1
|
Petrocchi A, Grillo A, Ferrante L, Randazzo P, Prandi A, De Matteo M, Iaccarino C, Bisbocci M, Cellucci A, Alli C, Nibbio M, Pucci V, Amaudrut J, Montalbetti C, Toniatti C, Di Fabio R. Discovery of a Novel Series of Potent SHP2 Allosteric Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:645-651. [PMID: 37197453 PMCID: PMC10184159 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is the first reported nonreceptor oncogenic tyrosine phosphatase connecting multiple signal transduction cascades and exerting immunoinhibitory function through the PD-1 checkpoint receptor. As part of a drug discovery program aimed at obtaining novel allosteric SHP2 inhibitors, a series of pyrazopyrazine derivatives bearing an original bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane basic moiety on the left-hand side region of the molecule were identified. We report herein the discovery process, the in vitro pharmacological profile, and the early developability features of compound 25, one of the most potent members of the series.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cristina Alli
- IRBM
S.p.A, Via Pontina Km 30.600, 00070 Pomezia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Romano Di Fabio
- IRBM
S.p.A, Via Pontina Km 30.600, 00070 Pomezia, Italy
- Promidis, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
- Phone: +39026434799. Fax: +390326436822.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Torrente E, Fodale V, Ciammaichella A, Ferrigno F, Ontoria JM, Ponzi S, Rossetti I, Sferrazza A, Amaudrut J, Missineo A, Esposito S, Palombo S, Nibbio M, Cerretani M, Bisbocci M, Cellucci A, di Marco A, Alli C, Pucci V, Toniatti C, Petrocchi A. Discovery of a Novel Series of Imidazopyrazine Derivatives as Potent SHP2 Allosteric Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:156-162. [PMID: 36793438 PMCID: PMC9923835 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 is an oncogenic protein that can regulate different cytokine receptor and receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathways. We report here the identification of a novel series of SHP2 allosteric inhibitors having an imidazopyrazine 6,5-fused heterocyclic system as the central scaffold that displays good potency in enzymatic and cellular assays. SAR studies led to the identification of compound 8, a highly potent SHP2 allosteric inhibitor. X-ray studies showed novel stabilizing interactions with respect to known SHP2 inhibitors. Subsequent optimization allowed us to identify analogue 10, which possesses excellent potency and a promising PK profile in rodents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Torrente
- Department
of Drug Discovery IRBM S.p.A., Pomezia, Rome 00071, Italy
| | - Valentina Fodale
- Department
of Biology and Translational Research, IRBM S.p.A., Pomezia, Rome 00071, Italy
| | | | - Federica Ferrigno
- Department
of Drug Discovery IRBM S.p.A., Pomezia, Rome 00071, Italy
| | - Jesus M. Ontoria
- Department
of Drug Discovery IRBM S.p.A., Pomezia, Rome 00071, Italy
| | - Simona Ponzi
- Department
of Drug Discovery IRBM S.p.A., Pomezia, Rome 00071, Italy
| | - Ilaria Rossetti
- Department
of Drug Discovery IRBM S.p.A., Pomezia, Rome 00071, Italy
| | - Alessio Sferrazza
- Department
of Drug Discovery IRBM S.p.A., Pomezia, Rome 00071, Italy
| | - Jérôme Amaudrut
- Department
of Drug Discovery - External consultant, IRBM S.p.A., Pomezia, Rome, 00071, Italy
| | - Antonino Missineo
- Department
of Biology and Translational Research, IRBM S.p.A., Pomezia, Rome 00071, Italy
| | - Simone Esposito
- Department
of Drug Discovery IRBM S.p.A., Pomezia, Rome 00071, Italy
| | - Simone Palombo
- Department
of Drug Discovery IRBM S.p.A., Pomezia, Rome 00071, Italy
| | - Martina Nibbio
- Department
of Drug Discovery IRBM S.p.A., Pomezia, Rome 00071, Italy
| | - Mauro Cerretani
- Department
of Biology and Translational Research, IRBM S.p.A., Pomezia, Rome 00071, Italy
| | - Monica Bisbocci
- Department
of Biology and Translational Research, IRBM S.p.A., Pomezia, Rome 00071, Italy
| | | | - Annalise di Marco
- Department
of Drug Discovery IRBM S.p.A., Pomezia, Rome 00071, Italy
| | - Cristina Alli
- Department
of Biology and Translational Research, IRBM S.p.A., Pomezia, Rome 00071, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pucci
- Department
of Drug Discovery IRBM S.p.A., Pomezia, Rome 00071, Italy
| | - Carlo Toniatti
- Department
of Drug Discovery IRBM S.p.A., Pomezia, Rome 00071, Italy
- Department
of Biology and Translational Research, IRBM S.p.A., Pomezia, Rome 00071, Italy
| | - Alessia Petrocchi
- Department
of Drug Discovery IRBM S.p.A., Pomezia, Rome 00071, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Esposito S, Orsatti L, Pucci V. Subcutaneous Catabolism of Peptide Therapeutics: Bioanalytical Approaches and ADME Considerations. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:828-839. [PMID: 36039395 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2119180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Many peptide drugs such as insulin and glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) analogues are successfully administered subcutaneously (SC). Following SC injection, peptides may undergo catabolism in the SC compartment before entering systemic circulation, which could compromise their bioavailability and in turn affect their efficacy.This review will discuss how both technology and strategy have evolved over the past years to further elucidate peptide SC catabolism.Modern bioanalytical technologies (particularly liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry) and bioinformatics platforms for data mining has prompted the development of in silico, in vitro and in vivo tools for characterizing peptide SC catabolism to rapidly address proteolytic liabilities and, ultimately, guide the design of peptides with improved SC bioavailability.More predictive models able to recapitulate the interplay between SC catabolism and other factors driving SC absorption are highly desirable to improve in vitro/in vivo correlations.We envision the routine incorporation of in vitro and in vivo SC catabolism studies in ADME screening funnels to develop more effective peptide drugs for SC delivery.
Collapse
|
4
|
Perera SA, Kopinja JE, Ma Y, Muise ES, Laskey J, Chakravarthy K, Chen Y, Cui L, Presland J, Sathe M, Javaid S, Minnihan E, Ferguson H, Piesvaux J, Pan BS, Zhao S, Sharma SK, Woo HC, Pucci V, Knemeyer I, Cemerski S, Cumming J, Trotter BW, Tse A, Khilnani A, Ranganath S, Long BJ, Bennett DJ, Addona GH. STimulator of INterferon Genes Agonism Accelerates Anti-tumor Activity in Poorly Immunogenic Tumors. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 21:282-293. [PMID: 34815361 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune agonist STING (STimulator of INterferon Genes) binds its natural ligand 2'3'-cGAMP (cyclic guanosine-adenosine monophosphate) and initiates type I interferon production. This promotes systemic antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell priming that eventually provides potent anti-tumor activity. To exploit this mechanism, we synthesized a novel STING agonist, MSA-1, that activates both mouse and human STING with higher in vitro potency than cGAMP. Following intratumoral (IT) administration of MSA-1 to a panel of syngeneic mouse tumors on immune-competent mice, cytokine upregulation and its exposure were detected in plasma, other tissues, injected tumors, and noninjected tumors. This was accompanied by effective anti-tumor activity. Mechanistic studies in immune-deficient mice suggested that anti-tumor activity of IT-dosed STING agonists is in part due to necrosis and/or innate immune responses such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) activity, but development of a robust adaptive anti-tumor immunity is necessary for complete tumor elimination. Combination with PD-1 blockade in anti-PD-1-resistant murine models demonstrated that MSA-1 may synergize with checkpoint inhibitors but can also provide superior tumor control as a single agent. We show for the first time that potent cyclic dinucleotides can promote a rapid and stronger induction of the same genes eventually regulated by PD-1 blockade. This may have contributed to the relatively early tumor control observed with MSA-1. Taken together, these data strongly support the development of STING agonists as therapy for patients with aggressive tumors that are partially responsive or nonresponsive to single-agent anti-PD-1 treatment by enhancing the anti-PD-1 immune profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yanhong Ma
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck and Co. Inc
| | | | | | | | | | - Long Cui
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck and Co. Inc
| | | | - Manjiri Sathe
- Discovery, Preclinical and Translational Medicine, Merck & Co., Inc
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Saso Cemerski
- Discovery and Translational Immunology, Cue BioPharma
| | | | | | - Archie Tse
- Research and Translational Medicine and Early Development, CStone Pharmaceuticals
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Y, Cui L, Georgiev P, Singh L, Zheng Y, Yu Y, Grein J, Zhang C, Muise ES, Sloman DL, Ferguson H, Yu H, Pierre CS, Dakle PJ, Pucci V, Baker J, Loboda A, Linn D, Brynczka C, Wilson D, Haines BB, Long B, Wnek R, Sadekova S, Rosenzweig M, Haidle A, Han Y, Ranganath SH. Combination of EP 4 antagonist MF-766 and anti-PD-1 promotes anti-tumor efficacy by modulating both lymphocytes and myeloid cells. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1896643. [PMID: 33796403 PMCID: PMC7993229 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1896643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), an arachidonic acid pathway metabolite produced by cyclooxygenase (COX)-1/2, has been shown to impair anti-tumor immunity through engagement with one or more E-type prostanoid receptors (EP1-4). Specific targeting of EP receptors, as opposed to COX-1/2 inhibition, has been proposed to achieve preferential antagonism of PGE2–mediated immune suppression. Here we describe the anti-tumor activity of MF-766, a potent and highly selective small-molecule inhibitor of the EP4 receptor. EP4 inhibition by MF-766 synergistically improved the efficacy of anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) therapy in CT26 and EMT6 syngeneic tumor mouse models. Multiparameter flow cytometry analysis revealed that treatment with MF-766 promoted the infiltration of CD8+ T cells, natural killer (NK) cells and conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), induced M1-like macrophage reprogramming, and reduced granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In vitro experiments demonstrated that MF-766 restored PGE2-mediated inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production in THP-1 cells and human blood, and PGE2-mediated inhibition of interleukin (IL)-2-induced interferon (IFN)-γ production in human NK cells. MF-766 reversed the inhibition of IFN-γ in CD8+ T-cells by PGE2 and impaired suppression of CD8+ T-cells induced by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC)/PGE2. In translational studies using primary human tumors, MF-766 enhanced anti-CD3-stimulated IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α production in primary histoculture and synergized with pembrolizumab in a PGE2 high TME. Our studies demonstrate that the combination of EP4 blockade with anti-PD-1 therapy enhances antitumor activity by differentially modulating myeloid cell, NK cell, cDC and T-cell infiltration profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Department of Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Long Cui
- Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter Georgiev
- Department of Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Latika Singh
- Department of Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yanyan Zheng
- Department of Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeff Grein
- Department of Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chunsheng Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric S Muise
- Department of Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David L Sloman
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Heidi Ferguson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hongshi Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cristina St Pierre
- Department of Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pranal J Dakle
- Department of Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vincenzo Pucci
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James Baker
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrey Loboda
- Department of Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Doug Linn
- Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher Brynczka
- Dept. Safety and Exploratory Pharmacology, Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Doug Wilson
- Department of Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brian B Haines
- Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brian Long
- Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard Wnek
- Department of Translational Biomarkers, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Svetlana Sadekova
- Department of Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Rosenzweig
- Department of Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew Haidle
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yongxin Han
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sheila H Ranganath
- Department of Oncology Early Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Abstract
Three different analytical methods for the quality control of clozapine in commercial formulations were developed and compared: a liquid chromatographic (LC) method with UV detection, a capillary zone electrophoretic (CZE) method, and a linear scan voltammetric (LSV) method. The isocratic LC procedure used a C18 reversed-phase column; the CZE method used an uncoated fused-silica capillary and phosphate buffer containing polyvinylpyrrolidone as the background electrolyte; the LSV method analyzed clozapine solutions with acidic phosphate buffer as the supporting electrolyte. The 3 methods gave similar and satisfactory results, in terms of precision and accuracy. Repeatability and intermediate precision were good (RSD% < 2.2) and accuracy, resulting from recovery studies, was between 98 and 102%. The rapidity of analysis was high for all 3 methods, especially for the LSV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Augusta Raggi
- University of Bologna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pucci
- University of Bologna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Bugamelli
- University of Bologna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vittorio Volterra
- University of Bologna, Psychiatric Clinic, Viale Pepoli 5, 40123 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pucci V, Bugamelli F, Mandrioli R, Raggi MA. Simultaneous Determination of all-trans-Retinoic Acid, β-Carotene, and Vitamin A in Galenic Preparations by Liquid Chromatography. J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/84.2.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The concentrations of vitamin A, β-carotene, and all-trans-retinoic acid in oral preparations were determined in a single analysis by a method based on isocratic, reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC). The LC system consisted of a C18 column, a mobile phase of acetonitrile, dichloromethane, methanol, and water and a UV detector set at 330 nm. The linearity ranges were 25–250 ng/mL for trans-retinoic acid and vitamin A, and 100–1000 ng/mL for β-carotene. This LC method for the determination of retinoids is simple, precise, and accurate. No extraction procedure is required before the chromatographic analysis; only a suitable dilution is necessary. The method proved to be reliable, fast, and economical. Furthermore, this method is indicative of stability, because it allows for the determination of degradation products such as 13-cis-retinoic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Pucci
- University of Bologna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Bugamelli
- University of Bologna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Mandrioli
- University of Bologna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria A Raggi
- University of Bologna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu P, Wang L, DuBois BG, Colandrea VJ, Liu R, Cai J, Du X, Quan W, Morris W, Bai J, Bishwokarma B, Cheng M, Piesvaux J, Ray K, Alpert C, Chiu CS, Zielstorff M, Metzger JM, Yang L, Leung D, Alleyne C, Vincent SH, Pucci V, Li X, Crespo A, Stickens D, Hale JJ, Ujjainwalla F, Sinz CJ. Discovery of Orally Bioavailable and Liver-Targeted Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase (HIF-PHD) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Anemia. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:1193-1198. [PMID: 30613325 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report herein the design and synthesis of a series of orally active, liver-targeted hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PHD) inhibitors for the treatment of anemia. In order to mitigate the concerns for potential systemic side effects, we pursued liver-targeted HIF-PHD inhibitors relying on uptake via organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs). Starting from a systemic HIF-PHD inhibitor (1), medicinal chemistry efforts directed toward reducing permeability and, at the same time, maintaining oral absorption led to the synthesis of an array of structurally diverse hydroxypyridone analogues. Compound 28a was chosen for further profiling, because of its excellent in vitro profile and liver selectivity. This compound significantly increased hemoglobin levels in rats, following chronic QD oral administration, and displayed selectivity over systemic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jiaqiang Cai
- WuXi PharmaTech, No. 1 Building, 288 Fute Zhong Road, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Xiaoxing Du
- WuXi PharmaTech, No. 1 Building, 288 Fute Zhong Road, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Weiguo Quan
- WuXi PharmaTech, No. 1 Building, 288 Fute Zhong Road, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kopinja J, Sevilla RS, Levitan D, Dai D, Vanko A, Spooner E, Ware C, Forget R, Hu K, Kral A, Spacciapoli P, Kennan R, Jayaraman L, Pucci V, Perera S, Zhang W, Fischer C, Lam MH. A Brain Penetrant Mutant IDH1 Inhibitor Provides In Vivo Survival Benefit. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13853. [PMID: 29062039 PMCID: PMC5653818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14065-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in IDH1 are highly prevalent in human glioma. First line treatment is radiotherapy, which many patients often forego to avoid treatment-associated morbidities. The high prevalence of IDH1 mutations in glioma highlights the need for brain-penetrant IDH1 mutant-selective inhibitors as an alternative therapeutic option. Here, we have explored the utility of such an inhibitor in IDH1 mutant patient-derived models to assess the potential therapeutic benefits associated with intracranial 2-HG inhibition. Treatment of mutant IDH1 cell line models led to a decrease in intracellular 2-HG levels both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, inhibition of 2-HG production had no effect on in vitro IDH1 mutant glioma cell proliferation. In contrast, IDH1 mutant-selective inhibitors provided considerable survival benefit in vivo. However, even with near complete inhibition of intratumoral 2-HG production, not all mutant glioma models responded to treatment. The results suggest that disruption of 2-HG production with brain-penetrant inhibitors in IDH1 mutant gliomas may have substantial patient benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Kopinja
- Merck & Co., Inc., Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Raquel S Sevilla
- Merck & Co., Inc., Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Diane Levitan
- Merck & Co., Inc., Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - David Dai
- Merck & Co., Inc., Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Amy Vanko
- Merck & Co., Inc., Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Edward Spooner
- Merck & Co., Inc., Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Chris Ware
- Merck & Co., Inc., Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Robert Forget
- Merck & Co., Inc., Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Kun Hu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Astrid Kral
- Merck & Co., Inc., Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Peter Spacciapoli
- Merck & Co., Inc., Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Richard Kennan
- Merck & Co., Inc., Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Lata Jayaraman
- Merck & Co., Inc., Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Vincenzo Pucci
- Merck & Co., Inc., Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Samanthi Perera
- Merck & Co., Inc., Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Weisheng Zhang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Christian Fischer
- Merck & Co., Inc., Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA.
