique may be an acceptable option.

Evaluation of a novel classification system to predict local recurrence in sarcoma patients undergoing hemipelvectomy with iliosacral resection

AIMS

Iliosacral sarcoma resections have been shown to have high rates of local recurrence (LR) and poor overall survival. There is also no universal classification for the resection of pelvic sarcomas invading the sacrum. This study proposes a novel classification system and analyzes the survival and risk of recurrence, when using this system.

METHODS

This is a retrospective analysis of 151 patients (with median follow-up in survivors of 44 months (interquartile range 12 to 77)) who underwent hemipelvectomy with iliosacral resection at a single centre between 2007 and 2019. The proposed classification differentiates the extent of iliosacral resection and defines types S1 to S6 (S1 resection medial and parallel to the sacroiliac joint, S2 resection through the ipsilateral sacral lateral mass to the neuroforamina, S3 resection through the ipsilateral neuroforamina, S4 resection through ipsilateral the spinal canal, and S5 and S6 contralateral sacral resections). Descriptive statistics and the chi-squared test were used for categorical variables, and the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were performed.

RESULTS

Resections were S1 in 25/151 patients (17%), S2 in 70/151 (46%), S3 in 33/151 (22%), S4 in 77/151 (11%), S5 in 4/151 (3%), and S6 in 2/151 (1%). An internal hemipelvectomy was performed in 113/151 patients (75%), and 38/151 patients (25%) had an external hemipelvectomy. The predominant types of sarcoma were high-grade osteosarcoma in 48/151 patients (32%), chondrosarcoma in 41/151 (27%), Ewing sarcoma in 33/151 (22%), pleomorphic sarcoma in 17/151 (11%), and others in 2/151 (8%). LR was found in 24/151 patients (15%) with S3, S5, with S6 resections showing the highest rate of LR (p = 0.038). Overall, 19/151 patients (16%) had evidence of metastastic disease at the time of surgery and these patients showed poorer survival when compared to patients with no metastasis.

CONCLUSION

The proposed classification can help to report and compare different surgical and reconstructive approaches in these difficult cases who are still have a considerable risk of LR. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(2):290-296.

Leaving half the acetabulum in pelvic resections improves hip function. Is there a need to revisit conventional pelvic resections?

BACKGROUND

Conventional periacetabular pelvic resections are associated with poor functional outcomes. Resections through surgical corridors beyond the conventional margins may be helpful in retaining greater function without compromising the oncological margins.

METHODS

The study included a retrospective review of 82 cases of pelvic resections for pelvic tumors. Outcomes of acetabulum preservation (Group A) were compared with complete acetabular resection (Group B). Also, we compared outcomes of Type I + half resections (Group 1) with Type I + II resections (Group 2), and Type III + half resections (Group 3) with Type II + III resections (Group 4).

RESULTS

Group A (n = 44) had significantly better functional outcome than Group B (n = 38) with average MSTS93 score 22.3 versus 20.1 and average HHS 91.3 versus 82.5 (p < 0.001). Group 1 (n = 14) and Group 2 (n = 12) had similar functional outcomes (mean MSTS93 score 22.07 vs. 21.58 [p = 0.597] and mean HHS 90.37 vs. 86.51 [p = 0.205]). Group 3 (n = 11) had significantly better functional outcome than Group 4 (n = 17), with mean MSTS93 score 22.8 versus 19.7 (p < 0.001) and mean HHS 92.3 versus 80.1 (p < 0.001). Oncological outcomes were similar among the groups.

CONCLUSION

Transacetabular pelvic resections provide functional benefit over conventional resections without compromising oncological margins. There is a need to revisit and revise the pelvic resection planes.

Clinical application of 3D-printed patient-specific guide plate combined with computer navigation in acetabular reconstruction following resection of periacetabular tumors

Background

The precise acetabular reconstruction has historically been a challenging procedure. 3D-printed patient-specific guide (PSG) and computer navigation (CN) technologies have been used to assist acetabular component positioning and pelvic reconstruction. This precise reconstruction approach may translate into clinical benefit.

Methods

The clinical data of 84 patients who underwent periacetabular malignant tumor resection and screw-rod-acetabular cage system reconstruction in our center from January 2013 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into four groups: free hand (FH) group, PSG group, CN group, and PSG combined with computer navigation (PSG + CN) group. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, and number of fluoroscopy views were recorded. The oncological prognosis, radiographic measurements of the acetabulum, limb function data, and postoperative complications were compared among groups. And finally, we evaluated the risk factors for mechanical failure of the prosthesis.

Results

The postoperative X-ray and computed tomography (CT) scan revealed that the vertical offset discrepancy (VOD) between affected side and contralateral side was 8.4±1.9, 5.9±2.2, 4.1±1.3, and 2.4±1.2 mm in each groups; the horizontal offset discrepancy (HOD) was 9.0±1.9, 6.1±2.2, 3.2±1.3, and 2.1±1.2 mm, correspondingly; the abduction angle discrepancy (ABAD) was 8.6°±1.8°, 5.6°±2.0°, 2.5°±1.3°, and 1.8°±0.9°, respectively; the anteversion angle discrepancy (ANAD) was 5.9°±1.6°, 3.6°±1.7°, 2.9°±1.6°, and 1.9°±0.9°, correspondingly. Statistical results show that the PSG + CN group was superior to the FH group and the PSG group in terms of acetabular position and limb function (P<0.05). Body mass index (P=0.040) and resection type (P=0.042) were found to be the high-risk factors for mechanical failure of the prosthesis.

Conclusions

PSG + CN has potential advantages in improving the accuracy and safety of acetabular positioning and reconstruction.

Extra-articular resection of the hip joint for pelvic sarcomas: Are there any oncological and functional risks compared with intra-articular resection?

BACKGROUND

While extra-articular resection (EAR) of the knee and shoulder joint is associated with poorer clinical outcomes, the oncological and functional risks of EAR of the hip joint are unknown. We aimed to compare these risks between EAR of the hip joint and intra-articular resection (IAR).

METHODS

We conducted a comparative study of 75 patients who underwent en-bloc tumour resection and limb-salvage reconstruction for bone sarcomas of the peri-acetabulum between 1996 and 2016. We divided patients into two groups for analyses; EAR (n = 21) and IAR (n = 54).

RESULTS

There was no statistical difference in oncological outcomes; the 5-year cumulative incidence of disease-specific death was 34% and 35% in the EAR and IAR groups, respectively (p = 0.943), and the 5-year cumulative incidence of LR was 26% and 34%, respectively (p = 0.482). The most common complications were dislocation (28%) and deep infection (28%); there was equally no difference between the groups. The mean Musculoskeletal Tumour Society score was 66% and 65% in the EAR and IAR groups, respectively (p = 0.795), and were significantly lower in patients with deep infection (52% vs. 69%; p = 0.013). In a sub-analysis on the outcomes in patients who underwent PI-uninvolved PII-resection for chondrosarcoma, no major differences in oncologic and functional outcomes were confirmed.

CONCLUSION

Patients undergoing EAR and limb-salvage reconstructions of the hip joint have undistinguishable oncological, clinical and functional outcomes compared to those undergoing IAR and reconstructions. If preoperative imaging suggests articular tumour involvement, there appears to be no detrimental effect of undertaking EAR to optimise local control.

