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Campbell AC, Baik JE, Sarker A, Brown S, Park HJ, Kuonqui KG, Shin J, Pollack BL, Roberts A, Ashokan G, Rubin J, Kataru RP, Dayan JH, Barrio AV, Mehrara BJ. Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema Results in Impaired Epidermal Differentiation and Tight Junction Dysfunction. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)01734-2. [PMID: 38879154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) is characterized by skin changes, swelling, fibrosis, and recurrent skin infections. Clinical studies have suggested that lymphedema results in skin barrier defects; however, the underlying cellular mechanisms and the effects of bacterial contamination on skin barrier function remain unknown. In matched biopsies from patients with unilateral BCRL, we observed decreased expression of FLG and the tight junction protein ZO-1 in skin affected by moderate lymphedema or by subclinical lymphedema in which dermal backflow of lymph was identified by indocyanine green lymphography, relative to those in the controls (areas without backflow and from the unaffected arm). In vitro stimulation of keratinocytes with lymph fluid obtained from patients undergoing lymphedema surgery led to the same changes as well as increased expression of keratin 14, a marker of immature keratinocytes. Finally, using mouse models of lymphedema, we showed that similar to the clinical scenario, the expression of skin barrier proteins was decreased relative to that in normal skin and that colonization with Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria amplified this effect as well as lymphedema severity. Taken together, our findings suggest that lymphatic fluid stasis contributes to skin barrier dysfunction in lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adana-Christine Campbell
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jung Eun Baik
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Biotechnology, Levatio Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ananta Sarker
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stav Brown
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hyeung Ju Park
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kevin G Kuonqui
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jinyeon Shin
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bracha L Pollack
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Arielle Roberts
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gopika Ashokan
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jonathan Rubin
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Raghu P Kataru
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joseph H Dayan
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrea V Barrio
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Babak J Mehrara
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
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Ahmed S, Imeokparia FO, Hassanein AH. Surgical management of lymphedema: prophylactic and therapeutic operations. CURRENT BREAST CANCER REPORTS 2024; 16:185-192. [PMID: 38988994 PMCID: PMC11233112 DOI: 10.1007/s12609-024-00543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Lymphedema is chronic limb swelling from lymphatic dysfunction and is currently incurable. Breast-cancer related lymphedema (BCRL) affects up to 5 million Americans and occurs in one-third of breast cancer survivors following axillary lymph node dissection. Compression remains the mainstay of therapy. Surgical management of BCRL includes excisional procedures to remove excess tissue and physiologic procedures to attempt improve fluid retention in the limb. The purpose of this review is to highlight surgical management strategies for preventing and treating breast cancer-related lymphedema. Recent findings Immediate lymphatic reconstruction (ILR) is a microsurgical technique that anastomoses disrupted axillary lymphatic vessels to nearby veins at the time of axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) and has been reported to reduce lymphedema rates from 30% to 4-12%. Summary Postsurgical lymphedema remains incurable. Surgical management of lymphedema includes excisional procedures and physiologic procedures using microsurgical technique. Immediate lymphatic reconstruction has emerged as a prophylactic strategy to prevent lymphedema in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnur Ahmed
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Folasade O Imeokparia
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Aladdin H Hassanein
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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Cąkała-Jakimowicz M, Domaszewska-Szostek A, Puzianowska-Kuznicka M. Interruption of Lymph Flow Worsens the Skin Inflammation Caused by Saprophytic Staphylococcus epidermidis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3234. [PMID: 38137455 PMCID: PMC10740757 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphedema is often complicated by chronic inflammation, leading to fibrosis, fat deposition, and inhibition of lymphangiogenesis. This study aimed to verify whether lymphedema itself or together with commensal bacterial flora infection contributes to the severity of local inflammation. Edema was induced by interruption of the lymph flow in the rat's hind limb. Immune cell infiltrates were examined by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Nine-day edema alone did not affect immune cell content in the skin but resulted in a decrease in CD4+ T helper lymphocytes and monocytes in the draining popliteal lymph nodes. In turn, local saprophytic Staphylococcus epidermidis infection of the edematous limb resulted in dense infiltrates of CD68+ macrophages and monocytes, MHC class II antigen-presenting cells, CD90+ stem cells, thymocytes, and immature B cells in the skin, accompanied by a simultaneous reduction in density of CD4+ T helper lymphocytes and monocytes, OX62+ dendritic cells, CD68+ macrophages and monocytes, HiS48+ granulocytes, CD90+ stem cells, thymocytes, and immature B cells in the draining popliteal lymph nodes. These results indicate that the combination of edema and saprophytic bacteria infection induces severe inflammation in the peripheral tissues and results in a delay of antibacterial protection processes in neighboring lymphatic organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cąkała-Jakimowicz