| | - Michael H Lam
- Merck & Co., Inc., Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Parodi MB, Donati S, Semeraro F, Danzi P, Introini U, Viola F, Bottoni F, Pucci V, Musig A, Pece A, Azzolini C. Intravitreal Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Drugs for Retinal Angiomatous Proliferation in Real-Life Practice. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 33:123-127. [PMID: 28048946 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2016.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the outcomes of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the treatment of retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP) in real-life practice in 7 Italian centers under the Progetto Luce initiative. METHODS Clinical data of 95 eyes of 95 patients affected by RAP, regularly followed up and treated with either intravitreal ranibizumab or bevacizumab over 12 months, were examined. After a loading phase of 3 consecutive injections, retreatments were administered following a pro-re-nata regimen on the basis of the persistence or the recurrence of subretinal/intraretinal fluid on optical coherence tomography, or leakage on fluorescein angiography. RESULTS Overall, the mean best corrected visual acuity changed from 0.66 to 0.53 LogMAR (P: 0.0003); 36.8% of eyes gained at least 3 ETDRS lines, whereas 13.7% lost >3 lines at the end of the follow-up. Mean central retinal thickness improved from 384 μm at baseline to 262 μm at the 12-month examination (P < 0.001). A serous pigment epithelium detachment (PED) was identified in 68.4% of eyes at baseline, and it was still detectable in 30.5% at the end of follow-up. The mean number of injections was 4.4 over the follow-up. A significantly greater proportion of eyes showed PED resolution in the subgroup treated with ranibizumab (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment in routine clinical practice allows a significant improvement in visual function in patients affected by RAP. A limited number of anti-VEGF injections are generally required in most cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Donati
- 2 Section of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria , Varese-Como, Italy
| | - Francesco Semeraro
- 3 Eye Clinic, Department of Neurological and Vision Sciences, University of Brescia , Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Danzi
- 3 Eye Clinic, Department of Neurological and Vision Sciences, University of Brescia , Brescia, Italy
| | - Ugo Introini
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, San Raffaele Hospital, Università Vita e Salute , Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Viola
- 4 Ophthalmology Clinic, Clinical and Community Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan , Milan, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Bottoni
- 5 Eye Clinic, Department of Clinical Science "Luigi Sacco," Sacco Hospital, University of Milan , Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pucci
- 6 Department of Ophthalmology, Desenzano del Garda Hospital , Desenzano del Garda, Italy
| | - Andrea Musig
- 6 Department of Ophthalmology, Desenzano del Garda Hospital , Desenzano del Garda, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pece
- 7 Department of Ophthalmology, Melegnano Hospital , Milano, Italy
| | - Claudio Azzolini
- 2 Section of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria , Varese-Como, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pokorny JL, Calligaris D, Gupta SK, Iyekegbe DO, Mueller D, Bakken KK, Carlson BL, Schroeder MA, Evans DL, Lou Z, Decker PA, Eckel-Passow JE, Pucci V, Ma B, Shumway SD, Elmquist WF, Agar NYR, Sarkaria JN. The Efficacy of the Wee1 Inhibitor MK-1775 Combined with Temozolomide Is Limited by Heterogeneous Distribution across the Blood-Brain Barrier in Glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:1916-24. [PMID: 25609063 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Wee1 regulates key DNA damage checkpoints, and in this study, the efficacy of the Wee1 inhibitor MK-1775 was evaluated in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) xenograft models alone and in combination with radiation and/or temozolomide. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In vitro MK-1775 efficacy alone and in combination with temozolomide, and the impact on DNA damage, was analyzed by Western blotting and γH2AX foci formation. In vivo efficacy was evaluated in orthotopic and heterotopic xenografts. Drug distribution was assessed by conventional mass spectrometry (MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MS imaging. RESULTS GBM22 (IC50 = 68 nmol/L) was significantly more sensitive to MK-1775 compared with five other GBM xenograft lines, including GBM6 (IC50 >300 nmol/L), and this was associated with a significant difference in pan-nuclear γH2AX staining between treated GBM22 (81% cells positive) and GBM6 (20% cells positive) cells. However, there was no sensitizing effect of MK-1775 when combined with temozolomide in vitro. In an orthotopic GBM22 model, MK-1775 was ineffective when combined with temozolomide, whereas in a flank model of GBM22, MK-1775 exhibited both single-agent and combinatorial activity with temozolomide. Consistent with limited drug delivery into orthotopic tumors, the normal brain to whole blood ratio following a single MK-1775 dose was 5%, and MALDI-MS imaging demonstrated heterogeneous and markedly lower MK-1775 distribution in orthotopic as compared with heterotopic GBM22 tumors. CONCLUSIONS Limited distribution to brain tumors may limit the efficacy of MK-1775 in GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Pokorny
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - David Calligaris
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shiv K Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Dustin Mueller
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Katrina K Bakken
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Brett L Carlson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mark A Schroeder
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Debra L Evans
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Zhenkun Lou
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Paul A Decker
- Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Vincenzo Pucci
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bennett Ma
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., West Point, Pennsylvania
| | | | - William F Elmquist
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Nathalie Y R Agar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pece A, Azzolini C, Parodi MB, Bottoni F, Danzi P, Donati S, Introini U, Pucci V, Semeraro F, Viola F. Consensus on the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with age-related macular degeneration eligible for ranibizumab. Expert Review of Ophthalmology 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.12.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
13
|
Spinelli C, Strambi S, Tartaglia D, Di Franco G, Pucci V, Faviana P, Lencioni M. Primary retroperitoneal müllerian adenocarcinoma: a case report and literature review. Case Rep Oncol 2013; 6:616-21. [PMID: 24474926 PMCID: PMC3901585 DOI: 10.1159/000357424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary retroperitoneal müllerian adenocarcinoma (PRMA) is an extremely rare clinical entity. We report the case of a 54-year-old woman who presented with a mass in the right lower retroperitoneum, identified during an ultrasound exam. Computed tomography confirmed a retroperitoneal mass measuring 11 cm. The patient underwent laparotomy and the mass was completely excised. The histopathological exam revealed PRMA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Spinelli
- Department of Surgical, Clinical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, UO Chirurgia Generale 2, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - S Strambi
- Department of Surgical, Clinical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, UO Chirurgia Generale 2, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - D Tartaglia
- Department of Surgical, Clinical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, UO Chirurgia Generale 2, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Di Franco
- Department of Surgical, Clinical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, UO Chirurgia Generale 2, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - V Pucci
- Department of Surgical, Clinical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, UO Chirurgia Generale 2, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - P Faviana
- Department of Surgical, Clinical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, UO Anatomia Patologica 3, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Lencioni
- Department of Oncology, Transplants, and New Technologies, UO Oncologia 1, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pokorny J, Pucci V, Shumway S, Ma B, Bakken K, Schroeder M, Carlson B, Sarkaria JN. Abstract 3240: Pre-clinical investigation of the Wee1 inhibitor, MK1775, in glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-3240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Wee1 is a key regulator of both G2/M transition and DNA replication fork stability. In this study, the efficacy of the Wee1 inhibitor MK1775 was evaluated in the Mayo primary glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) xenograft model. Based on western blot expression of Wee1, GBM22, GBM12 and GBM6 were selected for study based on low, intermediate and high-level expression, respectively. Wee1-mediated phosphorylation of Y15-Cdc2 was robustly suppressed in vitro in both GBM22 and GBM6 at 300 nM MK1775. At this concentration, MK1775 had marked anti-proliferative effects on GBM22 with 80±2.5% suppression of absorbance in a CyQUANT cell proliferation assay, while similar treatment of GBM6 had minimal effect on growth (26±21% suppression of absorbance). In a similar primary neurosphere formation assay, 300 nM completely inhibited neurosphere formation in GBM22 and GBM12, while having no effect on GBM6 neurosphere formation. Consistent with the cytotoxicity data, single agent treatment of GBM22 with MK1775 resulted in a marked S-phase arrest 24 hours after treatment (60% vs. 40% cells in S with MK1775 vs. control, respectively) and subsequent accumulation of cells in G2/M 48 hours after treatment (95% vs. 9.5%, respectively). In contrast, relatively minimal cell cycle perturbations were observed with MK1775 in GBM6 (24 hour S-phase accumulation 27% vs. 21%, respectively). Combination studies with MK1775 and temozolomide (TMZ) in a neurosphere formation assay demonstrated enhancement of treatment benefit only in GBM22 and GBM12 but not GBM6 (relative neurosphere numbers for TMZ, MK1775, or combined treatment compared to untreated were 34%, 16% and 7%, respectively for GBM22, 41%, 95% and 15%, respectively, for GBM12; while the same combination had no effect on GBM6 neurosphere formation). In anticipation of evaluating treatment efficacy in animal models, pharmacokinetic modeling of MK1775 brain delivery was performed in nude mice. Following a single MK1775 dose of 50 mg/kg, time to maximum blood concentration was 1.0 hours, AUC was 29.8 microM·h, and Cmax was 7.8 microM in whole blood and 0.24 microM in brain parenchyma. To evaluate whether limitations in brain delivery affected efficacy, parallel in vivo GBM12 heterotopic and orthotopic xenograft efficacy studies were performed with a 5 day dosing regimen of TMZ and MK1775 repeated every 28 days for 3 cycles. In the orthotopic model, MK1775 provided no survival benefit with median survival being 16, 15, 88 and 92 days for placebo, MK1775 alone, TMZ alone, or MK1775 + TMZ treatment, respectively. In contrast, there is some suggestion of MK1775 efficacy in the flank tumor model with median time to reach 1000 mm3 being 45, 56, 101 and 112 days, respectively. Collectively, these data suggest that despite promising in vitro activity for MK1775, limited drug delivery into the brain may reduce the efficacy of MK1775 therapy in an orthotopic GBM xenograft model.