Periacetabular reconstruction following limb-salvage surgery for pelvic sarcomas

Limb-salvage surgery for pelvic sarcomas remains one of the most challenging surgical procedures for musculoskeletal oncologists. In the past several decades, various surgical techniques have been developed for periacetabular reconstruction following pelvic tumor resection. These methods include endoprosthetic reconstruction, allograft or autograft reconstruction, arthrodesis, and hip transposition. Each of these procedures has its own advantages and disadvantages, and there is no consensus or gold standard for periacetabular reconstruction. Consequently, this review provides an overview of the clinical outcomes for each of these reconstructive options following pelvic tumor resections. Overall, high complication rates are associated with the use of massive implants/grafts, and deep infection is generally the most common cause of reconstruction failure. Functional outcomes decline with the occurrence of severe complications. Further efforts to avoid complications using innovative techniques, such as antibiotic-laden devices, computer navigation, custom cutting jigs, and reduced use of implants/grafts, are crucial to improve outcomes, especially in patients at a high risk of complications.

Patient-Specific Implants for Pelvic Tumor Resections

Introduction Limb salvage surgery for periacetabular malignancies is technically demanding and associated with a considerable likelihood of postoperative complications and surgical revision. Reconstruction using custom-made implants represents the treatment of choice. This study was conducted to analyze treatment outcomes of custom-made implants in a single orthopaedic tumor center. Patients and Methods Twenty patients with a histologically verified periacetabular malignancy and a median follow up time of 5 (1-17) years were included. Results The median number of revision surgeries per patient was 1.5 (0-7). Complications were dislocations in 3 patients, aseptic loosening in 4 patients, deep infections in 9 patients, thromboembolic events in 5 patients and sciatic nerve lesions in 4 patients. Overall survival was 77% after one year, 69% after two years and 46% after five years. Median Harris Hip Score was 81 (37-92) points at last follow up. Conclusion Although internal hemipelvectomy and reconstruction using custom-made implants is linked with a high risk of postoperative complications, good functional outcomes can be regularly achieved. This information may help treating surgeons to find adequate indications, as eligible patients need to be critically selected and integrated into the decision-making process.

Successful pregnancy after limb-sparing hemipelvectomy for Ewing sarcoma: Case report and literature review

OBJECTIVE

We present a case of successful pregnancy in a patient who underwent limb-sparing hemipelvectomy combined with multi-agent chemotherapy and radiotherapy for Ewing sarcoma.

CASE REPORT

A 17-year-old girl was diagnosed with Ewing sarcoma of the left pelvis at the age of 17 and received limb-sparing hemipelvectomy combined with multi-agent chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The patient received oral contraceptives as hormone replacement therapy after completion of treatment. A normal menstruation cycle restored after the withdrawal of oral contraceptives. The patient spontaneously conceived at the age of 25. The patient complained of difficulty walking due to pelvic distortion during pregnancy and delivered a healthy neonate at term by cesarean section.

CONCLUSION

Successful pregnancy and delivery can be achieved after limb-sparing hemipelvectomy combined with chemotherapy and radiotherapy for Ewing sarcoma. Our report provides important information on perinatal management, given the low incidence of pregnancy following treatment of Ewing sarcoma in the pelvis.

Does Adding Femoral Lengthening at the Time of Rotation Hip Transposition After Periacetabular Tumor Resection Allow for Restoration of Limb Length and Function? Interim Results of a Modified Hip Transposition Procedure

BACKGROUND

Reconstruction after pelvic tumor resection of the acetabulum is challenging. Previous methods of hip transposition after acetabular resection have the advantages of reducing wound complications and infections of the allograft or metal endoprosthesis but were associated with substantial limb length discrepancy. We therefore developed a modification of this procedure, rotation hip transposition after femur lengthening, to address limb length, and we wished to evaluate its effectiveness in terms of complications and functional outcomes.

QUESTIONS/PURPOSES

In this study, we asked: (1) What were the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society scores after this reconstruction method was used? (2) What complications occurred after this reconstruction method was used? (3) What proportion of patients achieved solid arthrodesis (as opposed to pseudarthrosis) with the sacrum and solid union of the femur? (4) What were the results with respect to limb length after a minimum follow-up of 2 years?

METHODS

From 2011 to 2017, 83 patients with an aggressive benign or primary malignant tumor involving the acetabulum were treated in our institution. Of those, 23% (19 of 83) were treated with rotation hip transposition after femur lengthening and were considered for this retrospective study; 15 were available at a minimum follow-up of 2 years (median [range], 49 months [24 to 97 months]), and four died of lung metastases before 2 years. No patients were lost to follow-up before 2 years. During the period in question, the general indications for this approach were primary nonmetastatic malignant bone tumor or a locally aggressive benign bone tumor that could not be treated adequately with curettage. There were seven men and 12 women with a median age of 43 years. Nine patients underwent Zones I + II resection, eight patients had Zones I + II + III resection, and two received Zones II + III resection. After tumor resection, rotation hip transposition after femur lengthening reconstruction was performed, which included two steps. The first step was to lengthen the femur with the insertion of an allograft. Two methods were used to achieve limb lengthening: a "Z" osteotomy and a transverse osteotomy. The second step was to take the hip transposition and rotate the femoral head posteriorly 10° to 20°. The median (range) operative time was 510 minutes (330 to 925 minutes). The median intraoperative blood loss was 4000 mL (1800 to 7000 mL). We performed a chart review on the 15 available patients for clinical and radiographic assessment of functional outcomes and complications. Arthrodesis and leg length discrepancy were evaluated radiographically.

RESULTS

The median (range) Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score was 21 points (17 to 30). Eleven of 19 patients developed procedure-related complications, including six patients with allograft nonunion, two with deep infection, two with delayed skin healing, and one with a hematoma. Two patients had minor additional surgical interventions without the removal of any implants. Local recurrences developed in four patients, and all four died of disease. All seven patients treated with a Z osteotomy had bone union. Among the eight patients with transverse osteotomy, bone union did not occur in six patients. After hip transposition, stable iliofemoral arthrodesis was achieved in seven patients. Pseudarthrosis developed in the remaining eight patients. The median (range) lower limb length discrepancy at the last follow-up visit or death was 8 mm (1 to 42 mm).

CONCLUSION

Although complex and challenging, rotation hip transposition after femur lengthening reconstruction with a Z osteotomy provides acceptable functional outcomes with complications that are within expectations for resection of pelvic tumors involving the acetabulum. Because of the magnitude and complexity of this technique, we believe it should be used primarily for patients with a favorable prognosis, both locally and systemically. This innovative procedure may be useful to other surgeons if larger numbers of patients and longer-term follow-up confirm our results.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level IV, therapeutic study.

Clinical study of 3D printed personalized prosthesis in the treatment of bone defect after pelvic tumor resection

Background

/Objective: In recent years, prostheses have been widely used for limb reconstruction after pelvic tumour resection. However, prostheses are associated with problems leading to tumour recurrence, poor implant matching, defects after tumour resection, and easy implant looseness or failure. To achieve a precise preoperative design, complete tumour resection, and better anatomical structure matching and prosthesis stability, this study used three-dimensionally (3D)-printed osteotomy guides and personalised prostheses for reconstruction after pelvic tumour resection. This study aimed to explore the early clinical efficacy of 3D printed personalised prostheses for the reconstruction of bone defects after pelvic tumour resection.

Methods

A total of 20 patients (12 males, 8 females) with pelvic tumours surgically treated at our hospital between October 2014 and October 2019 were selected. There were 10 cases each of giant cell bone tumours and osteochondrosarcomas. According to Enneking zoning, there were 11 and 9 cases with tumours located in zones I and II, respectively. All cases were equally divided into conventional and 3D printing groups. For repair and reconstruction, a nail rod system or a steel plate was used in the conventional group while individualised 3D-printed prostheses were used in the 3D printing group. The surgical incision, duration of surgery, intraoperative blood loss, and the negative rate of resection margins in postoperative tumour specimens were examined. The follow-up focused on tumour recurrence, complications, and the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) score.