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Domaszewska-Szostek
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Monika Puzianowska-Kuznicka
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
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Lymphaticovenous Anastomosis for Treating Secondary Lower Limb Lymphedema in Older Patients-A Retrospective Cohort Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11113089. [PMID: 35683479 PMCID: PMC9181524 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11113089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite an increased incidence of secondary lower limb lymphedema (LLL) and severity of comorbidities with age, the impact of age on the effectiveness of lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) in the older patients remains unclear. Methods: This retrospective cohort study enrolled older patients (age > 65 years) with secondary unilateral LLL. All patients underwent supermicrosurgical LVA. Demographic data and intraoperative findings including lymphatic vessel (LV) diameter, LV functionality (indocyanine green-enhanced and Flow positivity), and lymphosclerosis classification were recorded. Magnetic resonance volumetry was used for measuring preoperative and postoperative volume changes at 6 months and one year after LVA as primary and secondary endpoints. Results: Thirty-two patients (29 females/3 males) with a median age of 71.0 years [range, 68.0 to 76.3] were enrolled. The median duration of lymphedema was 6.4 [1.0 to 11.7] years. The median LV diameter was 0.7 [0.5 to 0.8] mm. The percentage of ICG-enhanced and Flow-positive LVs were 89.5% and 85.8%, respectively. The total percentage of suitable LVs (s0 and s1) for LVA based on lymphosclerosis classification was 75.9%. There were significant six-month and one-year post-LVA percentage volume reductions compared to pre-LVA volume (both p < 0.001). A significant reduction in cellulitis incidence was also noted after LVA (p < 0.001). No surgical or postoperative complications were found. Conclusion: Relief of secondary LLL was achievable through LVA in older patients who still possessed favorable LV characteristics, including larger LV diameters as well as a high proportion of functional LVs with a low grade of lymphosclerosis.
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Hsu SY, Lin CY, Cheng MH. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis in primary lymphedema patients who underwent vascularized lymph node transplantations. J Surg Oncol 2022; 125:958-967. [PMID: 35107827 DOI: 10.1002/jso.26811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (HITT) may result in microsurgical flap failure. This study investigated the outcomes of HITT in primary lymphedema patients who underwent vascularized lymph node transplantations (VLNT). METHODS Between 2012 and 2019, primary lymphedema patients who underwent VLNTs were retrospectively included. The 4Ts score was used to categorize patients into HITT (scores of 5-7) and non-HITT (score < 5) groups. Outcome evaluations included the re-exploration rate, success rate, circumferential differences, cellulitis episodes, and Lymphedema Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (LYMQoL) scores. RESULTS Twenty-six and 15 patients with 31 and 16 VLNTs were included in the HITT and non-HITT groups, respectively. The HITT group had significantly greater first, second and third re-exploration rates of 38.7% (12/31), 25.7% (8/31), and 6.5% (2/31) than the non-HITT group (6.3%, 0%, and 0%, all p < 0.01), respectively. The platelet counts significantly decreased by 21.0% in the HITT group compared with the non-HITT group (14%) on postoperative Day one (p < 0.01) with a cutoff value of 17% and AUC = 0.88. CONCLUSIONS HITT may cause a high re-exploration rate of VLNTs in primary lymphedema patients. The 17% reduction in platelets on postoperative day one was an early sign for detecting HITT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yun Hsu
- Division of Reconstructive Microsurgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yu Lin
- Division of Reconstructive Microsurgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Center for Lymphedema Microsurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huei Cheng
- Division of Reconstructive Microsurgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Center for Lymphedema Microsurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Burian E, Karlsmark T, Franks P, Keeley V, Quéré I, Moffatt C. Cellulitis in chronic oedema of the lower leg: an international cross‐sectional study. Br J Dermatol 2021; 185:110-118. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E.A. Burian
- Department of Dermato‐Venereology & Wound Healing Centre Bispebjerg Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | - T. Karlsmark
- Department of Dermato‐Venereology & Wound Healing Centre Bispebjerg Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | - P.J. Franks
- Centre for Research and Implementation of Clinical Practice London UK
| | - V. Keeley
- Lymphoedema Department Royal Derby HospitalDerby and University of Nottingham Medical School Nottingham UK
| | - I. Quéré
- Department of Vascular Medicine Montpellier University Hospital CentreUniversity of Montpellier France
| | - C.J. Moffatt
- Department of Dermato‐Venereology & Wound Healing Centre Bispebjerg Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
- School of Social Sciences Nottingham Trent University Nottingham UK
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust Nottingham UK
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Taniyama D, Maruki T, Maeda T, Yoshida H, Takahashi T. Repetitive cellulitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae isolates with different genotypic and phenotypic features in a patient having upper extremity with lymphedema after mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection. IDCases 2020; 20:e00793. [PMID: 32420032 PMCID: PMC7218289 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
•This is 3 episodes of repetitive cellulitis due to S. agalactiae (GBS) isolates. •There was the possibility of GBS colonization in the genitourinary tracts. •Blood-origin 3 isolates showed different genotypic and phenotypic features. •These findings suggest the heterogeneity in strains endogenous to this patient. •Our report supports the reinfection with endogenous GBS rather than recurrence.