Citation Format: Jenny Pokorny, Vincenzo Pucci, Stuart Shumway, Bennett Ma, Katrina Bakken, Mark Schroeder, Brett Carlson, Jann N. Sarkaria. Pre-clinical investigation of the Wee1 inhibitor, MK1775, in glioblastoma multiforme. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3240. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3240
Collapse
|
15
|
Schuller A, Booher R, Cadzow L, Angagaw M, Harmonay L, Qu X, Miselis N, Pucci V, Ayers M, Graef T, Im E, Blanchard R, Long B, Zawel L, strack P. Abstract 699: Optimized dosing strategies resulting in prolonged pathway inhibition enhance dinaciclib anti-tumor activity in preclinical xenograft models. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Dinaciclib is a novel CDK1, 2, 5, and 9 inhibitor currently in clinical development for CLL. Preclinical studies indicate that dinaciclib may have activity in a wide variety of indications including hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. Clinically, dinaciclib is administered by 2 hour intravenous (iv) infusion and achieves plasma concentrations above 100nM for ∼6 hours; a concentration and duration of treatment which in vitro provides complete target engagement and induces apoptosis. Pre-clinically, dinaciclib is administered by intraperitoneal (ip) bolus injections and achieves plasma concentrations above 100nM for less than 2 hours. To determine whether prolonged plasma concentrations would enhance dinaciclib activity, we administered dinaciclib to COLO-320DM tumor bearing mice either as a 40 mg/kg single dose, or as two doses of 20 mg/kg separated by 2 hours. This 20-20 split dosing resulted in prolonged target engagement, phospho-RNA-Polymerase-2 reduction, decreased MCL-1, and increased apoptosis relative to the 40mg/kg single dose. Comparing the in vivo anti-tumor activity of dinaciclib dosed at 40 mg/kg ip every 4 days (q4d) vs. 20 mg/kg bid separated by 2 hours q4d demonstrated that the 20-20 split dose increased the anti-tumor activity of dinaciclib (25% Tumor Growth Inhibition (TGI) versus 66% TGI). Dinaciclib single vs. split dosing was further evaluated in 8 lung cancer xenograft models, 5 of which were insensitive to dinaciclib single dose (TGI >50%) and 3 of which were sensitive. 20-20 split dosing resulted in increased anti-tumor activity in all models tested. Split dosing resulted in <50% TGI in 4 of 5 insensitive models. Split dosing also increased anti-tumor activities in all 3 sensitive models tested resulting in stasis in 2 models, and sustained complete regressions in one lung cancer xenograft model. Body weight measurements revealed that split dosing increased body weight loss indicating that prolonged pathway inhibition can affect both anti-tumor activity and tolerability. Taken together, these data suggest that dinaciclib dosing paradigms that prolong pathway inhibition enhanced anti-tumor activity in pre-clinical xenograft models.
Citation Format: Alwin Schuller, Robert Booher, Louise Cadzow, Minilik Angagaw, Lauren Harmonay, Xianlu Qu, Nathan Miselis, Vincenzo Pucci, Mark Ayers, Thorsten Graef, Ellie Im, Rebecca Blanchard, Brian Long, Leigh Zawel, peter strack. Optimized dosing strategies resulting in prolonged pathway inhibition enhance dinaciclib anti-tumor activity in preclinical xenograft models. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 699. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-699
Collapse
|
16
|
Di Francesco ME, Avolio S, Dessole G, Koch U, Pompei M, Pucci V, Rowley M, Summa V. Synthesis and antiviral properties of novel tetracyclic nucleoside inhibitors of hepatitis C NS5B polymerase. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2013; 31:592-607. [PMID: 22908950 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2012.707344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
As part of an ongoing medicinal chemistry effort to identify novel nucleoside inhibitors of HCV NS5B polymerase, we report the discovery of a novel series of 2'-C-Methyl-ribose nucleoside derivatives bearing a 7-aryl and 7-heteroaryl- substituted 7-deaza-adenine nucleobase. A reliable platform for the synthesis and simplified purification of the corresponding nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) was established, enabling a solid understanding of the SAR relationship within the series. By this approach, we identified the novel analogs 13a and 13b that demonstrated micromolar levels of cellular activity, and the NTPs of which, 16a and 16b, are excellent inhibitors of NS5B with IC(50) = 0.1 μM, a level of intrinsic potency similar to that of previous and current clinical candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Emilia Di Francesco
- Istituto Di Ricerche Di Biologia Molecolare P. Angeletti S.p.A., Merck Research Laboratories Rome, Pomezia, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Summa V, Ludmerer SW, McCauley JA, Fandozzi C, Burlein C, Claudio G, Coleman PJ, Dimuzio JM, Ferrara M, Di Filippo M, Gates AT, Graham DJ, Harper S, Hazuda DJ, Huang Q, McHale C, Monteagudo E, Pucci V, Rowley M, Rudd MT, Soriano A, Stahlhut MW, Vacca JP, Olsen DB, Liverton NJ, Carroll SS. MK-5172, a selective inhibitor of hepatitis C virus NS3/4a protease with broad activity across genotypes and resistant variants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:4161-7. [PMID: 22615282 PMCID: PMC3421554 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00324-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HCV NS3/4a protease inhibitors are proven therapeutic agents against chronic hepatitis C virus infection, with boceprevir and telaprevir having recently received regulatory approval as add-on therapy to pegylated interferon/ribavirin for patients harboring genotype 1 infections. Overcoming antiviral resistance, broad genotype coverage, and a convenient dosing regimen are important attributes for future agents to be used in combinations without interferon. In this communication, we report the preclinical profile of MK-5172, a novel P2-P4 quinoxaline macrocyclic NS3/4a protease inhibitor currently in clinical development. The compound demonstrates subnanomolar activity against a broad enzyme panel encompassing major hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes as well as variants resistant to earlier protease inhibitors. In replicon selections, MK-5172 exerted high selective pressure, which yielded few resistant colonies. In both rat and dog, MK-5172 demonstrates good plasma and liver exposures, with 24-h liver levels suggestive of once-daily dosing. When administered to HCV-infected chimpanzees harboring chronic gt1a or gt1b infections, MK-5172 suppressed viral load between 4 to 5 logs at a dose of 1 mg/kg of body weight twice daily (b.i.d.) for 7 days. Based on its preclinical profile, MK-5172 is anticipated to be broadly active against multiple HCV genotypes and clinically important resistance variants and highly suited for incorporation into newer all-oral regimens.