Results

All cases were followed-up for 6-24 months. The average incision length, duration of surgery, amount of intraoperative blood loss, and MSTS score of the 3D printing group were 10.0 ± 3.1 cm, 115.2 ± 25.3 min, 213.2 ± 104.6 mL, 23.8 ± 1.3, respectively, and those of the conventional group were 19.8 ± 8.4 cm, 156.8 ± 61.4 min, 361.4 ± 164.2 mL, and 18.3 ± 1.4, respectively. Histological tumour specimen examination showed nine and three cases with negative resection margins in the 3D printing group and the conventional group, respectively. The abovementioned indicators were significantly different between both groups (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Applying 3D printed surgical guides and personalised prostheses for pelvic tumour resection, repair, and reconstruction, as well as preoperative planning and design, enables more accurate tumour resections and better prosthesis-patient matchings, possibly reducing surgical trauma, shortening the duration of surgery, and promoting the functional recovery of patients postoperatively.

The Translation Potential of this Article

Contrary to existing studies on 3D printed personalised prostheses, this study reports the clinical efficacy of the aforementioned technology in treating bone defects in a series of patients who underwent pelvic tumour resection. Moreover, it presents a comprehensive comparison of this technology with conventional procedures, thus strengthening its importance in treatment regimens for reconstructing bone defects.

Three-dimensional-printed custom-made hemipelvic endoprosthesis for the revision of the aseptic loosening and fracture of modular hemipelvic endoprosthesis: a pilot study

Background

The aims of this pilot study were (1) to assess the efficacy of 3D-printed custom-made hemipelvic endoprosthesis in restoring the natural location of acetabulum for normal bodyweight transmission; (2) to evaluate the short-term function of the revision with this endoprosthesis and (3) to identify short-term complications associated with the use of this endoprosthesis.

Methods

Between February 2017 and December 2017, seven patients received revision with 3D-printed custom-made hemipelvic endoprosthesis. The body weight moment arm (BWMA) and cup height discrepancy (CHD) after primary and revisional surgery were analyzed to assess acetabulum location with plain radiography. After a median follow-up duration of 29 months (range 24–34), the function was evaluated with the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS-93) score and Harris hip score (HHS). Complications were recorded by chart review.

Results

The acetabulum locations were deemed reasonable, as evaluated by median BWMA (primary vs. revision, 10 cm vs. 10 cm) and median CHD (primary vs. revision, 10 mm vs. 8 mm). The median MSTS-93 score and HHS score were 21 (range 18–23) and 78 (range 75–82) after the revision. No short or mid-term complication was observed in the follow-up of this series.

Conclusions

Revision with 3D-printed custom-made hemipelvic endoprostheses benefited in reconstructing stable pelvic ring and natural bodyweight transmission for patients encountering the aseptic loosening and fracture of modular hemipelvic endoprosthesis. The revision surgery and appropriate rehabilitation program improved patients’ function to a median MSTS score of 22 and pain-free ambulation. The incidence of the complications was low via this individualized workflow.

Ewing Sarcoma-Diagnosis, Treatment, Clinical Challenges and Future Perspectives

Ewing sarcoma, a highly aggressive bone and soft-tissue cancer, is considered a prime example of the paradigms of a translocation-positive sarcoma: a genetically rather simple disease with a specific and neomorphic-potential therapeutic target, whose oncogenic role was irrefutably defined decades ago. This is a disease that by definition has micrometastatic disease at diagnosis and a dismal prognosis for patients with macrometastatic or recurrent disease. International collaborations have defined the current standard of care in prospective studies, delivering multiple cycles of systemic therapy combined with local treatment; both are associated with significant morbidity that may result in strong psychological and physical burden for survivors. Nevertheless, the combination of non-directed chemotherapeutics and ever-evolving local modalities nowadays achieve a realistic chance of cure for the majority of patients with Ewing sarcoma. In this review, we focus on the current standard of diagnosis and treatment while attempting to answer some of the most pressing questions in clinical practice. In addition, this review provides scientific answers to clinical phenomena and occasionally defines the resulting translational studies needed to overcome the hurdle of treatment-associated morbidities and, most importantly, non-survival.

Limb-salvage reconstruction following resection of pelvic bone sarcomas involving the acetabulum

AIMS

Limb salvage for pelvic sarcomas involving the acetabulum is a major surgical challenge. There remains no consensus about what is the optimum type of reconstruction after resection of the tumour. The aim of this study was to evaluate the surgical outcomes in these patients according to the methods of periacetabular reconstruction.

METHODS

The study involved a consecutive series of 122 patients with a periacetabular bone sarcoma who underwent limb-salvage surgery involving a custom-made prosthesis in 65 (53%), an ice-cream cone prosthesis in 21 (17%), an extracorporeal irradiated autograft in 18 (15%), and nonskeletal reconstruction in 18 (15%).

RESULTS

The rates of major complications necessitating further surgery were 62%, 24%, 56%, and 17% for custom-made prostheses, ice-cream cone prostheses, irradiated autografts and nonskeletal reconstructions, respectively (p = 0.001). The ten-year cumulative incidence of failure of the reconstruction was 19%, 9%, 33%, and 0%, respectively. The major cause of failure was deep infection (11%), followed by local recurrence (6%). The mean functional Musculoskeletal Tumour Society (MSTS) scores were 59%, 74%, 64%, and 72%, respectively. The scores were significantly lower in patients with major complications than in those without complications (mean 52% (SD 20%) vs 74% (SD 19%); p < 0.001). For periacetabular resections involving the ilium, the mean score was the highest with custom-made prostheses (82% (SD 10%)) in patients without any major complication; however, nonskeletal reconstruction resulted in the highest mean scores (78% (SD 12%)) in patients who had major complications. For periacetabular resections not involving the ilium, significantly higher mean scores were obtained with ice-cream cone prostheses (79% (SD 17%); p = 0.031).

CONCLUSION

Functional outcome following periacetabular reconstruction is closely associated with the occurrence of complications requiring further surgery. For tumours treated with periacetabular and iliac resection, skeletal reconstruction may result in the best outcomes in the absence of complications, whereas nonskeletal reconstruction is a reasonable option if the risk of complications is high. For tumours requiring periacetabular resection without the ilium, reconstruction using an ice-cream cone prosthesis supported by antibiotic-laden cement is a reliable option. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(4):795-803.

Reconstruction with customized, 3D-printed prosthesis after resection of periacetabular Ewing's sarcoma in children using "triradiate cartilage-based" surgical strategy:a technical note

Background

Surgery for Ewing sarcoma involving acetabulum in children is challenging. Considering the intrinsic structure of immature pelvis, trans-acetabular osteotomy through triradiate cartilage might be applied. The study was to describe the surgical technique and function outcomes of trans-acetabular osteotomy through triradiate cartilage and reconstruction with customized, 3D-printed prosthesis.

Methods

Two children with periacetabular ES were admitted to our hospital. The pre-operative imaging showed the triradiate cartilage was not penetrated or wholly affected by tumor. After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the tumor was excised by trans-acetabular osteotomy basing on “triradiate cartilage strategy” and the acetabulum was reconstructed with the customized, 3D-printed prosthesis. The prosthesis was designed in Mimics software basing on the images from CT, optimized by topology technique, and examined in FE model. After implantation, the oncological and functional outcomes were evaluated with radiography, CT, and MSTS score.

Results

The operation time and intra-operative blood loss in these two children were 3.5h, 2.5h and 300 ml, 600 ml, respectively. The postoperative specimen showed the tumor was en bloc removed with safe margin. In the latest follow-up (48 months and 24 months), both patients were free of disease and had satisfactory function according to MSTS score. The radiography indicated the prosthesis fit the defect well without loosening.

Conclusion

The customized, 3D-printed prosthesis could provide optimal reconstruction of pelvic ring and satisfactory hip function after trans-acetabular osteotomy in children.