Previously reported cases of recurrent cellulitis/erysipelas affecting chronically lymphedematous skin regions have been demonstrated to be due to Streptococcus agalactiae isolates with closely related genetic background which may be suggestive of relapse rather than reinfection. Herein, we report the occurrence of three episodes of repetitive cellulitis caused by S. agalactiae strains with different genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, including different antimicrobial susceptibility patterns (tetracycline, macrolide/lincosamide, and fluoroquinolone classes), in the left upper extremity of a patient with lymphedema, following left mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection. The genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of the three isolates were confirmed based on the random amplified polymorphic DNA patterns, DNA profiles of virulence factors (bca–rib–bac–lmb–cylE), data on biofilm formation and cell invasion, antimicrobial susceptibility testing results, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genotypes, and amino acid mutations associated with AMR. These results revealed that reinfection with S. agalactiae, rather than recurrence, occurred during the three episodes. In conclusion, microbiologic studies such as blood cultures or tissue cultures are certainly helpful in the management of recurrent infections or invasive infections such as bacteremia in order to better target antimicrobial therapy, regardless of the data previously presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Taniyama
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Corresponding author at: Department of General Internal Medicine, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, 1-4-17 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0073, Japan.
| | - Taketomo Maruki
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maeda
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruno Yoshida
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Takahashi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
- Corresponding author at: Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
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Daneshgaran G, Lo AY, Paik CB, Cooper MN, Sung C, Jiao W, Park SY, Ni P, Yu RP, Vorobyova I, Jashashvili T, Hong YK, Kim GH, Conti PS, Chai Y, Wong AK. A Pre-clinical Animal Model of Secondary Head and Neck Lymphedema. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18264. [PMID: 31797883 PMCID: PMC6892928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck lymphedema (HNL) is a disfiguring disease affecting over 90% of patients treated for head and neck cancer. Animal models of lymphedema are used to test pharmacologic and microsurgical therapies; however, no animal model for HNL is described in the literature to date. In this study we describe the first reproducible rat model for HNL. Animals were subjected to two surgical protocols: (1) lymphadenectomy plus irradiation; and (2) sham surgery and no irradiation. Head and neck expansion was measured on post-operative days 15, 30 and 60. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was acquired at the same time points. Lymphatic drainage was measured at day 60 via indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography, after which animals were sacrificed for histological analysis. Postsurgical lymphedema was observed 100% of the time. Compared to sham-operated animals, lymphadenectomy animals experienced significantly more head and neck swelling at all timepoints (P < 0.01). Lymphadenectomy animals had significantly slower lymphatic drainage for 6 days post-ICG injection (P < 0.05). Histological analysis of lymphadenectomy animals revealed 83% greater subcutis thickness (P = 0.008), 22% greater collagen deposition (P = 0.001), 110% greater TGFβ1+ cell density (P = 0.04), 1.7-fold increase in TGFβ1 mRNA expression (P = 0.03), and 114% greater T-cell infiltration (P = 0.005) compared to sham-operated animals. In conclusion, animals subjected to complete lymph node dissection and irradiation developed changes consistent with human clinical postsurgical HNL. This was evidenced by significant increase in all head and neck measurements, slower lymphatic drainage, subcutaneous tissue expansion, increased fibrosis, and increased inflammation compared to sham-operated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Daneshgaran
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 1510 San Pablo St. Suite 415, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Andrea Y Lo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 1510 San Pablo St. Suite 415, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Connie B Paik
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 1510 San Pablo St. Suite 415, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Michael N Cooper
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 1510 San Pablo St. Suite 415, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Cynthia Sung
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 1510 San Pablo St. Suite 415, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Wan Jiao
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 1510 San Pablo St. Suite 415, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Sun Y Park
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 1510 San Pablo St. Suite 415, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Pauline Ni
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, 2121 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Roy P Yu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 1510 San Pablo St. Suite 415, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Ivetta Vorobyova
- Molecular Imaging Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 2250 Alcazar St, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Tea Jashashvili
- Molecular Imaging Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 2250 Alcazar St, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 1975 Zonal Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Gene H Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 1975 Zonal Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Peter S Conti
- Molecular Imaging Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 2250 Alcazar St, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial and Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, 2250 Alcazar St, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Alex K Wong
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 1510 San Pablo St. Suite 415, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 1975 Zonal Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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