Collapse
|
18
|
Di Francesco ME, Avolio S, Pompei M, Pesci S, Monteagudo E, Pucci V, Giuliano C, Fiore F, Rowley M, Summa V. Synthesis and antiviral properties of novel 7-heterocyclic substituted 7-deaza-adenine nucleoside inhibitors of Hepatitis C NS5B polymerase. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:4801-11. [PMID: 22770556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous investigations in our laboratories resulted in the discovery of a novel series of potent nucleoside inhibitors of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B polymerase bearing tetracyclic 7-substituted 7-deaza-adenine nucleobases. The planarity of such modified systems was suggested to play a role in the high inhibitory potency observed. This paper describes how we envisaged to maintain the desired planarity of the modified nucleobase by means of an intra-molecular H-bond, engaging a H-bond donor atom on an appropriately substituted 7-heterocyclic residue with the adjacent amino group of the nucleobase. The success of this strategy is reflected by the identification of several novel potent nucleoside inhibitors of HCV NS5B bearing a 7-heterocyclic substituted 7-deaza-adenine nucleobase. Amongst these, the 1,2,4-oxadiazole analog 11 showed high antiviral potency against HCV replication in replicon cells and efficient conversion to the corresponding NTP in vivo, with high and sustained levels of NTP measured in rat liver following intravenous and oral administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Emilia Di Francesco
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. Angeletti S.p.A., Merck Research Laboratories Rome, Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Harper S, McCauley JA, Rudd MT, Ferrara M, DiFilippo M, Crescenzi B, Koch U, Petrocchi A, Holloway MK, Butcher JW, Romano JJ, Bush KJ, Gilbert KF, McIntyre CJ, Nguyen KT, Nizi E, Carroll SS, Ludmerer SW, Burlein C, DiMuzio JM, Graham DJ, McHale CM, Stahlhut MW, Olsen DB, Monteagudo E, Cianetti S, Giuliano C, Pucci V, Trainor N, Fandozzi CM, Rowley M, Coleman PJ, Vacca JP, Summa V, Liverton NJ. Discovery of MK-5172, a Macrocyclic Hepatitis C Virus NS3/4a Protease Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:332-6. [PMID: 24900473 DOI: 10.1021/ml300017p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A new class of HCV NS3/4a protease inhibitors containing a P2 to P4 macrocyclic constraint was designed using a molecular modeling-derived strategy. Building on the profile of previous clinical compounds and exploring the P2 and linker regions of the series allowed for optimization of broad genotype and mutant enzyme potency, cellular activity, and rat liver exposure following oral dosing. These studies led to the identification of clinical candidate 15 (MK-5172), which is active against genotype 1-3 NS3/4a and clinically relevant mutant enzymes and has good plasma exposure and excellent liver exposure in multiple species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Harper
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - John A. McCauley
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael T. Rudd
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Ferrara
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello DiFilippo
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetta Crescenzi
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Uwe Koch
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Petrocchi
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Katharine Holloway
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - John W. Butcher
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Joseph J. Romano
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Kimberly J. Bush
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Kevin F. Gilbert
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Charles J. McIntyre
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Kevin T. Nguyen
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Nizi
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Steven S. Carroll
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Steven W. Ludmerer
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Christine Burlein
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Jillian M. DiMuzio
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Donald J. Graham
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Carolyn M. McHale
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Mark W. Stahlhut
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - David B. Olsen
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Edith Monteagudo
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Cianetti
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Giuliano
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pucci
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicole Trainor
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Christine M. Fandozzi
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael Rowley
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Paul J. Coleman
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Joseph P. Vacca
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Summa
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Nigel J. Liverton
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Antiviral Research, §Drug Metabolism, and ∥Chemistry, Modeling
and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
- Departments of ⊥Medicinal
Chemistry, #Drug
Metabolism, and ∇Molecular Modeling, IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cianetti S, Cooper VB, Attenni B, Pucci V, Fiore F, Giuliano C, Laufer R, Gardelli C, Monteagudo E, Narjes F, Pearce GE, Rowley M. Enhancement of intestinal absorption of 2-methyl cytidine prodrugs. Drug Deliv 2010; 17:214-22. [PMID: 20233089 DOI: 10.3109/10717541003667814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vivo absorption enhancement of a nucleoside (phosphoramidate prodrug of 2'-methyl-cytidine) anti-viral agent of proven efficacy by means of intestinal permeation enhancers. Natural nucleosides are hydrophilic molecules that do not rapidly penetrate cell membranes by diffusion and their absorption relies on specialized transporters. Therefore, the oral absorption of nucleoside prodrugs and the target organ concentration of the biologically active nucleotide can be limited due to poor permeation across the intestinal epithelium. In the present study, the specificity, concentration dependence, and effect of four classes of absorption promoters, i.e. fatty acids, steroidal detergents, mucoadhesive polymers, and secretory transport inhibitors, were evaluated in a rat in vivo model. Sodium caprate and alpha-tocopheryl-polyethyleneglycol-1000-succinate (TPGS) showed a significant effect in increasing liver concentration of nucleotide (5-fold). These results suggested that both excipients might be suited in a controlled release matrix for the synchronous release of the drug and absorption promoter directly to the site of absorption and highlights that the effect is strictly dependent on the absorption promoter dose. The feasibility of such a formulation approach in humans was evaluated with the aim of developing a solid dosage form for the peroral delivery of nucleosides and showed that these excipients do provide a potential valuable tool in pre-clinical efficacy studies to drive discovery programs forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Cianetti
- IRBM, Merck Research Laboratories, Via Pontina Km 30600, 00040, Pomezia (RM), Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Monteagudo E, Fonsi M, Chu X, Bleasby K, Evers R, Pucci V, Orsale M, Cianetti S, Ferrara M, Harper S, Laufer R, Rowley M, Summa V. The metabolism and disposition of a potent inhibitor of hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease. Xenobiotica 2010; 40:826-39. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2010.519061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
22
|
Pucci V, Di Palma S, Alfieri A, Bonelli F, Monteagudo E. A novel strategy for reducing phospholipids-based matrix effect in LC–ESI-MS bioanalysis by means of HybridSPE. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:867-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
23
|
Meppen M, Pacini B, Bazzo R, Koch U, Leone JF, Koeplinger KA, Rowley M, Altamura S, Di Marco A, Fiore F, Giuliano C, Gonzalez-Paz O, Laufer R, Pucci V, Narjes F, Gardelli C. Cyclic phosphoramidates as prodrugs of 2′-C-methylcytidine. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:3765-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
24
|
Gardelli C, Attenni B, Donghi M, Meppen M, Pacini B, Harper S, Di Marco A, Fiore F, Giuliano C, Pucci V, Laufer R, Gennari N, Marcucci I, Leone JF, Olsen DB, MacCoss M, Rowley M, Narjes F. Phosphoramidate Prodrugs of 2′-C-Methylcytidine for Therapy of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. J Med Chem 2009; 52:5394-407. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900447q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gardelli
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Barbara Attenni
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Monica Donghi
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Malte Meppen
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Barbara Pacini
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Steven Harper
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Annalise Di Marco
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Fiore
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Claudio Giuliano
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pucci
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Ralph Laufer
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Nadia Gennari
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Isabella Marcucci
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Joseph F. Leone
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - David B. Olsen
- Department of Antiviral Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Malcolm MacCoss
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Michael Rowley
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Frank Narjes
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pucci V, Giuliano C, Zhang R, Koeplinger KA, Leone JF, Monteagudo E, Bonelli F. HILIC LC-MS for the determination of 2'-C-methyl-cytidine-triphosphate in rat liver. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:1275-83. [PMID: 19347863 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A very accurate and selective LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the quantification of 2'-C-modified nucleoside triphosphate in liver tissue samples. An efficient pretreatment procedure of liver tissue samples was developed, using a fully automated SPE procedure with 96-well SPE plate (weak anion exchange sorbent, 30 mg). Nucleotide hydrophilic interaction chromatography has been performed on an aminopropyl column (100 mm x 2.0 mm, 3 microm) using a gradient mixture of ACN and ACN/water (5:95 v/v) with 20 mM ammonium acetate at pH 9.45 as mobile phase at 300 microL/min flow rate. The 2'-C-modified nucleoside triphosphate was detected in the negative ESI mode in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Calibration curve was linear over the 0.05-50 microM concentration range. Satisfying results, confirming the high reliability of the established LC-MS/MS method, were obtained for intraday precision (CV = 2.5-9.1%) and accuracy (92.6-94.8%) and interday precision (CV = 9.6-11.5%) and accuracy (94.4-102.4%) as well as for recovery (82.0-112.6%) and selectivity. The method has been successfully applied for pharmacokinetic studies of 2'-C-methyl-cytidine-triphosphate in liver tissue samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Pucci
