1
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Marques R, Lima NM, Cantarino LF, de Carvalho GS, Leitão AA, do Lago CL, de Oliveira MA. [3-(Methacryloxy)propyl]trimethoxysilane-based monolithic stationary phases for capillary-scale chromatography and their characterization by contactless conductivity detection and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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2
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Albals D, Heyden YV, Schmid MG, Chankvetadze B, Mangelings D. Chiral separations of cathinone and amphetamine-derivatives: Comparative study between capillary electrochromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography and three liquid chromatographic modes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 121:232-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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3
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Kisley L, Poongavanam MV, Kourentzi K, Willson RC, Landes CF. pH-dependence of single-protein adsorption and diffusion at a liquid chromatographic interface. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:682-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Kisley
- Department of Chemistry; Rice University; Houston TX USA
| | | | - Katerina Kourentzi
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering; University of Houston; Houston TX USA
| | - Richard C. Willson
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry; University of Houston; Houston TX USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering; University of Houston; Houston TX USA
- Houston Methodist Research Institute; Houston TX USA
- Centro de Biotecnología FEMSA, Departamento de Biotecnología e Ingeniería de Alimentos; Tecnológico de Monterrey; Monterrey NL Mexico
| | - Christy F. Landes
- Department of Chemistry; Rice University; Houston TX USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Rice University; Houston TX USA
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4
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Hałka-Grysińska A, Płocharz PW, Torbicz A, Skwarek E, Janusz W, Dzido TH. Influence of the Modifier Type and its Concentration on Electroosmotic Flow of the Mobile Phase in Pressurized Planar Electrochromatography. Chromatographia 2014; 77:941-950. [PMID: 25067847 PMCID: PMC4077256 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2689-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to find a relationship between electroosmotic flow (EOF) velocity of the mobile phase in pressurized planar electrochromatography (PPEC) and physicochemical properties like zeta potential, dielectric constant, and viscosity of the mobile phase as well as its composition. The study included different types of organic modifiers (acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol, acetone, formamide, N-methylformamide and N,N-dimethylformamide) in the full concentration range. In all experiments, chromatographic glass plates HPTLC RP-18 W from Merck (Darmstadt) were used as a stationary phase. During the study we found that there is no linear correlation between EOF velocity of the mobile phase and single variables such as zeta potential or dielectric constant or viscosity. However, there is quite strong linear correlation between EOF velocity of the mobile phase and variable obtained by multiplying zeta potential of the stationary phase-mobile phase interface, by dielectric constant of the mobile phase solution and dividing by viscosity of the mobile phase. Therefore, it could be concluded that the PPEC system fulfilled the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paweł W Płocharz
- Department of Cosmetology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Biala Podlaska, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biala Podlaska, Poland
| | - Andrzej Torbicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Skwarek
- Department of Radiochemistry and Colloid Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Władysław Janusz
- Department of Radiochemistry and Colloid Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tadeusz H Dzido
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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5
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Wei GT, Hsu CF, Liu FK, Chou FM. The Development of Reversed-Phase Capillary Electrochromatography for the Separation of Steroids. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200500104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Capillary Electrophoresis and Capillary Electrochromatography. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/9780471980582.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Hałka A, Płocharz P, Torbicz A, Dzido T. Reversed-phase pressurized planar electrochromatography and planar chromatography of acetylsalicylic acid, caffeine, and acetaminophen. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2010. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.23.2010.6.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Wang MM, Wang HF, Jiang DQ, Wang SW, Yan XP. A strong inorganic acid-initiated methacrylate polymerization strategy for room temperature preparation of monolithic columns for capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1666-73. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Preinerstorfer B, Hoffmann C, Lubda D, Lämmerhofer M, Lindner W. Enantioselective silica-based monoliths modified with a novel aminosulfonic acid-derived strong cation exchanger for electrically driven and pressure-driven capillary chromatography. