1
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Davis K, Reavis M, Goodpaster JV. Characterization of an odor permeable membrane device for the storage of explosives and use as canine training aids. J Forensic Sci 2023; 68:815-827. [PMID: 36912418 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The storage and use of explosives is regulated at the state and federal level, with a particular focus on physical security and rigorous accounting of the explosive inventory. For those working with explosives for the training and testing of explosive-detecting canines, cross-contamination is an important concern. Hence, explosives intended for use with canine teams must be placed into secondary storage containers that are new, clean, and airtight. A variety of containers meet these requirements and include screw-top glass jars (e.g., mason jars). However, an additional need from the explosive-detecting canine community is secondary containers that can also be used as training aids whereby the volatiles emitted by explosives are emitted in a predictable and stable manner. Currently, a generally accepted method for the storage of explosives and controlled emission of explosive vapor for canine detection does not exist. Ideally, such containers should allow odor to escape from the training aid but block external contaminates such as particulates or other volatiles. One method in use places the explosive inside a permeable cotton bag when in use for training and then stores the cotton bag inside an impermeable nylon bag for long-term storage. This paper describes the testing of an odor permeable membrane device (OPMD) as a new way to store and deploy training aids. We measured the evaporation rate and flux of various liquid explosives and volatile compounds that have been identified in the headspace of actual explosives. OPMDs were used in addition to traditional storage containers to monitor the contamination and degradation of 14 explosives used as canine training aids. Explosives were stored individually using traditional storage bags or inside an OPMD at two locations, one of which actively used the training aids. Samples from each storage type at both locations were collected at 0, 3, 6, and 9 months and analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) with Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME). FTIR analyses showed no signs of degradation. GC-MS identified cross-contamination from ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN) and/or 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane (DMNB) across almost all samples regardless of storage condition. The contamination was found to be higher among training aids that were stored in traditional ways and that were in active use by canine teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kymeri Davis
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Madison Reavis
- Forensic & Investigative Sciences Program, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - John V Goodpaster
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Forensic & Investigative Sciences Program, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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2
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Simon A, Ong TH, Wrobel A, Mendum T, Kunz R. Review: Headspace Components of Explosives for Canine Non-Detonable Training Aid Development. Forensic Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2023.100491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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3
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Gallegos SF, Aviles-Rosa EO, DeChant MT, Hall NJ, Prada-Tiedemann PA. Explosive Odor Signature Profiling: A Review of recent advances in technical analysis and detection. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 347:111652. [PMID: 37019070 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
With the ever-increasing threat of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and homemade explosives (HME) both domestically and abroad, detection of explosives and explosive related materials is an area of urgent importance for preventing terrorist activities around the globe. Canines are a common biological detector used in explosive detection due to their enhanced olfactory abilities, high mobility, efficient standoff sampling, and optimal identification of vapor sources. While other sensors based on different principles have emerged, an important concept for the rapid field detection of explosives is understanding key volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with these materials. Explosive detection technology needs to be on par with a large number of threats including an array of explosive materials as well as novel chemicals used in the manufacture of IEDs. Within this much needed area of research for law enforcement and homeland security applications, several studies have sought to understand the explosive odor profile from a range of materials. This review aims to provide a foundational overview of these studies to provide a summary of instrumental analysis to date on the various types of explosive odor profiles evaluated focusing on the experimental approaches and laboratory techniques utilized in the chemical characterization of explosive vapors and mixtures. By expanding upon these concepts, a greater understanding of the explosive vapor signature can be achieved, providing for enhanced chemical and biological sensing of explosive threats as well as expanding upon existing laboratory-based models for continued sensor development.