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceuticals, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Luppi B, Bigucci F, Cerchiara T, Andrisano V, Pucci V, Mandrioli R, Zecchi V. Micelles Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol Substituted with Oleic Acid for Targeting of Lipophilic Drugs. Drug Deliv 2008; 12:21-6. [PMID: 15801717 DOI: 10.1080/10717540590889646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric micelles based on polyvinyl alcohol substituted with oleic acid were used as vehicles for progesterone and folic acid. The ability of this amphiphilic polymer to entrap lipophilic drugs and to generate stable micelles in aqueous neutral medium makes it a good candidate for drug delivery. The release of the loaded drugs in acidic environments represents another important property of these systems. Size of micelles, their stability, and their drug-loading capacity were evaluated, as well as the in vitro controlled-release profiles at pH 7.4 and 5.5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Luppi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bellucci R, Morselli S, Pucci V. Spherical aberration and coma with an aspherical and a spherical intraocular lens in normal age-matched eyes. J Cataract Refract Surg 2007; 33:203-9. [PMID: 17276259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2006.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study optical aberrations in eyes having uneventful cataract surgery and in-the-bag implantation of an aspherical Tecnis Z9000 intraocular lens (IOL) (AMO) or a spherical CeeOn Edge 911 IOL (Pharmacia) and compare the results with those in a group of phakic age-matched eyes. SETTING Ophthalmic Unit, Hospital and University of Verona, Verona, Italy. MATERIALS Three groups, each with 30 patients (30 eyes), were examined with the Topcon KR-9000PW topographer/aberrometer. Spherical aberration and coma were analyzed in detail for 4.0 mm optical zone. Internal values were obtained by subtracting corneal aberrations from ocular aberrations. Point spread function and modulation transfer function (MTF) were considered for optical quality. RESULTS The mean internal spherical aberration Z(4)(0) was -0.048 microm +/- 0.017 (SD) in the Tecnis group, +0.033 +/- 0.026 microm in the 911 Edge group (P<.001), and -0.013 +/- 0.056 microm in the phakic group (P = .149). The mean internal vertical coma Z(3)(-1) was 0.087 +/- 0.056 microm, 0.054 +/- 0.043 microm (P = .005), and 0.044 +/- 0.044 microm (P<.001), respectively. The internal horizontal coma Z(3)(+1) showed a similar pattern; however, total resulting coma was similar in the 3 groups. The mean Strehl ratio was 0.284 +/- 0.166 in the Tecnis group, 0.145 +/- 0.077 in the 911 Edge group (P<.01), and 0.164 +/- 0.097 in the phakic group (P<.01). The MTF curve was better in the Tecnis group (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS After uneventful implantation, the aspherical IOL yielded better ocular aberration and optical quality results than the spherical IOL. Induced coma was somewhat higher in the Tecnis group; however, the overall results were not affected. Physiologic IOL decentration after correct in-the-bag implantation did not negate the advantages of asphericity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bellucci
- Ophthalmic Unit, Hospital and University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pucci V, Bonelli F. Development of a simple and reliable accurate mass liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method for high-resolution accurate mass determinations of new drug entities on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2007; 21:3051-9. [PMID: 17705256 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Accurate mass measurements are used to determine the elemental composition and formulae of molecules to confirm their identity or to assist in their characterization. Currently, the most widely used techniques for measuring exact masses employ magnetic sector instruments, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers and lower resolution instruments such as time-of-flight (TOF) and quadrupole-TOF. This paper reports the accurate mass measurement using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Indeed, the recently introduced triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, with unique enhanced mass-resolution capability, has demonstrated simple data acquisition methods and requires few experiments to measure exact masses with accuracy and determines elemental compositions of both protonated and deprotonated molecules. All the accurate mass measurements were performed using both positive and negative electrospray ionization in enhanced mass-resolution mode (peak width of 0.1 Th FWMH). Several new drug entities were investigated as simulated unknowns and analyzed by means of an accurate mass liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (AM-LC/ESI-MS) method. The accurate mass measurements resulted in only one proposed elemental composition for all tested compounds, using reasonable elemental limits and mass tolerance for the calculation. Moreover, all the experimentally determined accurate mass measurements gave satisfactory results in terms of accuracy (lower than 5 ppm).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Pucci
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. Angeletti (IRBM), Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Via Pontina km 30.600, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pucci V, Raggi MA, Kenndler E. QUALITY CONTROL OF PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS OF NEUROLEPTIC DRUGS BY CAPILLARY ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100101433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Pucci
- a Institute for Analytical Chemistry , University of Vienna , Währingerstr. 38, Vienna, A 1090, Austria
| | - M. A. Raggi
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna, Italy
| | - E. Kenndler
- c Institute for Analytical Chemistry , University of Vienna , Währingerstr. 38, Vienna, A 1090, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pucci V, Bonelli F, Monteagudo E, Laufer R. Enhanced mass resolution method development, validation and assay application to support preclinical studies of a new drug candidate. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2006; 20:1240-6. [PMID: 16541410 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A very highly sensitive and highly selective liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) method was developed to evaluate and quantify a new drug candidate in different biological matrices. Following a simple plasma protein precipitation using acetonitrile, the post-treatment samples were analyzed on a C18 column interfaced with a new generation of triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. The recently introduced triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer, the TSQ Quantum Ultra, with enhanced mass-resolution capability, demonstrated improved sensitivity (0.05 ng/mL), coupled with suitable accuracy and precision, over a broad linear dynamic range (0.05-1000 ng/mL). A comparison of the assay performance data (dynamic range, calibration curve equation, precision and accuracy) of the enhanced resolution method against a unit resolution method under optimized conditions showed the performance improvement of the enhanced mass resolution method for bioanalytical high-throughput applications. The enhanced mass resolution method herein described was successfully applied to the evaluation of the pharmacokinetic profile of a new drug candidate in rat, rabbit and dog plasma samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Pucci
- Department of Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. Angeletti (IRBM), Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Via Pontina km 30.600, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pucci V, Bugamelli F, Baccini C, Raggi MA. Analysis of lamotrigine and its metabolites in human plasma and urine by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:935-942. [PMID: 15669009 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A reliable micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatographic method was developed and validated for the determination of lamotrigine and its metabolites in human plasma and urine. The variation of different parameters, such as pH of the background electrolyte (BGE) and Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) concentration, were evaluated in order to find optimal conditions. Best separation of the analytes was achieved using a BGE composed of 10 mM borate and 50 mM SDS, pH 9.5; melatonin was selected as the internal standard. Isolation of lamotrigine and its metabolites from plasma and urine was accomplished with an original solid-phase extraction procedure using hydrophilic-lypophilic balance cartridges. Good absolute recovery data and satisfactory precision values were obtained. The calibration plots for lamotrigine and its metabolites were linear over the 1-20 microg/mL concentration range. Sensitivity was satisfactory; the limits of detection and quantitation of lamotrigine were 500 ng/mL and 1 microg/mL, respectively. The application of the method to real plasma samples from epileptic patients under therapy with lamotrigine gave good results in terms of accuracy and selectivity, and in agreement with those obtained with an high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Pucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
An overview of the electrokinetic chromatographic methods for the analysis of antiepileptic drug levels in biological samples is presented. In particular, micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography is a very suitable method for the determination of these drugs, because it allows a rapid, selective, and accurate analysis. In addition to the electrokinetic chromatographic studies on the determination of antiepileptic drugs, some information regarding sample pretreatment will also be reported: this is a critical step when the analysis of biological fluids is concerned. The electrokinetic chromatographic methods for the determination of recent antiepileptic drugs (e.g., lamotrigine, levetiracetam) and classical anticonvulsants (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, ethosuximide, valproic acid) will be discussed in depth, and their pharmacological profiles will be briefly described as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Pucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pucci V, Monteagudo E, Bonelli F. High sensitivity determination of valproic acid in mouse plasma using semi-automated sample preparation and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2005; 19:3713-8. [PMID: 16299698 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A high-throughput liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) assay using automated sample preparation has been developed for the determination of valproic acid (VPA) in mouse plasma. A liquid-handling system was programmed to prepare calibration standard solutions in plasma, as well as quality controls and clinical samples. Plasma protein precipitation was performed on a 96-well plate, and the collected supernatant was directly injected into a reversed-phase LC/ESI-MS/MS system in the negative ionization mode. The calibration curve for VPA was linear over a dynamic range of 0.15-100 microg/mL. The limit of detection was 75 ng/mL and the lower limit of quantitation was 150 ng/mL. Intra- and inter-day validation assays of the semi-automated plasma analysis showed satisfactory accuracy and precision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Pucci