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1626-37. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Xie R, Oleschuk R. Photoinduced polymerization for entrapping of octadecylsilane microsphere columns for capillary electrochromatography. Anal Chem 2007; 79:1529-35. [PMID: 17297951 DOI: 10.1021/ac061349t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel fritless capillary column for capillary electrochromatography (CEC) has been developed. The ODS microspheres were packed into a capillary and were then immobilized within an organic polymer prepared in situ through a photopolymerization process. The entrapment conditions were investigated to minimize the effect of the polymer matrix on the chromatographic properties of the packing material. The organic polymer matrix in the microsphere-packed column functions to link microspheres at specific sphere-sphere and sphere-capillary contact points. CEC separations of a PAH test mixture using entrapped columns with different UV illumination times were compared in terms of retention factor and separation efficiency. The optimized entrapped column demonstrated better chromatographic performance than similarly packed columns with conventional inlet and outlet frits. The electrochromatographic separations of hormones and peptides were also demonstrated on entrapped ODS columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixi Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6
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11
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Viberg P, Spégel P, Carlstedt J, Jörntén-Karlsson M, Petersson P. Continuous full filling capillary electrochromatography: chromatographic performance and reproducibility. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1154:386-9. [PMID: 17418224 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Continuous full filling capillary electrochromatography with nanoparticles as pseudostationary phase interfaced with electrospray ionisation mass spectrometric detection was used for reversed phase separations with very high separation efficiency. Several batches of nanoparticles were synthesised and their electrochromatographic performance were evaluated. Different parameters, such as repeatability, reproducibility, limit of detection, and peak asymmetry, were investigated yielding excellent results. The stability of the system over wide pH ranges and over time was found to be excellent. Very high separation efficiencies with over 1.1 million theoretical plates per metre were obtained. The limit of detection for the investigated dialkyl phthalates was approximately 1.0 micromol L(-1), corresponding to 3-5 fmol injected. After preparation, nanoparticle suspensions could be used without further treatment for at least an entire working day with maintained chromatographic qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Viberg
- Analytical Chemistry, Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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12
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Natishan TK. Recent Progress in the Analysis of Pharmaceuticals by Capillary Electrophoresis. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-200053014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa K. Natishan
- a Merck & Co., Inc. , Merck Research Laboratories, Analytical Research , Rahway, New Jersey, USA
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13
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Progent F, Taverna M, Banco A, Tchapla A, Smadja C. Chromatographic behaviour of peptides on a mixed-mode stationary phase with an embedded charged group by capillary electrochromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1136:221-5. [PMID: 17081551 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Retention behaviour of biological peptides was investigated on a stationary phase bearing an embedded quaternary ammonium group in a C21 alkyl chain by both high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC). In HPLC experiments, variation of acetonitrile (ACN) content in the mobile phase showed that peptides are mainly separated by RP mechanism. The weak or negative retention factors observed as compared to C18 silica stationary phase suggested the involvement of an electrostatic repulsion phenomenon in acidic conditions. Comparison of HPLC and CEC studies indicated that (i) ion-exclusion phenomenon is more pronounced in HPLC and (ii) higher ACN percentage in mobile phase induce for some peptides an increase of retention in CEC, pointing out the existence of mechanisms of retention other than partitioning mainly involved in chromatographic process. This comparative study demonstrated the critical role of electric field on peptide retention in CEC and supports the solvatation model of hydrolytic pillow proposed by Szumski and Buszewski for CEC using mixed mode stationary phase in CEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Progent
- Univ Paris-Sud, JE 2495, Protéines et Nanotechnologies en Sciences Séparatives, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
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14