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4
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Simon AG, Van Arsdale K, Barrow J, Wagner J. Real-time monitoring of TATP released from PDMS-based canine training aids versus bulk TATP using DART-MS. Forensic Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2021.100315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Day C, Rowe N, Hutter T. Nanoporous Silica Preconcentrator for Vapor-Phase DMNB, a Detection Taggant for Explosives. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:18073-18079. [PMID: 32743181 PMCID: PMC7391368 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The detection of trace amounts of explosives in the vapor phase is of great importance. Preconcentration of the analyte is a useful technique to lower the detection limit of existing sensors. A nanoporous silica (pSiO2) substrate was evaluated as a preconcentrator for gas-phase 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane (DMNB), a volatile detection taggant added by law to plastic explosives. After collection in pSiO2, the DMNB vapor was thermally desorbed at 70 °C into a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry sorbent tube. This was analyzed for the total mass of DMNB collected in pSiO2. The loading time and loading temperature of pSiO2 were varied systematically between 15 and 60 min and 5-20 °C, respectively. The preconcentrator's performance was compared to that of a nonporous substrate of the same material as a control. The collection efficiency of pSiO2 was calculated as approximately 20% of the total DMNB that passed over it in 30 min, at a concentration of 0.5 ppm in N2 carrier gas. It had enhancement factors compared to the nonporous substrate of 12 and 16 for 0.5 and 4.1 ppm DMNB, respectively, under the same conditions. No advantage was found with cooling pSiO2 below room temperature during the loading phase, which removes any need for a cooling system to aid preconcentration. The low desorption temperature of 70 °C is an advantage over other preconcentration systems, although a higher temperature could decrease the desorption time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coco Day
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Nathan Rowe
- Defence
Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton
Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, U.K.
| | - Tanya Hutter
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program
and Texas Materials Institute, The University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- SensorHut
Ltd, Cambridge CB4 0DS, U.K.
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6
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McEneff GL, Murphy B, Webb T, Wood D, Irlam R, Mills J, Green D, Barron LP. Sorbent Film-Coated Passive Samplers for Explosives Vapour Detection Part A: Materials Optimisation and Integration with Analytical Technologies. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5815. [PMID: 29643465 PMCID: PMC5895691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24244-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A new thin-film passive sampler is presented as a low resource dependent and discrete continuous monitoring solution for explosives-related vapours. Using 15 mid-high vapour pressure explosives-related compounds as probes, combinations of four thermally stable substrates and six film-based sorbents were evaluated. Meta-aramid and phenylene oxide-based materials showed the best recoveries from small voids (~70%). Analysis was performed using liquid chromatography-high resolution accurate mass spectrometry which also enabled tentative identification of new targets from the acquired data. Preliminary uptake kinetics experiments revealed plateau concentrations on the device were reached between 3–5 days. Compounds used in improvised explosive devices, such as triacetone triperoxide, were detected within 1 hour and were stably retained by the sampler for up to 7 days. Sampler performance was consistent for 22 months after manufacture. Lastly, its direct integration with currently in-service explosives screening equipment including ion mobility spectrometry and thermal desorption mass spectrometry is presented. Following exposure to several open environments and targeted interferences, sampler performance was subsequently assessed and potential interferences identified. High-security building and area monitoring for concealed explosives using such cost-effective and discrete passive samplers can add extra assurance to search routines while minimising any additional burden on personnel or everyday site operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian L McEneff
- King's Forensics, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
| | - Bronagh Murphy
- King's Forensics, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Webb
- Threat Mitigation Technologies, Metropolitan Police Service, 113 Grove Park, London, SE5 8LE, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Wood
- Threat Mitigation Technologies, Metropolitan Police Service, 113 Grove Park, London, SE5 8LE, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Irlam
- King's Forensics, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Jim Mills
- Air Monitors Ltd., 2/3 Miller Court, Severn Drive, Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire, GL20 8DN, United Kingdom
| | - David Green
- King's Forensics, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Leon P Barron
- King's Forensics, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
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7
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Mu R, He X, Gao X, Jia J, Li J. Determination of Malathion Using Corona Discharge – Ion Mobility Spectrometry with Solid-Phase Microextraction. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1362645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ren Mu
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuli He
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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Zheng L, Yang LL, Xing NN, Pan Y, Ji HX, Wei J, Guan W. Highly selective detection of nitrotoluene based on novel lanthanide-containing ionic liquids. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06300h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two novel rare-earth ionic liquids demonstrate high selectivity toward nitrotoluene in the presence of other aromatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zheng
- College of Chemistry
- Liaoning University
- Shenyang 110036
- P. R. China
| | - Li-Li Yang
- School of Environmental Science
- Liaoning University
- Shenyang 110036
- P. R. China
| | - Nan-Nan Xing
- College of Chemistry
- Liaoning University
- Shenyang 110036
- P. R. China
| | - Yi Pan
- College of Chemistry
- Liaoning University
- Shenyang 110036
- P. R. China
| | - Hong-Xiang Ji
- College of Chemistry
- Liaoning University
- Shenyang 110036
- P. R. China
| | - Jie Wei
- College of Chemistry
- Liaoning University
- Shenyang 110036
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Guan