The translational potential of this article

This study provides promising results of implantation of customized 3D printing prosthesis in children’s pelvic sarcoma, which may bring a new design method for orthopaedic implants.

Hip transposition procedure due to osteosarcoma metastasis of the ilium in a patient with preexisting rotationplasty leads to satisfactory functional result: A case report

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Hemipelvectomy (PI-II) after rotationplasty on the same leg resulted in a good functional result in a 16 year old male patient with osteosarcoma.

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For hemipelvectomy, the musculus gluteus maximus is essential for soft tissue coverage, therefore supplying structures must be preserved.

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The triradiate cartilage of the acetabulum closes around a bone age of 12 years in boys and then is no sufficient barrier for an osteosarcoma.

Introduction

The hip transposition is a limb salvage procedure for periacetabular malignancies. Here we present the case of a patient that already had a preexisting ipsilateral rotationplasty.

Presentation of case

A 16 year old male patient with an Osteosarcoma of the left distal femur was treated with wide surgical resection of the tumor and rotationplasty (Salzer/Winkelmann type A1). Despite adjuvant chemotherapy (EURAMOS protocol) he was diagnosed with metachronous metastases in the lung and in the left ilium affecting the acetabulum. As a limb salvage procedure the patient received an internal hemipelvectomy Enneking PI-II and an attachment of the femoral head with a Trevira tube to the sacrum using suture anchors. After six weeks a prosthesis was fitted and gradually full weight bearing was allowed. The patient achieved a good functional result as he was able to walk freely for three more years before he passed away.

Discussion

The hip transposition procedure does not require the implantation of a large tumor prosthesis and thus avoids the problem of an increased risk of infection. Even with preexisting ipsilateral rotationplasty a good functional outcome that allowed the patient full weight bearing could be achieved.

Conclusion

If there are already existing deformities, such as rotationplasty on the same leg, the hip transposition procedure can be considered for periacetabular malignancies, as it can achieve satisfactory results.

What are the Complications of Three-dimensionally Printed, Custom-made, Integrative Hemipelvic Endoprostheses in Patients with Primary Malignancies Involving the Acetabulum, and What is the Function of These Patients?

BACKGROUND

Functional reconstruction after resection of pelvic malignancies involving the acetabulum remains challenging. Numerous reconstruction methods have been proposed, but they are generally associated with mechanical and nonmechanical complications. To improve the function of patients with primary malignancies of the acetabulum after internal hemipelvectomy and reduce the complication rate after this procedure, we designed a series of three-dimensionally (3D) printed, custom-made, integrative hemipelvic endoprostheses with a porous structure and wanted to present the early results of using this construct to determine whether it could be considered a reasonable reconstruction option.

QUESTIONS/PURPOSES

We performed this study to (1) evaluate, in a small group of patients, whether the new endoprosthesis restores short-term lower-limb function; (2) identify short-term complications associated with the use of this endoprosthesis; and (3) assess osseointegration between the host bone and the 3D-printed integrative hemipelvic endoprosthesis with a porous structure.

METHODS

Between October 2016 and May 2017, our center treated 26 patients with malignancies involving the acetabulum. Thirteen of these patients received hemipelvic replacement with a 3D-printed, custom-made, integrative endoprosthesis, six received hemipelvic replacement with a modular endoprosthesis, four received radiotherapy, and three received external hemipelvectomy. Resection and reconstruction with a 3D-printed, custom-made, integrative endoprosthesis were indicated if the resection margin was the same as that achieved in hemipelvectomy, if reconstruction would preserve reasonable function after resection, if the patient had a good physical status and life expectancy longer than 6 months, and if the patient was willing to accept the potential risk of a 3D-printed, custom-made, endoprosthesis. The exclusion criteria were an inability to achieve a satisfactory surgical margin with limb salvage, inability to preserve the function of the limb because of tumor involvement of the sacral nerve or sciatic nerve, and unresectable and/or widely metastatic disease on presentation. Pain and function were evaluated with the 10-cm VAS score (range 0 to 10; a lower score is desirable), the 1993 version of the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS-93) score (range 0 to 30; a higher score is desirable), and the Harris hip score ([HHS]; range 0 to 100; a higher score is desirable) were evaluated preoperatively and at a median of 27 months after reconstruction (range 24 to 31 months). The functional scores and complications were recorded after reviewing the patients' records. Osseointegration was assessed with digital tomosynthesis by two senior surgeons. We observed the trabecular structures connected to the implant surface to assess whether there was good osseointegration.

RESULTS

The median preoperative VAS score, MSTS-93 score, and HHS were 5 (range 2 to 8), 14 (range 3 to 18), and 64 (range 20 to 76) points, respectively. At the latest follow-up interval, the median VAS score, MSTS-93 score, and HHS were 2 (range 0 to 6), 23 (range 15 to 27), and 82 (range 44 to 93) points, respectively. No deep infection, dislocation, endoprosthetic breakage, aseptic loosening, or local recurrence occurred. Two patients experienced delayed wound healing; the wounds healed after débridement. Using digital tomography, we found that all implants were well-osseointegrated at the final follow-up examination.

CONCLUSIONS

A 3D-printed, custom-made, integrative hemipelvic endoprosthesis provides acceptable early outcomes in patients undergoing pelvic reconstruction. Osseointegration is possible, and we anticipate this will lead to biologic stability with a longer follow-up interval. The custom-made integrative design ensured precise implantation. Although a few patients in this study had only a short follow-up duration, the functional results were reasonable. We have observed no major complications so far, but this was a very small series and we caution that these are large reconstructions that will certainly result in complications for some patients. Our method uses a precise preoperative simulation and endoprosthesis design to aid the surgeon in performing challenging operations. If our early results are confirmed with more patients and longer follow-up and are replicated at other centers, this may be a reconstruction option for patients with periacetabular malignancies.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level IV, therapeutic study.

[Treatment concepts for complications after resection and defect reconstruction of pelvic tumours]

BACKGROUND

Partial pelvic resection, internal hemipelvectomy or sacrectomy as a result of bone sarcoma is still challenging. No matter what kind of reconstruction is used, there is still a much higher rate of complications in pelvic surgery compared to sarcoma surgery of the long bones.

OBJECTIVES

We describe the most common complications in pelvic sarcoma surgery and specific complications related to the reconstruction method. Handling strategies for these complications are specified.

METHODS

We performed a literature search and report our own experiences in the troubleshooting of pelvic surgery-related complications to gain an up-to-date overview of the state-of-the-art in management strategies.

RESULTS

Prospective randomized trials or meta-analyses on this topic are lacking. The literature search depicted that, besides local recurrence, deep infection after reconstruction is the most serious complication. An early revision with radical debridement has to be performed in order to save the reconstruction. In the case of a deep infection, the removal of all implants with a total loss of the reconstruction is often unavoidable. Therefore, an individualized risk-benefit analysis prior to surgery with respect to the type of reconstruction, or no reconstruction at all (hip transposition), together with the patient is advisable.

CONCLUSIONS

Complications-especially infections-after hemipelvectomy or sacrectomy are common. In the case of infection, in some cases, an early revision is the only chance to prevent a reconstruction from explantation.

Surgical treatment for pelvic Ewing sarcoma: What is a safe and functional acetabular reconstruction when combined with modern multidisciplinary treatments?

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to clarify which local treatment is oncologically and functionally effective in pelvic Ewing sarcoma (ES).

METHODS

A consecutive series of patients who underwent pelvic resections and acetabular reconstructions after chemotherapy between 1986 and 2016 at a supra-regional center were evaluated.