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Norton D, Rizvi SAA, Shamsi SA. Capillary electrochromatography-mass spectrometry of cationic surfactants. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:4273-87. [PMID: 17075924 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The CEC-MS of alkyltrimethylammonium (ATMA+) ions with chain lengths ranging from C1-C18 is optimized using an internally tapered column packed with mixed mode reversed phase/strong cation exchange stationary phase. A systematic study of the CEC separation parameters is conducted followed by evaluation of the ESI-MS sheath liquid and spray chamber settings. First, the optimization of CEC separation parameters are performed including the ACN concentration, triethylamine (TEA) content, buffer pH and ammonium acetate concentration. Using 90% v/v ACN with 0.04% v/v TEA as mobile phase, the separation of longer chain C6-C18-TMA+ surfactants could be achieved in 15 min. Lowering the ACN concentration to 70% v/v provided resolution of shorter chain C1, C2-TMA+ from C6-TMA+ although the total analysis time increased to 40 min. Furthermore, variation of both the ACN and TEA content as well as ionic strength has found to significantly influence the retention of longer chain surfactants as compared to shorter chains. The optimum CEC conditions are 70% v/v ACN, 0.04% v/v TEA, pH 3.0 and 15 mM ammonium acetate. Next, the optimization of the ESI-MS sheath liquid composition is conducted comparing methanol to isopropanol followed by the use of experimental design for analysis of spray chamber parameters. Overall, the developed CEC-ESI-MS method allows quantitative and sensitive monitoring of ATMA+ from < or =10 microg/mL down to 10 ng/mL. Utilizing the optimized CEC-ESI-MS protocol, the challenging analysis of commercial sample Arquad S-50 ATMA+ containing cis-trans unsaturated and saturated soyabean fatty acid derivatives is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Norton
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4098, USA
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15
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Zhang L, Zhang J, Wang H, Zhang L, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Analysis of flavonoids in leaves of Adinandra nitida by capillary electrochromatography on monolithic columns with stepwise gradient elution. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:774-9. [PMID: 15938186 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200400080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Extracts of Adinandra nitida leaves, known as Shiyacha in China, were analyzed by monolithic columns of capillary electrochromatography (CEC). To obtain good resolution within a short time, stepwise gradient elution of CEC was employed, and the effects of experimental parameters, such as the buffer, the gradient conditions, and the mode of injection were studied systematically. Under optimized conditions, analysis could be accomplished in 25 min on a monolithic rod of macroporous poly(butyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate). With two identified flavonoids, epicatechin and apigenin, as markers, a quality control method for Shiyacha and its relevant products was established. The calibration curves exhibited good linear behavior over the concentration range of two orders of magnitude. On combination with an on-line concentration technique, the detection limit of flavonoids could be decreased to 25 ng for apigenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyi Zhang
- National Chromatographic Research & Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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16
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Tallarek U, Leinweber FC, Nischang I. Perspective on concentration polarization effects in electrochromatographic separations. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:391-404. [PMID: 15657887 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200406167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This work illustrates the appearance and electrohydrodynamic consequences of concentration polarization in the particulate and monolithic fixed beds used in capillary electrochromatography and related electrical-field assisted processes. Key property of most porous materials is the co-existence of bulk, quasi-electroneutral macroporous regions and mesoporous compartments which are ion-permselective (due to electrical double-layer overlap) causing different transport numbers for co-ionic and counterionic species, e.g., background electrolyte components, or the analytes. For a cathodic electroosmotic flow the (cation) permselectivity, together with diffusive and electrokinetic transport induces depleted and enriched concentration polarization zones at the anodic and cathodic interfaces, respectively, in dependence of the mobile phase ionic strength and applied electrical fields. At high field strength a secondary, nonequilibrium electrical double layer may be created in the depleted concentration polarization zones of a material stimulating electroosmosis of the second kind. The potential of this induced-charge electroosmosis with respect to nonlinear flow velocities and electrokinetic instability mixing (basically destroying the concentration polarization zones) is analyzed in view of the pore space morphology in random-close packings of spherical-shaped, porous particles and hierarchically structured monoliths. Possible applications based on a fine-tuning of the illustrated effects emerge for microfluidic pumping and mixing, or the intensification of sample recovery in adsorption processes. With this perspective we want to focus the attention on concentration polarization in electrochromatographic systems by presenting and discussing original data acquired on relevant microscopic as well as macroscopic scales, and point towards the importance of related effects in colloid and membrane science.*
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Tallarek
- Institut für Verfahrenstechnik, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Magdeburg, Germany.