- College of Chemistry
- Liaoning University
- Shenyang 110036
- P. R. China
- School of Environmental Science
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9
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Gooch J, Daniel B, Abbate V, Frascione N. Taggant materials in forensic science: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Giannoukos S, Brkić B, Taylor S, Marshall A, Verbeck GF. Chemical Sniffing Instrumentation for Security Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 116:8146-72. [PMID: 27388215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Border control for homeland security faces major challenges worldwide due to chemical threats from national and/or international terrorism as well as organized crime. A wide range of technologies and systems with threat detection and monitoring capabilities has emerged to identify the chemical footprint associated with these illegal activities. This review paper investigates artificial sniffing technologies used as chemical sensors for point-of-use chemical analysis, especially during border security applications. This article presents an overview of (a) the existing available technologies reported in the scientific literature for threat screening, (b) commercially available, portable (hand-held and stand-off) chemical detection systems, and (c) their underlying functional and operational principles. Emphasis is given to technologies that have been developed for in-field security operations, but laboratory developed techniques are also summarized as emerging technologies. The chemical analytes of interest in this review are (a) volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with security applications (e.g., illegal, hazardous, and terrorist events), (b) chemical "signatures" associated with human presence, and
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatios Giannoukos
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, L69 3GJ, U.K
| | - Boris Brkić
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, L69 3GJ, U.K.,Q-Technologies Ltd., 100 Childwall Road, Liverpool, L15 6UX, U.K
| | - Stephen Taylor
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, L69 3GJ, U.K.,Q-Technologies Ltd., 100 Childwall Road, Liverpool, L15 6UX, U.K
| | - Alan Marshall
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, L69 3GJ, U.K
| | - Guido F Verbeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas , Denton, Texas 76201, United States
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11
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Kanu AB, Leal A. Identity Efficiency for High-Performance Ambient Pressure Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3058-66. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Bakarr Kanu
- Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, United States
| | - Anne Leal
- Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, United States
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12
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Goudsmits E, Sharples GP, Birkett JW. Recent trends in organic gunshot residue analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Wang M, Duong B, Su M. Organic Phase Change Nanoparticles for in-Product Labeling of Agrochemicals. NANOMATERIALS 2015; 5:1810-1819. [PMID: 28347096 PMCID: PMC5304798 DOI: 10.3390/nano5041810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop in-product covert barcodes for anti-counterfeiting of agrochemicals. This paper reports a new organic nanoparticle-based in-product barcode system, in which a panel of organic phase change nanoparticles is added as a barcode into in a variety of chemicals (herein agrochemicals). The barcode is readout by detecting melting peaks of organic nanoparticles using differential scanning calorimetry. This method has high labeling capacity due to small sizes of nanoparticles, sharp melting peaks, and large scan range of thermal analysis. The in-product barcode can be effectively used to protect agrochemical products from being counterfeited due to its large coding capacity, technical readiness, covertness, and robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Binh Duong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Ming Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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14
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15
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Zhang Y, Xu M, Bunes BR, Wu N, Gross DE, Moore JS, Zang L. Oligomer-coated carbon nanotube chemiresistive sensors for selective detection of nitroaromatic explosives. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:7471-7475. [PMID: 25823968 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
High-performance chemiresistive sensors were made using a porous thin film of single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) coated with a carbazolylethynylene (Tg-Car) oligomer for trace vapor detection of nitroaromatic explosives. The sensors detect low concentrations of 4-nitrotoluene (NT), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) vapors at ppb to ppt levels. The sensors also show high selectivity to NT from other common organic reagents at significantly higher vapor concentrations. Furthermore, by using Tg-Car/CNT sensors and uncoated CNT sensors in parallel, differential sensing of NT, TNT, and DNT vapors was achieved. This work provides a methodology to create selective CNT-based sensors and sensor arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Zhang
- †Nano Institute of Utah and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Miao Xu
- †Nano Institute of Utah and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Benjamin R Bunes
- †Nano Institute of Utah and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Na Wu
- †Nano Institute of Utah and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Dustin E Gross
- ‡Department of Chemistry, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- ‡Department of Chemistry, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ling Zang
- †Nano Institute of Utah and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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16
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He M, Xue Z, Zhang Y, Huang Z, Fang X, Qu F, Ouyang Z, Xu W. Development and Characterizations of a Miniature Capillary Electrophoresis Mass Spectrometry System. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2236-41. [PMID: 25597704 DOI: 10.1021/ac504868w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muyi He
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhenhua Xue
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yinna Zhang
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zejian Huang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Xiang Fang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Feng Qu
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- Biomedical
Engineering Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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17