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. Angeletti, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Via Pontina km 30.600, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mandrioli R, Pucci V, Sabbioni C, Bartoletti C, Fanali S, Raggi MA. Enantioselective determination of the novel antidepressant mirtazapine and its active demethylated metabolite in human plasma by means of capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1051:253-60. [PMID: 15532581 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mirtazapine is a recent noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant drug. A capillary electrophoretic method has been developed for the enantioseparation and analysis of mirtazapine and its main active metabolite, N-desmethylmirtazapine, in human plasma. For method optimisation several experimental parameters were investigated, such as type and concentration of the chiral selector, buffer pH and capillary temperature. Baseline enantioseparation of the analytes was achieved in 2.5 min in a fused silica capillary (50 microm i.d.; 48.5 cm total length; 8.5 cm effective length) using carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin, dissolved in a background electrolyte consisting of 50 mM phosphate buffer at pH 2.5, as the chiral selector. UV detection was set at 205 nm. A careful pre-treatment of plasma samples was developed, using solid-phase extraction with hydrophilic-lipophilic balance cartridges (60 mg, 3 mL), eluting the sample with methanol, then concentrating it 37.5 times before injection. Extraction yield values are very satisfactory, being the average 89% for mirtazapine and 73% for N-desmethylmirtazapine. Application of the method to some human plasma samples has given satisfactory results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mandrioli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pucci V, Raggi MA, Svec F, Fréchet JMJ. Monolithic columns with a gradient of functionalities prepared via photoinitiated grafting for separations using capillary electrochromatography. J Sep Sci 2004; 27:779-88. [PMID: 15354555 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200401828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography with a longitudinal gradient of functionalities have been prepared via photoinitiated grafting of polymer chains onto the pore surface of a porous polymer monolith. In order to achieve the desired retention and electroosmotic flow, the hydrophobic poly(butyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolith with optimized porous properties was grafted with a layer of ionizable polymer, poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid). A moving shutter and a neutral density filter were used to control the dose of UV light received at different locations along the monolith in order to create the longitudinal gradient of functionalities. Formation of the desired gradients was confirmed using electron probe microanalysis of different locations along the column. The preparation technique significantly affects performance in the CEC mode as demonstrated on the separations of a model mixture using columns both with homogeneous distribution of grafts and with a gradient of functionality. Columns grafted with the gradient of functionalities were found superior to those functionalized uniformly. A comparison of the performance of the gradient column with another containing evenly distributed functionalities showed the performance benefits of the "gradient" column.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Pucci
- Material Sciences Division, E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 97420-8139, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
Pucci V, Bugamelli F, Mandrioli R, Ferranti A, Kenndler E, Raggi MA. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of Levetiracetam in human plasma: comparison of different sample clean-up procedures. Biomed Chromatogr 2004; 18:37-44. [PMID: 14872547 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An accurate and precise high-performance liquid chromatographic method using diode array detection for the determination of the novel antiepileptic, Levetiracetam, has been developed. Three clean-up procedures for the analysis of Levetiracetam in human plasma were implemented and evaluated, namely solid-phase extraction, deproteinization by addition of organic solvents and formation of insoluble salts. Adenosine was used as the internal standard for all three sample pretreatment procedures. Among the several cartridges used for solid-phase extraction, the hydrophilic-lypophilic balance (Oasis) HLB) phase provides the best extraction yield of Levetiracetam, together with high precision. With the two other clean-up procedures involving plasma deproteinization by addition of methanol or zinc sulphate, lower sensitivity and precision of the assays were obtained. However, they are cheaper and faster when compared with the solid-phase extraction procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Pucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Raggi MA, Mandrioli R, Sabbioni C, Pucci V. Atypical Antipsychotics: Pharmacokinetics, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Pharmacological Interactions. Curr Med Chem 2004; 11:279-96. [PMID: 14965232 DOI: 10.2174/0929867043456089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of new "atypical" antipsychotic agents, which are safer than classical neuroleptics and also active against the negative symptoms and neurocognitive deficits caused by the illness, has produced a significant advancement in the treatment of schizophrenia. The atypical (or "second generation") antipsychotics have several therapeutical properties in common, however they can significantly differ with regard to clinical potency and side effects. The main features regarding pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and pharmacological interactions of the most important atypical antipsychotics, namely clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine and risperidone, are treated herein. Several analytical methods available for the therapeutic drug monitoring of these drugs are also presented, as well as the novel formulations, which can notably improve the therapy of schizophrenia. Other very recent atypical agents, such as ziprasidone, aripiprazole, iloperidone, sertindole and zotepine will also be briefly described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Augusta Raggi
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pucci V, Mandrioli R, Raggi MA, Fanali S. Reversed-phase capillary electrochromatography for the simultaneous determination of acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol, and caffeine in analgesic tablets. Electrophoresis 2004; 25:615-21. [PMID: 14981689 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200305631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The separation and simultaneous determination of caffeine, paracetamol, and acetylsalicylic acid in two analgesic tablet formulations was investigated by capillary electrochromatography (CEC). The effect of mobile phase composition on the separation and peak efficiency of the three analytes was studied and evaluated; in particular, the influence of buffer type, buffer pH, and acetonitrile content of the mobile phase was investigated. The analyses were carried out under optimized separation conditions, using a full-packed silica capillary (75 microm ID; 30.0 cm and 21.5 cm total and effective lengths, respectively) with a 5 microm C8 stationary phase. A mixture of 25 mM ammonium formate at pH 3.0 and acetonitrile (30:70 v/v) was used as the mobile phase. UV detection was at 210 nm. Good linearity was found in the range of 50-200, 20-160, and 4-20 microg/mL for acetylsalicylic acid (r2=0.9988), paracetamol (r2=0.9990) and caffeine (r2=0.9990), respectively. Intermediate precision (RSD interday) as low as 0.1-0.8% was found for retention times, while the RSD values for the peak area ratios (Aanalyte/AIS) were in the range of 1.9-2.9%. The optimized CEC method was applied to the analysis of the studied compounds present in commercial tablets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Pucci
- University of Bologna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Pucci V, Mandrioli R, Ferranti A, Furlanetto S, Augusta Raggi M. Quality control of commercial tablets containing the novel antipsychotic quetiapine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 32:1037-44. [PMID: 12899991 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Quetiapine (bis [2-(2-[4-(dibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepin-11-yl]ethoxy)ethanol]fumarate) is the most recent agent introduced on the drug market for the treatment of psychotic disorders. Two different analytical methods for the quality control of quetiapine in commercial formulations have been developed and compared: a spectrophotometric method and a capillary zone electrophoretic (CZE) method. The spectrophotometric assay was carried out measuring the absorbance at a wavelength of 246 nm. The CZE method used an uncoated fused-silica capillary and a pH 2.5, 50 mM phosphate buffer as the background electrolyte. The detection wavelength was 205 nm, the separation voltage was 15 kV, and a complete electrophoretic run lasts less than 2.5 min. Extraction of quetiapine from the commercial tablets consisted of a simple one-step treatment with a pH 2.5, 50 mM phosphate buffer. Linearity was observed in the 5-25 microg ml(-1) concentration range of quetiapine for the spectrophotometric method, and in the 5-50 microg ml(-1) concentration range for the electrophoretic method. Both methods gave satisfactory results in terms of repeatability and intermediate precision (RSD<1.9%). Also accuracy values were very good for both methods, the recovery being between 98.2 and 100.5%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Pucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