RESULTS

The cohort consisted of 35 patients. The 5-year overall survival (OS) and local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) was 61% and 72%, respectively. Preoperative radiotherapy (RT) and surgery provided an excellent/good histological response in 92% and achieved significantly better OS (5 years, 64%) and LRFS (5 years, 100%) than surgery alone or surgery with postoperative RT. The Musculoskeletal Tumor Society functional scores were significantly better in patients with hip transposition than those with structural reconstructions (74% vs 57%; P = .031) using custom-made prostheses, irradiated autografts, and ice-cream cone prostheses. These scores were significantly lower if patients had deep infection (P = .035), which was the most common complication (28%) in structural reconstructions but did not occur in hip transposition even when performed after preoperative RT.

CONCLUSION

Acetabular reconstruction with hip transposition resulted in no deep infection and superior function in patients with pelvic ES even when combined with preoperative RT, which improved tumor necrosis and rate of local control and survival.

Temporary External Fixation Can Stabilize Hip Transposition Arthroplasty After Resection of Malignant Periacetabular Bone Tumors

BACKGROUND

The choice of reconstructive procedure to restore limb function is challenging after internal hemipelvectomy. Hip transposition arthroplasty, also known as resection arthroplasty, removes a malignant or aggressive tumor of the pelvis and acetabulum after which the remaining femoral head is moved proximally to the lateral surface side of the sacrum or the underside of the resected ilium after internal hemipelvectomy. It may provide reasonable functional results and have some advantages such as lowering the risk of an infected implant compared with other reconstructions because no foreign implants are used. Hip transposition is generally managed with prolonged bed rest or immobilization postoperatively to stabilize the soft tissue surrounding the remaining femur. Because enabling patients to be mobile while the soft tissues heal might be advantageous, we reviewed our experience with an external fixation for this procedure.

QUESTIONS/PURPOSES

(1) Does temporary external fixation facilitate postoperative physiotherapy in patients who undergo hip transposition arthroplasty? (2) What functional Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) scores were achieved at short term in a small series of patients treated with hip transposition and temporary external fixation? (3) What were the complications of using external fixation in a small series of patients who received it for malignant tumors?

METHODS

Between 2008 and 2012, we treated seven patients (three men and four women; median age, 37 years; age range, 18-53 years) with acetabular resection for malignant bone tumors; all were managed with a hip transposition, initially stabilized using external fixation. No other types of procedures were used for this indication in this period. Minimum followup in this retrospective study was 45 months, except for one patient who died at 18 months (range of followup duration, 18-90 months; median followup, 57 months), and no patients were lost to followup. The pins for external fixation were inserted into the affected side of the femur and the healthy contralateral ilium. External fixation was removed 6 weeks postoperatively and weightbearing was started at that time. Preoperative chemotherapy was administrated in four patients, but postoperative chemotherapy was delayed since it was given after external fixation removal in three patients. The postoperative rehabilitation course and functional results were assessed by chart review, functional results were determined using MSTS scores, tallied by physiotherapists who were not part of the surgical team, and complications were ascertained through chart review. Major complications were defined as complications that were treated with additional operations, such as deep infection, or ones that could cause severe postoperative dysfunction, such as nerve injury.

RESULTS

With temporary external fixation, standing next to a bed was achieved in median 7 days (range, 6-9 days) postoperatively, transferring to a wheel chair in median 8 days (range, 6-28 days), and gait training using parallel bars in median 15 days (range, 7-48 days). At most recent followup, three patients could walk without a crutch or cane, three could walk with a cane, and one could walk with a crutch. The median MSTS score at most recent followup (median, 57 months) was 63%. Two patients had complications that resulted in reoperations; one had a wound dehiscence, and one had an abdominal herniation that gradually developed, and which was reconstructed using polypropylene mesh 2 years after pelvic resection. Two patients had nerve palsies that recovered by the end of the first year. All patients had pin tract infections that resolved with nonsurgical approaches.

CONCLUSIONS

Hip transposition with temporary external fixation can stabilize the bone soft tissue after pelvic resection. Although we did not have a comparison group of patients, we believe that external fixation facilitates early postoperative physiotherapy and rehabilitation and provides good functional results without major surgical complications. Because it delays the resumption of chemotherapy, more patients with longer followup are needed to determine whether this will be associated with poorer oncologic results.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level IV, therapeutic study.

Pelvic reconstruction following resection of tumour involving the whole ilium and acetabulum

Background

Functional reconstruction following resection of pelvic tumours with the ileum and the acetabulum involvement is challenging and demanding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of these patients receiving pelvic reconstruction with a femoral head autograft plus a hemipelvic prosthesis.

Methods

Eighteen patients receiving pelvic reconstruction with a femoral head autograft plus a hemipelvic prosthesis following resection of pelvic tumours involving the whole ileum and the acetabulum were included in this study from April 2006 to June 2014. Oncological status, functional results, and complications of these selected patients were analysed.

Results

The follow-up was 15–125 months (median 43). The functional MSTS-93 scores of the 18 patients available for the functional analysis were 37–87% (mean 60.7%). Complications occurred in seven patients (31.8%); dislocation in two (9%); and deep infection in three patients (13.6%) and two patients healed well following thorough debridement and antibiotic treatment. Five patients had local recurrence (22.7%). Lung metastases occurred in eight patients; seven died of disease and one lived after the metastasectomy. The 5-year overall Kaplan–Meier survival and disease-free survival rates were 61.7% and 50%, respectively.

Conclusions

The procedure of femoral head autograft plus hemipelvic prosthesis was an effective method to reconstruct the defect following the whole ileum and the acetabulum resection; the functional outcomes were satisfactory, and it had an acceptable complication rate.

COMPLICATIONS AND COST ANALYSIS OF HEMIPELVECTOMY FOR THE TREATMENT OF PELVIC TUMORS

Objective:

Hemipelvectomy is a complex surgery with a high complication rate. Here, we aimed to identify factors related to the onset of complications and calculate their impacts on hospital costs.

Methods:

We evaluated 31 consecutive patients who underwent hemipelvectomy between 1999 and 2015. We assessed the clinical and radiographic data to determine the patients’ demographic factors, tumor and surgical characteristics, and complications. The individual hospital stays and financial balances were assessed up to 6 months following the index surgery.

Results:

The overall complication rate was 61% (19/31). Infection was the most prevalent complication (36%). Immediate postoperative death occurred in 5/31 patients (16%); another 5 (16%) died after hospital discharge due to disease progression. Histological grade, previous surgery, and previous radiotherapy were not associated with complications or infection. Acetabular resections, bone reconstruction, and longer operative times were associated with infection, whereas older age, pelvic organ involvement, and comorbidities were associated with immediate postoperative death. Complications and infection were associated with 4.8- and 5.9-fold increases in hospital costs, respectively.

Conclusions:

Acetabular resection and bone reconstruction are important factors that increase short-term complication rates, infection rates, and hospital costs. Mortality was associated with older age and adjacent pelvic tumor progression. Level of Evidence: IV, case series.

The usefulness of wide excision assisted by a computer navigation system and reconstruction using a frozen bone autograft for malignant acetabular bone tumors: a report of two cases

Background

Difficult resection of tumors from regions with complex local anatomy, such as the pelvis and sacrum, is likely to result in inadequate surgical margins (intralesional or marginal); this is because three-dimensional osteotomy is difficult particularly around the acetabulum. Additionally, removal of the joint makes reconstruction very difficult; thus, retention of good function also becomes difficult. In musculoskeletal oncology, computer navigation systems are still not widely used to prevent tumor-positive margins. We performed wide excision with guidance from a computer navigation system and reconstruction using frozen bone autografts for malignant pelvic bone tumors in two patients, and we obtained excellent functional and oncological outcomes. Here we present these patients and discuss our approach.