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Farhadi K, Bochani S, Hatami M, Molaei R, Pirkharrati H. Gas chromatographic detection of some nitro explosive compounds in soil samples after solid-phase microextraction with carbon ceramic copper nanoparticle fibers. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1578-84. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Farhadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Urmia University; Urmia Iran
| | - Shayesteh Bochani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Urmia University; Urmia Iran
| | - Mehdi Hatami
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Urmia University; Urmia Iran
| | - Rahim Molaei
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Urmia University; Urmia Iran
| | - Hossein Pirkharrati
- Department of Environmental Geology; Faculty of Science; Urmia University; Urmia Iran
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18
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19
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Patel DN, Li L, Kee CL, Ge X, Low MY, Koh HL. Screening of synthetic PDE-5 inhibitors and their analogues as adulterants: analytical techniques and challenges. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 87:176-90. [PMID: 23721687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The popularity of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) enzyme inhibitors for the treatment of erectile dysfunction has led to the increase in prevalence of illicit sexual performance enhancement products. PDE-5 inhibitors, namely sildenafil, tadalafil and vardenafil, and their unapproved designer analogues are being increasingly used as adulterants in the herbal products and health supplements marketed for sexual performance enhancement. To date, more than 50 unapproved analogues of prescription PDE-5 inhibitors were found as adulterants in the literature. To avoid detection of such adulteration by standard screening protocols, the perpetrators of such illegal products are investing time and resources to synthesize exotic analogues and devise novel means for adulteration. A comprehensive review of conventional and advance analytical techniques to detect and characterize the adulterants is presented. The rapid identification and structural elucidation of unknown analogues as adulterants is greatly enhanced by the wide myriad of analytical techniques employed, including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography mass-spectrometry (LC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, vibrational spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry (LC-FT-ICR-MS), liquid chromatograph-hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer with information dependent acquisition, ultra high performance liquid chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-TOF-MS), ion mobility spectroscopy (IMS) and immunoassay methods. The many challenges in detecting and characterizing such adulterants, and the need for concerted effort to curb adulteration in order to safe guard public safety and interest are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhavalkumar Narendrabhai Patel
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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20
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Kabir A, Holness H, Furton KG, Almirall JR. Recent advances in micro-sample preparation with forensic applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Schivo M, Seichter F, Aksenov AA, Pasamontes A, Peirano DJ, Mizaikoff B, Kenyon NJ, Davis CE. A mobile instrumentation platform to distinguish airway disorders. J Breath Res 2013; 7:017113. [PMID: 23446184 PMCID: PMC3633523 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/7/1/017113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are distinct but clinically overlapping airway disorders which often create diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. Current strategies to discriminate these diseases are limited by insensitivity and poor performance due to biologic variability. We tested the hypothesis that a gas chromatograph/differential mobility spectrometer (GC/DMS) sensor could distinguish between clinically well-defined groups with airway disorders based on the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) obtained from exhaled breath. After comparing VOC profiles obtained from 13 asthma, 5 COPD and 13 healthy control subjects, we found that VOC profiles distinguished asthma from healthy controls and also a subgroup of asthmatics taking the drug omalizumab from healthy controls. The VOC profiles could not distinguish between COPD and any of the other groups. Our results show a potential application of the GC/DMS for non-invasive and bedside diagnostics of asthma and asthma therapy monitoring. Future studies will focus on larger sample sizes and patient cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schivo
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Felicia Seichter
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander A. Aksenov
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alberto Pasamontes
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Daniel J. Peirano
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Nicholas J. Kenyon
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Cristina E. Davis
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Johnson BJ, Leska IA, Medina A, Dyson NF, Nasir M, Melde BJ, Taft JR, Charles PT. Toward in situ monitoring of water contamination by nitroenergetic compounds. SENSORS 2012. [PMID: 23202195 PMCID: PMC3522948 DOI: 10.3390/s121114953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have previously described the application of novel porous organosilicate materials to the preconcentration of nitroenergetic targets from aqueous solution prior to HPLC analysis. The performance of the sorbents and the advantages of these types of materials over commercially available solid phase extraction sorbents have been demonstrated. Here, the development of systems for application of those sorbents to in situ monitoring is described. Considerations such as column pressure, particulate filtration, and component durability are discussed. The diameter of selected column housings, the sorbent bed depth, and the frits utilized significantly impact the utility of the sorbent columns in the prototype system. The impact of and necessity for improvements in the morphological characteristics of the sorbents as they relate to reduction in column pressure are detailed. The results of experiments utilizing a prototype system are presented. Data demonstrating feasibility for use of the sorbents in preconcentration prior to ion mobility spectrometry is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy J. Johnson
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; E-Mails: (B.J.M.); (P.T.C.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-202-404-6100; Fax: +1-202-767-9598
| | - Iwona A. Leska
- NOVA Research Incorporated, Alexandria, VA 22308, USA; E-Mails: (I.A.L.); (J.R.T.)