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17
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Progent F, Taverna M. Retention behaviour of peptides in capillary electrochromatography using an embedded ammonium in dodecacyl stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1052:181-9. [PMID: 15527136 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.08.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The potential of a silica stationary phase bearing an embedded cationic quaternary amine in dodecacyl chain, to separate peptides by capillary electrochromatography (CEC) has been evaluated. The ability of this stationary phase, to generate a consistent anodic electroosmotic flow was first evaluated. This flow was found to be independent of pH over a wide range (2-12), of the acetonitrile percentage in the electrolyte. The stability of the stationary phase evaluated through the electroosmotic flow variations was demonstrated at extreme pH values (2.5 and 9.1). A careful examination of the influence of mobile phase conditions (acetonitrile percentage, salt concentration and nature of buffer) on the electrochromatographic retention and electrophoretic migration behaviour of different standard peptides was carried out. In acidic conditions, the electrokinetic contribution appears to be predominant compared to the chromatographic one. Several types of chromatographic interactions, reversed-phase partitioning and anion exchange, were involved in the CEC of peptides, whereas repulsive electrostatic interaction could be considered as negligible. This stationary phase affords different selectivity compared to that observed on a C18 stationary phase. Finally, the method was applied to the peptide mapping of beta-lactoglobulin and human growth hormone under unpressurized and isocratic elution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Progent
- Groupe de Chimie Analytique de Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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18
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Pucci V, Raggi MA, Svec F, Fréchet JMJ. Monolithic columns with a gradient of functionalities prepared via photoinitiated grafting for separations using capillary electrochromatography. J Sep Sci 2004; 27:779-88. [PMID: 15354555 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200401828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography with a longitudinal gradient of functionalities have been prepared via photoinitiated grafting of polymer chains onto the pore surface of a porous polymer monolith. In order to achieve the desired retention and electroosmotic flow, the hydrophobic poly(butyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolith with optimized porous properties was grafted with a layer of ionizable polymer, poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid). A moving shutter and a neutral density filter were used to control the dose of UV light received at different locations along the monolith in order to create the longitudinal gradient of functionalities. Formation of the desired gradients was confirmed using electron probe microanalysis of different locations along the column. The preparation technique significantly affects performance in the CEC mode as demonstrated on the separations of a model mixture using columns both with homogeneous distribution of grafts and with a gradient of functionality. Columns grafted with the gradient of functionalities were found superior to those functionalized uniformly. A comparison of the performance of the gradient column with another containing evenly distributed functionalities showed the performance benefits of the "gradient" column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Pucci
- Material Sciences Division, E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 97420-8139, USA
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19
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Abstract
A review is presented on the current state of the art and future trends in the development of sol-gel stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography (CEC). The design and synthesis of stationary phases with prescribed chromatographic and surface charge properties represent challenging tasks in contemporary CEC research. Further developments in CEC as a high-efficiency liquid-phase separation technique will greatly depend on new breakthroughs in the area of stationary phase development. The requirements imposed on CEC stationary phase performance are significantly more demanding compared with those for HPLC. The design of CEC stationary phase must take into consideration the structural characteristics that will provide not only the selective solute/stationary phase interactions leading to chromatographic separations but also the surface charge properties that determine the magnitude and direction of the electroosmotic flow responsible for the mobile phase movement through the CEC column. Therefore, the stationary phase technology in CEC presents a more complex problem than in conventional chromatographic techniques. Different approaches to stationary phase development have been reported in contemporary CEC literature. The sol-gel approach represents a promising direction in this important research. It is applicable to the preparation of CEC stationary phases in different formats: surface coatings, micro/submicro particles, and monolithic beds. Besides, in the sol-gel approach, appropriate sol-gel precursors and other building blocks can be selected to create a stationary phase with desired structural and surface properties. One remarkable advantage of the sol-gel approach is the mild thermal conditions under which the stationary phase synthesis can be carried out (typically at room temperature). It also provides an effective pathway to integrating the advantageous properties of organic and inorganic material systems, and thereby enhancing and fine-tuning chromatographic selectivity of the created hybrid organic-inorganic stationary phases. This review focuses on recent developments in the design, synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications of sol-gel stationary phases in CEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620-5250, USA
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De Smet J, Gzil P, Vervoort N, Verelst H, Baron GV, Desmet G. Influence of the Pillar Shape on the Band Broadening and the Separation Impedance of Perfectly Ordered 2-D Porous Chromatographic Media. Anal Chem 2004; 76:3716-26. [PMID: 15228346 DOI: 10.1021/ac049873s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report on a computational study assessing the effect of the pillar shape in perfectly ordered porous chromatographic media. Using computational fluid dynamics to compare the band broadening and flow resistance characteristics of a large number of different pillar shapes, it is found that the most axially elongated shapes yield the best chromatographic performance and that diamonds are to be preferred over ellipsoids. The former pack into a more uniform pore space and display a smaller C(s) value, whereas the latter pack into a locally constricted pore space and therefore generate a considerably larger flow resistance. For the presently considered case of a densely packed array (epsilon = 0.4), changing the pillar shape from a cylinder to a more elongated diamond, for example, reduces the minimal plate heights from h(min) = 0.84 to h(min) = 0.72, the C factor from C = 0.062 to C = 0.050, and the separation impedance from E(min) = 330 to E(min) = 220, without affecting the number of interchannel coupling points.
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Affiliation(s)
- J De Smet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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