A simple and fast capillary electrophoretic method has been developed for the enantioselective separation of citalopram and its main metabolites, namely N-desmethylcitalopram and N,N-didesmethylcitalopram, using beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) sulfate as the chiral selector. For method optimisation several parameters were investigated, such as CD and buffer concentration, buffer pH, and capillary temperature. Baseline enantioseparation of the racemic compounds was achieved in less than 6 min using a fused-silica capillary, filled with a background electrolyte consisting of a 35 mM phosphate buffer at pH 2.5 supplemented with 1% w/v beta-CD sulfate and 0.05% w/v beta-CD at 25 degrees C and applying a voltage of -20 kV. A fast separation method for citalopram was also optimized and applied to the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations. Racemic citalopram was resolved in its enantiomers in less than 1.5 min using short-end injection (8.5 cm, effective length) running the experiments in a background electrolyte composed of a 25 mM citrate buffer at pH 5.5 and 0.04% w/v beta-CD sulfate at a temperature of 10 degrees C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mandrioli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Pucci V, Bugamelli F, Mandrioli R, Bartoletti C, Rossi N, Raggi MA. Liquid chromatographic analysis of the cis(Z)- and trans(E)-isomers of clopenthixol in human plasma using a novel solid phase extraction procedure. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 792:313-21. [PMID: 12860039 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00317-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A simple and highly sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the simultaneous determination of cis(Z)-clopenthixol and trans(E)-clopenthixol in human plasma has been developed. The chromatographic analysis was carried out isocratically on a reversed-phase column (C(8) 150 x 4.6 mm I.D., 5 microm) using a mixture of 25 mM phosphate buffer and acetonitrile (65:35 v/v, pH* 3.0) as the mobile phase, and ultraviolet detection at 230 nm. Plasma sample pretreatment was accomplished by means of an original solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure carried out on cyanopropyl cartridges, with a high extraction yield and good selectivity. Under the optimum conditions, calibration graphs of spiked human plasma samples were obtained over the concentration ranges 1-300 ng ml(-1) for cis(Z)-clopenthixol and 1-200 ng ml(-1) for trans(E)-clopenthixol. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.3 ng ml(-1) for both cis(Z)- and trans(E)-isomers of clopenthixol. The method was successfully applied to the determination of cis(Z)-clopenthixol and trans(E)-clopenthixol in plasma samples of schizophrenic patients undergoing therapy with zuclopenthixol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Pucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Pucci V, Tappainer F, Borin S, Bellucci R. Long-term follow-up after transscleral diode laser photocoagulation in refractory glaucoma. Ophthalmologica 2003; 217:279-83. [PMID: 12792134 DOI: 10.1159/000070635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2002] [Accepted: 01/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Patients affected by glaucoma refractory to medical or surgical treatment are difficult to treat. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term effect of contact transscleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation (DLPC) on intraocular pressure (IOP) and on visual acuity of these patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred and twenty eyes of 107 patients suffering from refractory glaucoma and treated with DLPC were followed at the Eye Clinic of Verona University for an average of 26 +/- 8 months. Mean age was 57 +/- 26 years. IOP, visual acuity, and ocular complications were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 207 treatments were given. More than one treatment was given in 55 eyes (45.8%). Mean pretreatment IOP was 30.4 +/- 3.1 mm Hg. At the last follow-up, mean IOP was 20.3 +/- 1.8 mm Hg. Mean total medications were reduced from 4.5 +/- 0.5 to 2.3 +/- 0.3. No serious complications occurred in the 207 treatments. Visual acuity remained stable in 66 eyes (55%), improved in 25 eyes (20.8%), and decreased in 29 eyes (24.2%). CONCLUSIONS DLPC was effective in lowering IOP in eyes with refractory glaucoma. It also served to reduce the number of antiglaucoma medications, thus improving both the quality of life of the patients and their compliance to therapy. This procedure is relatively safe, very fast and easy to learn. However, careful attention is required to determine the exact position of the ciliary body in malformative glaucoma. Multiple treatments may be required to control IOP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Pucci
- Department of Ophthalmology, Verona Hospital, Verona, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Pucci V, Mandrioli R, Raggi MA. Determination of valproic acid (2-propylpentanoic acid) in human plasma by capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection. Electrophoresis 2003; 24:2076-2083. [PMID: 12858378 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200305405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A rapid capillary zone electrophoresis method with indirect UV detection was developed and validated for the determination of valproic acid (VPA) in human plasma. The analyses were carried out under optimized conditions, using a buffer system composed of 15 mM benzoate and 0.5 mM cetyltrimethylammonium bromide at pH 6.0, and 25% v/v methanol; 2-hydroxybutyric acid was selected as the internal standard (IS). The capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation was carried out at a negative potential of 30 kV and the indirect UV detection was operated at 210 +/- 20 nm for all assays. The influence of buffer pH, ionic strength, concentration of electroosmotic flow (EOF) modifier and organic modifier on indirect signal response and migration behavior of the organic acid was investigated. Isolation of VPA from plasma was accomplished by a carefully implemented procedure using methanol as the precipitant agent. Using a high ratio of methanol to plasma for deproteinization (4:1), good absolute recovery of the analyte and satisfactory selectivity was obtained. The calibration line for VPA was linear over the 1-100 microg/mL concentration range. Sensitivity was high; in fact, the limit of detection (LOD) of VPA was 150 ng/mL and 450 ng/mL the limit of quantitation (LOQ). The results obtained analyzing real plasma samples from schizophrenic patients under polytherapy with VPA as well as antipsychotic drugs were satisfactory in terms of precision, accuracy and sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Pucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Pucci V, Kenndler E, Raggi MA. Quantitation of oxcarbazepine and its metabolites in human plasma by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 2003; 17:231-8. [PMID: 12833388 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A reliable micellar electrokinetic chromatographic method for the determination of oxcarbazepine and its two main metabolites, 10-hydroxycarbamazepine and 10,11-trans-dihydroxy-10,11-dihydroxycarbamazepine, in human plasma was developed. The separation and determination of the analytes was achieved using a system consisting of 60 mM SDS in phosphate buffer (30 mM, pH 8.0), to which 20% (v/v) methanol was added. Separation was carried out in an uncoated fused-silica capillary with a separation voltage of 25 kV and currents typically less than 40 microA. Spectrophotometric detection was at 205 nm. Isolation of oxcarbazepine and its metabolites from plasma was accomplished by a solid-phase extraction procedure. The mean extraction yield of the analytes from plasma was higher than 94%. The linear correlation coefficients were better than 0.994 for all analytes. The limit of detection was 0.05 microg/mL, the limit of quantitation 0.15 microg/mL. The repeatability for the spiked blank plasma samples was lower than 1.9% and the intermediate precision lower than 2.1%, both expressed as RSD%. The results obtained analysing real plasma samples from epileptic patients under therapy with Tolep were satisfactory in terms of precision, accuracy and detectability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Pucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Raggi MA, Pucci V, Mandrioli R, Sabbioni C, Fanali S. Determination of recent antidepressant citalopram in human plasma by liquid chromatography—Fluorescence detection. Chromatographia 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
47
|
Pucci V, Bugamelli F, Mandrioli R, Luppi B, Raggi MA. Determination of progesterone in commercial formulations and in non conventional micellar systems. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 30:1549-59. [PMID: 12467927 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone was determined in commercial pharmaceutical formulations and experimental micellar systems by means of two analytical methods based on liquid chromatography and derivative spectrophotometry. The chromatographic analysis, with ultraviolet detection at 245 nm, was carried out on a C8 column using a mobile phase composed of 2-propanol and a pH 2.5, 30 mM phosphate buffer. Derivative spectrophotometry (DS) used the difference between the values of the first derivative at 227.2 and 253.6 nm. Both methods require only a simple extraction procedure of progesterone from the formulations before analysis. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure allows for the quantitative determination of progesterone in all pharmaceutical formulations tested (oily and alcoholic injectable solutions, gel preparations and soft capsules) and also of the newly-developed polymeric micellar system. On the contrary, the derivative spectrophotometric method is not suitable for the pharmaceutical formulation containing estradiol and for the new micellar systems. The results obtained with the two methods are in good agreement and always satisfactory in terms of precision and accuracy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Pucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
|
49
|
Abstract
Two different analytical methods for the quality control of fluoxetine in commercial formulations have been developed and compared: a spectrofluorimetric method and a capillary zone electrophoretic (CZE) method. The fluorescence emission values were measured at lambda=293 nm when exciting at lambda=230 nm. The CZE method used an uncoated fused-silica capillary and pH 2.5 phosphate buffer as the background electrolyte. The extraction of fluoxetine from the capsules consisted of a simple one-step dissolution with methanol/water, filtration and dilution. Both methods gave satisfactory results in terms of precision; the best results were obtained for the electrophoretic method, with RSD% values always lower than 2.0%. The accuracy was assessed by means of recovery studies, which gave very good results, between 97.5 and 102.6%. Furthermore, both methods also have the advantage of being very rapid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Mandrioli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
The amount of melatonin in galenic tablets was determined by means of two feasible and accurate analytical methods. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet detection at 223 nm used a C(18) reversed-phase column; the linear scan voltammetric procedure (LSV) employs a pH 3.0 phosphate buffer as the supporting electrolyte for the oxidation process of melatonin, which has a current intensity maximum at +850 mV. The two methods gave satisfactory results in terms of precision and accuracy. In fact, the data of repeatability and intermediate precision expressed as percentage relative standard deviations (RSD%) were < or =2.8 and the accuracy values, resulting from recovery experiments, were between 99.0 and 101.3%. Both methods are suitable for quality control of melatonin in galenic preparations; the LSV procedure is more rapid, the HPLC method is more sensitive and more precise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Augusta Raggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|