| | - Alejandro Medina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo, Arecibo 00613, Puerto Rico; E-Mail:
| | - Norris F. Dyson
- College of Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Mansoor Nasir
- Biomedical Engineering, Lawrence Technological University, Southfield, MI 48075, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Brian J. Melde
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; E-Mails: (B.J.M.); (P.T.C.)
| | - Jenna R. Taft
- NOVA Research Incorporated, Alexandria, VA 22308, USA; E-Mails: (I.A.L.); (J.R.T.)
| | - Paul T. Charles
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; E-Mails: (B.J.M.); (P.T.C.)
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23
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de la Ossa MÁF, Torre M, García-Ruiz C. Determination of nitrocellulose by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 745:149-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Witko EM, Korter TM. Terahertz Spectroscopy of the Explosive Taggant 2,3-Dimethyl-2,3-Dinitrobutane. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:6879-84. [DOI: 10.1021/jp302487t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina M. Witko
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology,
Syracuse, New York 13244,
United States
| | - Timothy M. Korter
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology,
Syracuse, New York 13244,
United States
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25
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Schumann A, Lenth C, Hasener J, Steckel V. Detection of volatile organic compounds from wood-based panels by gas chromatography-field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry (GC-FAIMS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-012-0103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Fernández de la Ossa MÁ, López-López M, Torre M, García-Ruiz C. Analytical techniques in the study of highly-nitrated nitrocellulose. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Mäkinen M, Nousiainen M, Sillanpää M. Ion spectrometric detection technologies for ultra-traces of explosives: a review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:940-973. [PMID: 21294149 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, explosive materials have been widely employed for various military applications and civilian conflicts; their use for hostile purposes has increased considerably. The detection of different kind of explosive agents has become crucially important for protection of human lives, infrastructures, and properties. Moreover, both the environmental aspects such as the risk of soil and water contamination and health risks related to the release of explosive particles need to be taken into account. For these reasons, there is a growing need to develop analyzing methods which are faster and more sensitive for detecting explosives. The detection techniques of the explosive materials should ideally serve fast real-time analysis in high accuracy and resolution from a minimal quantity of explosive without involving complicated sample preparation. The performance of the in-field analysis of extremely hazardous material has to be user-friendly and safe for operators. The two closely related ion spectrometric methods used in explosive analyses include mass spectrometry (MS) and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). The four requirements-speed, selectivity, sensitivity, and sampling-are fulfilled with both of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Mäkinen
- Laboratory of Applied Environmental Chemistry, Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Patteristonkatu 1, 50100 Mikkeli, Finland.
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28
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Buryakov IA. Detection of explosives by ion mobility spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934811080077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Fast detection of methyl tert-butyl ether from water using solid phase microextraction and ion mobility spectrometry. Talanta 2011; 84:738-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Joshi M, Rigsby K, Almirall JR. Analysis of the headspace composition of smokeless powders using GC–MS, GC-μECD and ion mobility spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 208:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Johnson BJ, Melde BJ, Leska IA, Charles PT, Hewitt AD. Solid-phase extraction using hierarchical organosilicates for enhanced detection of nitroenergetic targets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:1404-9. [PMID: 21409222 DOI: 10.1039/c1em10034c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel porous organosilicate material was evaluated for application as a solid phase extraction sorbent for preconcentration of nitroenergetic targets from aqueous solution prior to HPLC analysis. The performance of the sorbent in spiked deionized water, groundwater, and surface water was evaluated. Targets considered included 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, RDX, HMX, and nitroglycerin. The sorbent was shown to provide improved performance over Sep-Pak RDX. The impact of complex matrices on target preconcentration by the sorbent was also found to be less dramatic than that observed for LiChrolut EN. The impact of changes in pH on target preconcentration was considered. Aqueous soil extracts generated from samples collected at sites of ordnance testing were also used to evaluate the materials. The results presented here demonstrate the potential of this novel sorbent for application as a solid phase extraction material for the preconcentration of nitroenergetic targets from aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy J Johnson
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA.