Case presentation

Case 1: A 12-year-old girl presented with Ewing sarcoma of the left pelvis (PI-II). We performed wide excision assisted by a computer navigation system with the osteotomy of the load surface of acetabulum and reconstruction using a frozen bone autograft. At the final follow-up, she showed excellent function and was alive without the disease. Moreover, she did not have osteoarthritis of the left hip joint.

Case 2: A 71-year-old woman presented with dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma of the right pelvis (PII-III). We performed wide excision assisted by a computer navigation system with osteotomy avoiding load surface of the acetabulum and reconstruction using a frozen bone autograft; there was no tumor at the load surface. At the final follow-up, she showed good function, was alive without the disease, and did not have osteoarthritis of the left hip joint.

Conclusions

Wide excision assisted by a computer navigation system and reconstruction using a frozen bone autograft are very useful for the management/treatment of extremely difficult cases such as malignant pelvic bone tumors, particularly those including the acetabulum.

Conventional Primary Central Chondrosarcoma of the Pelvis: Prognostic Factors and Outcome of Surgical Treatment in 162 Patients

BACKGROUND

Studies focusing on the oncological outcome after treatment of conventional primary central chondrosarcoma of pelvic bone are lacking. We conducted this retrospective study at 5 referral centers to gain insight in the outcome of treatment for this tumor type and to identify risk factors for impaired oncological outcome.

METHODS

One hundred and sixty-two consecutive patients (118 male patients [73%]) who underwent resection of a conventional primary central chondrosarcoma of pelvic bone from 1985 to 2013 were evaluated. The median age was 51 years (range, 15 to 78 years). The median follow-up was 12.6 years (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.4 to 16.9 years). There were 30 grade-I lesions (19%), 93 grade-II lesions (57%), and 39 grade-III lesions (24%).

RESULTS

Sixty-two patients (38%) experienced local recurrence: 9 grade-I lesions (30%), 31 grade-II lesions (33%), and 22 grade-III lesions (56%). Forty-eight patients (30%) developed metastases. The risk of disease-related death was 3% for grade-I tumors (1 of 30; this patient had a grade-II recurrence and died of metastases), 33% (31 of 93) for grade-II tumors, and 54% (21 of 39) for grade-III tumors. Identified risk factors for impaired disease-specific survival were tumor grade (grade II: hazard ratio [HR], 20.18; p = 0.003; and grade III: HR, 58.94; p < 0.001), resection margins (marginal: HR, 3.21; p = 0.001; and intralesional: HR, 3.56; p < 0.001), and maximal tumor size (HR, 1.08 per cm; p = 0.026). Deep infection (19% [n = 31]) was the predominant complication.

CONCLUSIONS

This study offers a standard for survival rates for conventional primary central chondrosarcoma of the pelvis. The survival for grade-I tumors was excellent. Wide resection margins were associated with a significant survival advantage for higher-grade tumors. Because of the inability to reliably distinguish low-grade and high-grade tumors preoperatively, we conclude that any central pelvic chondrosarcoma should be treated with aggressive primary resection with the aim of obtaining wide resection margins. There may be aggressive biologic features in some tumors for which a surgical procedure alone may not be adequate to improve outcomes.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Reconstruction of the hip after resection of periacetabular oncological lesions: a systematic review

Aims

Reconstruction of the acetabulum after resection of a periacetabular malignancy is technically challenging and many different techniques have been used with varying success. Our aim was to prepare a systematic review of the literature dealing with these techniques in order to clarify the management, the rate of complications and the outcomes.

Patients and Methods

A search of PubMed and MEDLINE was conducted for English language articles published between January 1990 and February 2017 with combinations of key search terms to identify studies dealing with periacetabular resection with reconstruction in patients with a malignancy. Studies in English that reported radiographic or clinical outcomes were included. Data collected from each study included: the number and type of reconstructions, the pathological diagnosis of the lesions, the mean age and follow-up, gender distribution, implant survivorship, complications, functional outcome, and mortality. The results from individual studies were combined for the general analysis, and then grouped according to the type of reconstruction.

Results

A total of 57 studies met the inclusion criteria and included 1700 patients. Most lesions were metastatic (41%), followed by chondrosarcoma (29%), osteosarcoma (10%), Ewing’s sarcoma (7%), and multiple myeloma (2%). The techniques of reconstruction were divided into seven types for analysis: those involving a Harrington reconstruction, a saddle prosthesis, an allograft and allograft prosthesis composite, a pasteurised autograft, a porous tantalum implant, a custom-made prosthesis and a modular hemipelvic reconstruction. The rate of complications was 50%, with infection (14%) and instability (8%) being the most common. Mortality data were available for 1427 patients (84%); 50% had died of disease progression, 23% were alive with disease, and 27% had no evidence of disease at a mean follow-up of 3.4 years (0 to 34).

Conclusion

Both the rate of complications and mortality are high following resection of oncological periacetabular lesions and reconstruction. Many types of reconstruction have been used with unique challenges and complications for each technique. Newer prostheses, including custom-made prostheses and porous tantalum implants and augments, have shown promising early functional and radiographic outcomes.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B(1 Supple A):22–30.

Acetabular Reconstruction With Femoral Head Autograft After Intraarticular Resection of Periacetabular Tumors is Durable at Short-term Followup

BACKGROUND

Pelvic reconstruction after periacetabular tumor resection is technically difficult and characterized by a high complication rate. Although endoprosthetic replacement can result in immediate postoperative functional recovery, biologic reconstructions with autograft may provide an enhanced prognosis in patients with long-term survival; however, little has been published regarding this approach. We therefore wished to evaluate whether whole-bulk femoral head autograft that is not contaminated by tumor can be used to reconstruct segmental bone defects after intraarticular resection of periacetabular tumors.

QUESTIONS/PURPOSES

In a pilot study, we evaluated (1) local tumor control, (2) complications, and (3) postoperative function as measured by the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score.

METHODS

Between 2009 and 2015, we treated 13 patients with periacetabular malignant or aggressive benign tumors with en bloc resection, bulk femoral head autograft, and cemented THA (with or without a titanium acetabular reconstruction cup), and all were included for analysis here. During that time, the general indications for this approach were (1) patients anticipated to have a good oncologic prognosis and adequate surgical margins to allow this approach, (2) patients whose pelvic bone defects did not exceed two types (Types I + II or Types II + III as defined by Enneking and Dunham), and (3) patients whose medical insurance would not cover what otherwise might have been a pelvic tumor prosthesis. During this period, another 91 patients were treated with pelvic prosthetic replacement, which was our preferred approach. Median followup in this study was 36 months (range, 24-99 months among surviving patients; one patient died 8 months after surgery); no patients were lost to followup. Bone defects were Types II + III in five patients, and Types I + II in eight. After intraarticular resection, ipsilateral femoral head autograft combined with THA was used to reconstruct the segmental bone defect of the acetabulum. In patients with Types I + II resections, the connection between the sacrum and the acetabulum was reestablished with a fibular autograft or a titanium cage filled with dried bone-allograft particles which was enhanced by using a pedicle screw and rod system. Functional evaluation was done in 11 patients who remained alive and maintained the femoral head autograft at final followup; one other patient received secondary resection involving removal of the femoral head autograft and internal fixation, and was excluded from functional evaluation. Endpoints were assessed by chart review.

RESULTS

Two patients experienced local tumor recurrence. Finally, eight patients did not show signs of the disease, one patient died of disease for local and distant tumor relapse, and four patients survived, but still had the disease. Three of these four patients had distant metastases without local recurrence and one had local control after secondary resection but still experienced system relapse. We observed the following complications: hematoma (one patient; treated surgically with hematoma clearance), delayed wound healing (one patient; treated by débridement), deep vein thrombosis (one patient), and hip dislocation (one patient; treated with open reduction). The median 1993 Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score was 83% (25 of 30 points; range, 19-29 points), and all patients were community ambulators; one used a cane, three used a walker, and nine did not use any assistive devices.