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32
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Planar solid-phase microextraction-ion mobility spectrometry: a diethoxydiphenylsilane-based coating for the detection of explosives and explosive taggants. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:2741-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4472-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Cook GW, LaPuma PT, Hook GL, Eckenrode BA. Using Gas Chromatography with Ion Mobility Spectrometry to Resolve Explosive Compounds in the Presence of Interferents*. J Forensic Sci 2010; 55:1582-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Gura S, Joshi M, Almirall JR. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) calibration using inkjet microdrop printing for direct loading of known analyte mass on to SPME fibers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:1049-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3983-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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35
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Brady JJ, Judge EJ, Levis RJ. Identification of explosives and explosive formulations using laser electrospray mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1659-1664. [PMID: 20486263 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Mass analysis is demonstrated for the detection of sub-microgram quantities of explosive samples on a metallic surface at atmospheric pressure using laser electrospray mass spectrometry (LEMS). A non-resonant femtosecond duration laser pulse vaporizes native samples for subsequent electrospray ionization and transfer into a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. LEMS was used to detect 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane (DMNB), 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), 3,4,8,9,12,13-hexaoxa-1,6-diazabicyclo[4.4.4]tetradecane (HMTD), and 3,3,6,6,9,9-hexamethyl-1,2,4,5,7,8-hexaoxacyclononane (TATP) deposited on a steel surface. LEMS was also used to directly analyze composite propellant materials containing an explosive to determine the molecular composition of the explosive pellets at atmospheric pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Brady
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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36
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Lovestead TM, Bruno TJ. Trace Headspace Sampling for Quantitative Analysis of Explosives with Cryoadsorption on Short Alumina Porous Layer Open Tubular Columns. Anal Chem 2010; 82:5621-7. [PMID: 20536184 DOI: 10.1021/ac1005926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tara M. Lovestead
- Thermophysical Properties Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305
| | - Thomas J. Bruno
- Thermophysical Properties Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305
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37
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Identification of volatile chemical signatures from plastic explosives by SPME-GC/MS and detection by ion mobility spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:2997-3007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3501-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Guerra-Diaz P, Gura S, Almirall JR. Dynamic Planar Solid Phase Microextraction−Ion Mobility Spectrometry for Rapid Field Air Sampling and Analysis of Illicit Drugs and Explosives. Anal Chem 2010; 82:2826-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902785y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Guerra-Diaz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University
| | - Sigalit Gura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University
| | - José R. Almirall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University
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39
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Detection of piperonal emitted from polymer controlled odor mimic permeation systems utilizing Canis familiaris and solid phase microextraction–ion mobility spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 195:132-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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40
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Harvey SD, Ewing RG, Waltman MJ. Selective sampling with direct ion mobility spectrometric detection for explosives analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-009-0031-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Paine MRL, Kirk BB, Ellis-Steinborner S, Blanksby SJ. Fragmentation pathways of 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane cations in the gas phase. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:2867-2877. [PMID: 19670345 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
2,3-Dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane (DMNB) is an explosive taggant added to plastic explosives during manufacture making them more susceptible to vapour-phase detection systems. In this study, the formation and detection of gas-phase [M+H](+), [M+Li](+), [M+NH(4)](+) and [M+Na](+) adducts of DMNB was achieved using electrospray ionisation on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The [M+H](+) ion abundance was found to have a strong dependence on ion source temperature, decreasing markedly at source temperatures above 50 degrees C. In contrast, the [M+Na](+) ion demonstrated increasing ion abundance at source temperatures up to 105 degrees C. The relative susceptibility of DMNB adduct ions toward dissociation was investigated by collision-induced dissociation. Probable structures of product ions and mechanisms for unimolecular dissociation have been inferred based on fragmentation patterns from tandem mass (MS/MS) spectra of source-formed ions of normal and isotopically labelled DMNB, and quantum chemical calculations. Both thermal and collisional activation studies suggest that the [M+Na](+) adduct ions are significantly more stable toward dissociation than their protonated analogues and, as a consequence, the former provide attractive targets for detection by contemporary rapid screening methods such as desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R L Paine