CONCLUSIONS

In this small series at short-term followup, we found that reconstruction of segmental bone defects after intraarticular resection of periacetabular tumors with femoral head autograft does not appear to impede local tumor control; complications were in the range of what might be expected in a series of large pelvic reconstructions, and postoperative function was generally good.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level IV, therapeutic study.

Comparison of Pasteurized Autograft-Prosthesis Composite Reconstruction and Resection Hip Arthroplasty for Periacetabular Tumors

Background

Because of the high complication rate of anatomical reconstruction after periacetabular resection, the strategy of resection alone has been revisited. However, in terms of complications and functional outcome, whether resection hip arthroplasty (RHA) shows a superior result to that of pelvic ring reconstruction remains controversial.

Methods

We compared 24 RHAs and 16 pasteurized autograft-prosthesis composite (PPC) reconstructions regarding the complication rates, operative time, blood loss, and functional outcome.

Results

Compared to 16 PPC hips, 24 RHA hips showed lower major and minor complication rates (p < 0.001), shorter surgical time (p < 0.001), and superior Musculoskeletal Tumor Society scores (p < 0.001). Of the 24 RHA hips, bony neo-acetabulum was identified in 7 on computed tomography and partial neo-acetabulum in 9; the remaining 8 had no bony acetabular structure. The average time to bony neo-acetabulum formation was 7 months (range, 4 to 13 months).

Conclusions

RHA for periacetabular tumors can be an excellent alternative to anatomical reconstruction. It offers short surgical time, low complication rates, and functional results comparable to those of other reconstruction methods. However, this procedure is indicated for patients who can accept some limb shortening, and a tumor should be confined to the periacetabular area.

The outcome of the surgical treatment of pelvic chondrosarcomas: a competing risk analysis of 58 tumours from a single centre

AIMS

Few studies dealing with chondrosarcoma of the pelvis are currently available. Different data about the overall survival and prognostic factors have been published but without a detailed analysis of surgery-related complications. We aimed to analyse the outcome of a series of pelvic chondrosarcomas treated at a single institution, with particular attention to the prognostic factors. Based on a competing risk model, our objective was to identify risk factors for the development of complications.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In a retrospective single-centre study, 58 chondrosarcomas (26 patients alive, 32 patients dead) of the pelvis were reviewed. The mean follow-up was 13 years (one week to 23.1 years).

RESULTS

A total of 26 patients (45%) were alive and 32 patients (55%) had died. Overall survival was 76%, 55% and 45% at one, five and ten years post-operatively, respectively. In a competing risk model the cumulative risk of the development of a surgery-related complication was 64% at six months and 69% at one year, post-operatively, respectively. Endoprosthetic reconstruction was a significant risk factor for the development of complications (p = 0.006). Complications were not significantly related to age or the location or grade of the tumour (p = 0.823, p = 0.976, p = 0.858). The development of complications did not have a negative effect on survival (p = 0.147).

CONCLUSION

This is the first study with competing risk analysis of surgery-related complications in patients with a pelvic chondrosarcoma. The surgery in these patients remains prone to complications. Endoprosthetic reconstruction significantly increases the risk of the development of complications (p = 0.006). A competing risk model showed that the development of complications does not have a negative influence on overall survival (p = 0.147). An aggressive, surgical resection with the goal of achieving wide margins whenever possible remains the mainstay of treatment. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:686-96.

Surgical management of pelvic Ewing's sarcoma in children and adolescents

The present study describes a novel surgical strategy used to treat immature pelvic Ewing's sarcoma (ES), one made possible owing to the intrinsic structure of the skeletally immature pelvis. A total of 12 children and adolescents with open triradiate cartilage received limb-salvage surgeries following a diagnosis of pelvic ES. In total, 3 patients with iliac lesions (2 lesions with extension into the sacrum) received surgical tumor excisions and allograft reconstructions. Another 8 patients with periacetabular lesions received trans-acetabular osteotomies and allograft reconstructions. No reconstruction was performed on 1 patient following excision of a pubic lesion. The median follow-up time was 39 months. At the time of the final follow-up appointment, 9 patients exhibited no evidence of disease, 2 patients had slow progressive pulmonary metastasis, 1 patient exhibited local recurrence of the disease and 1 patient had succumbed to the disease 24 months after surgery. Complications included issues with wound healing in 1 patient, a discrepancy in leg length in another and a screw loosening in a further patient. The patients had a mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score of 26 points and a mean International Society of Limb Salvage radiographic score of 90.1%. The proposed surgical strategy for children and adolescents with pelvic ES in the present study could provide a feasible solution for acetabulum salvage and local tumor control.

[Extracorporeal irradiation : Reimplantation of bone segments in the treatment of malignant bone tumours]

BACKGROUND

Malignant bone tumors themselves and the wide resection required because of them may cause huge bone defects in the bone segment involved. Autologous bone grafts are a reliable option to cover these defects in many cases but their availability is limited. Besides common alternative reconstruction methods, including the use of allografts and/or prostheses, especially extracoroporeal irradiation (ECI) and reimplantation of the bone segment involved is attracting increasingly more attention nowadays.

DISCUSSION

In the following, we report on indications/contraindications, details of the operative technique, as well as the recommended rehabilitation regime of ECI. Furthermore, we compare our own results with those published in the recent literature. Especially the advantages and disadvantages of this method, the risks and the complications are illustrated and critically discussed.

CONCLUSION

Extracorporeal irradiation of a tumor bearing bone segment is a valuable alternative reconstruction technique following tumor resections of the pelvis, femur and tibia, with encouraging results with respect to local control, complication risks and functional outcome.

Pelvic reconstruction following resection of malignant bone tumours using a stemmed acetabular pedestal cup

Aims

Pelvic reconstruction after the resection of a tumour around the acetabulum is a challenging procedure due to the complex anatomy and biomechanics. Several pelvic endoprostheses have been introduced, but the rates of complication remain high. Our aim was to review the use of a stemmed acetabular pedestal cup in the management of these patients.

Patients and Methods

The study involved 48 patients who underwent periacetabular reconstruction using a stemmed pedestal cup (Schoellner cup; Zimmer Biomet Inc., Warsaw, Indiana) between 2000 and 2013. The indications for treatment included a primary bone tumour in 27 patients and metastatic disease in 21 patients. The mean age of the patients at the time of surgery was 52 years (16 to 83).

Results

At a median follow-up of 6.6 years (95% confidence interval 4.6 to 8.2), local control was achieved in all patients; 19 patients had died (16 of disease). Complications occurred in 19 patients (40%), of which deep infection was the most common, affecting eight patients (17%). Seven patients (15%) had a dislocation of the hip. Aseptic loosening was found in three patients (6%). Two (4%) underwent hindquarter amputation for non-oncological reasons. The risk of revision, with death being treated as a competing event, was 28% at one year, 39% at five years and 48% at ten years post-operatively. The mean Musculoskeletal Tumour Society Score at final follow-up was 71% (27% to 93%).

Conclusion

This type of reconstruction is a satisfactory option for the treatment of patients with a periacetabular tumour. There remains, however, a high rate of complication, which may be reduced by future modifications of the device such as silver coating and tripolar articulation. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:841–8.

Oncological and surgical outcome after treatment of pelvic sarcomas

Background and objectives

Treatment of pelvic tumors remains challenging due to complex anatomy, poor oncological outcome and high complication rates. We sought to investigate the long-term oncological and surgical outcome of these patients.

Methods

Between 1980 and 2012, 147 patients underwent surgical treatment for pelvic sarcoma. Histological diagnosis was Chondrosarcoma in 54, Ewing’s Sarcoma/PNET in 37, Osterosarcoma in 32 and others in 24 patients. Statistical analysis for the evaluation of oncological and surgical outcome was performed by applying Cox proportional hazards regression and Fine-Gray regression models for competing risk (CR) endpoints.

Results

The estimated overall survival (OS) to death was 80%, 45% and 37% at 1, 5 and 10 years, respectively. Univariate analyses revealed a statistically significant unadjusted influence of age age (p = 0.038; HR = 1.01), margin (p = 0.043; HR = 0.51) and grade (p = 0.001; HR = 2.27) on OS. Considering the multivariable model, grade (p = 0.005; HR = 3.04) and tumor volume (p = 0.014; HR = 1.18) presented themselves as independent prognostic factors on OS. CR analysis showed a cumulative incidence for major complication of 31% at 5 years. Endoprosthetic reconstruction had a higher risk for experiencing a major complication (p<0.0001) and infection (p = 0.001).

Conclusions

Pelvic resections are still associated with a high incidence of complications. Patients with pelvic reconstruction and high volume tumors are especially at risk. Consequently, a cautious decision-making process is necessary when indicating pelvic reconstruction, although a restrictive approach to pelvic reconstruction is not necessarily reasonable when the other option is major amputation.

Reconstruction with 3D-printed pelvic endoprostheses after resection of a pelvic tumour

Aims

The aims of this retrospective study were to report the feasibility of using 3D-printing technology for patients with a pelvic tumour who underwent reconstruction.

Patients and Methods

A total of 35 patients underwent resection of a pelvic tumour and reconstruction using 3D-printed endoprostheses between September 2013 and December 2015. According to Enneking’s classification of bone defects, there were three Type I lesions, 12 Type II+III lesions, five Type I+II lesions, two Type I+II+III lesions, ten type I+II+IV lesions and three type I+II+III+IV lesions. A total of three patients underwent reconstruction using an iliac prosthesis, 12 using a standard hemipelvic prosthesis and 20 using a screw-rod connected hemipelvic prosthesis.

Results

All patients had an en bloc resection. Margins were wide in 15 patients, marginal in 14 and intralesional in six. After a mean follow-up of 20.5 months (6 to 30), 25 patients survived without evidence of disease, five were alive with disease and five had died from metastatic disease. Complications included seven patients with delayed wound healing and two with a dislocation of the hip. None had a deep infection. For the 30 surviving patients, the mean Musculoskeletal Society 93 score was 22.7 (20 to 25) for patients with an iliac prosthesis, 19.8 (15 to 26) for those with a standard prosthesis, and 17.7 (9 to 25) for those with a screw-rod connected prosthesis.

Conclusion

The application of 3D-printing technology can facilitate the precise matching and osseointegration between implants and the host bone. We found that the use of 3D-printed pelvic prostheses for reconstruction of the bony defect after resection of a pelvic tumour was safe, without additional complications, and gave good short-term functional results. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:267–75.

Surgical management of pelvic bone sarcoma with internal hemipelvectomy: Oncologic and Functional outcomes

INTRODUCTION

The management of pelvic sarcoma is challenging and goals of surgery are adequate oncologic local control, maintenance of optimum function with good quality of life.

METHODS

We have evaluated the results of internal hemipelvecotmy including age, type of resection, reconstruction, radiotherapy or chemotherapy. From 2010 to 2016, 23 patients with pelvic bone tumors (13 with Ewing's sarcoma, 9 with Osteosarcoma, 1 with chondrosarcoma) were treated by surgical resection.

RESULTS

The mean follow-up was 18 months (0.5-5) years. In 12 patients reconstruction was performed and 11 were without reconstruction. A total of 3 patients (13%) had an infection develop at a mean follow up of 1 month. Surgical debridement's and antibiotics in three patients led to complete recovery. One patient had sciatic nerve injury.One patient had injury to femoral vein; was treated with femoral vein reconstruction. Two patients (9%) developed a local recurrence and were treated with best supportive treatment. Distal pulmonary metastases were seen in four patients and treated with supportive treatment. Five-year disease-specific survival rates of all patients were 83%. The mean functional MSTS score was 18(14-24).

CONCLUSIONS

Proper selection of patients, preopertive planning and wide surgical margins with reconstruction provides good functional outcomes following internal hemipelvectomy. The surgical site infection and flap necrosis tend to be minor complication and can be managed leading to optimal outcomes and justifies the need for this complex surgery. The oncological and functional outcome after internal hemipelvectomy suggests that it's an effective method for treatment of patients with pelvic sarcomas.

Extracorporeal Irradiation and Reimplantation with Total Hip Arthroplasty for Periacetabular Pelvic Resections: A Review of 9 Cases

We report the early results of nine patients with periacetabular malignancies treated with Enneking and Dunham type 2 resection and reconstruction using extracorporeally irradiated (ECI) tumour bone combined with total hip arthroplasty (THA). Diagnosis was chondrosarcoma in six patients, osteosarcoma in two patients, and metastatic renal cell carcinoma in one patient. All patients underwent surgical resection and the resected specimen was irradiated with 50 Gy in a single fraction before being prepared for reimplantation as a composite autograft. The mean follow-up was 21 months (range, 3–59). All patients were alive at latest follow-up. No local recurrence was observed. One patient serially developed three pulmonary metastases, all of which were resected. One experienced hip dislocation due to incorrect seating of an acetabular liner. This was successfully treated with revision of the liner with no further episodes of instability. There were no cases of deep infection or loss of graft. The average Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) score was 75% (range, 57–87%). Type 2 pelvic reconstruction with ECI and THA has shown excellent early oncological and functional results in our series. Preservation of the gluteus maximus and hip abductors is important for joint stability and prevention of infection.

Flail hip joint following periacetabular tumor resection of the pelvis using upper surface of the femoral neck as a saddle: A case report

Reconstruction following periacetabular tumor resection of the pelvis is one of the most challenging issues in limb salvage surgery. An ideal procedure has still not been established. There are several reconstruction methods available, including arthrodesis, pseudoarthrosis, resection arthroplasty, prosthetic arthroplasty, saddle prosthesis, allograft and hip transposition. In our hospital, we have been using a flail hip joint procedure without reconstruction. Herein, we report good extremity function following a flail hip joint procedure which used the upper surface of the femoral neck as a saddle facing the remaining ilium. To the best of our knowledge, among the reported flail hip joint cases, this procedure has never been used. The patient is able to walk without any pain for several hundred meters with a shoe lift but without a cane, as observed at a 20-year follow-up. The authors consider that the flail hip joint using the upper surface of the femoral neck as a saddle is a simple and effective method.

Clinical Outcomes of Surgical Treatments for Primary Malignant Bone Tumors Arising in the Acetabulum

The functional and oncologic results of eighteen patients with primary malignant periacetabular tumors were reviewed to determine the impact of surgical treatment. The reconstruction procedures were endoprosthesis (11), hip transposition (4), iliofemoral arthrodesis (2), and frozen bone autograft (1). After a mean follow-up of 62 months, 13 patients were alive and 5 had died of their disease; the 5-year overall survival rate was 67.2%. The corresponding mean MSTS scores of patients with endoprosthesis (11) and other reconstructions (7) were 42% and 55% (49%, 68%, and 50%), respectively. Overall, postoperative complications including deep infection or dislocation markedly worsened the functional outcome. Iliofemoral arthrodesis provided better function than the other procedures, whereas endoprosthetic reconstruction demonstrated poor functional outcome except for patients who were reconstructed with the adequate soft tissue coverage. Avoiding postoperative complications is highly important for achieving better function, suggesting that surgical procedures with adequate soft tissue coverage or without the massive use of nonbiological materials are preferable. Appropriate selection of the reconstructive procedures for individual patients, considering the amount of remaining bone and soft tissues, would lead to better clinical outcomes.