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW, 2522, Australia
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42
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Gura S, Guerra-Diaz P, Lai H, Almirall JR. Enhancement in sample collection for the detection of MDMA using a novel planar SPME (PSPME) device coupled to ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). Drug Test Anal 2009; 1:355-62. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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43
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Detection of odor signatures of smokeless powders using solid phase microextraction coupled to an ion mobility spectrometer. Forensic Sci Int 2009; 188:112-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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45
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Germain ME, Knapp MJ. Optical explosives detection: from color changes to fluorescence turn-on. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 38:2543-55. [DOI: 10.1039/b809631g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 836] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Detection of undeclared erectile dysfunction drugs and analogues in dietary supplements by ion mobility spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 49:601-6. [PMID: 19150190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) method was developed to screen for the presence of undeclared synthetic erectile dysfunction (ED) drugs or drug analogues in herbal dietary supplements claiming to enhance male sexual performance. Ion mobility spectra of authenticated reference materials including three FDA approved drugs (sildenafil citrate, tadalafil, vardenafil hydrochloride trihydrate) and five previously identified synthetic analogues (methisosildenafil, homosildenafil, piperidenafil, thiosildenafil, thiomethisosildenafil) were measured to determine their reduced ion mobilities (K(0)). All eight compounds exhibited reduced mobilities between 0.8257 and 1.2876 cm(2)/(Vs). Twenty-six herbal products were then screened for the presence of these compounds, and 15 of the 26 products tested positive for the presence of ED drug or drug analogue adulterants based on their reduced ion mobilities. IMS results were compared against the results obtained from an independent LC/MS reference method for the identical samples. Herbal dietary supplements containing adulterants were classified with 100% accuracy and most of the adulterants were correctly identified by a comparison of the K(0) of the adulterant to the K(0) of the authenticated reference material. The results demonstrate that IMS is a viable method for screening herbal dietary supplements for the presence of ED drug or drug analogue adulterants.
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47
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Talaty N, Mulligan CC, Justes DR, Jackson AU, Noll RJ, Cooks RG. Fabric analysis by ambient mass spectrometry for explosives and drugs. Analyst 2008; 133:1532-40. [PMID: 18936830 DOI: 10.1039/b807934j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) is applied to the rapid, in-situ, direct qualitative and quantitative analysis of mixtures of explosives and drugs from a variety of fabrics, including cotton, silk, denim, polyester, rayon, spandex, leather and their blends. The compounds analyzed were explosives: trinitrohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) and the drugs of abuse: heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine. Limits of detection are in the picogram range. DESI analyses were performed without sample preparation and carried out in the presence of common interfering chemical matrices, such as insect repellant, urine, and topical lotions. Spatial and depth profiling was investigated to examine the depth of penetration and lateral resolution. DESI was also used to examine cotton transfer swabs used for travel security sample collection in the screening process. High throughput quantitative analysis of fabric surfaces for targeted analytes is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nari Talaty
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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48
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Kanu AB, Gribb MM, Hill HH. Predicting optimal resolving power for ambient pressure ion mobility spectrometry. Anal Chem 2008; 80:6610-9. [PMID: 18683951 DOI: 10.1021/ac8008143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although diffusion theory predicts that IMS resolving power increases with the square root of the voltage applied across the drift tube, in practice, there exists an optimum voltage above which resolving power decreases. This optimum voltage was determined to be both compound and initial ion pulse width dependent. A "conditional" resolving power equation is introduced that can be used to quickly approximate realistic resolving powers for specific instrumental operating parameters and compounds. Using four common environmental contaminants (trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, methyl tert-butyl ether, methyl isobutyl ketone), diffusion-limited (theoretical), R d, conditional, R c, and actual (or measured), R m, IMS resolving powers were determined and compared for a small IMS instrument designed for subsurface measurements. Detection limits determined at the optimal resolving power for the environmental contaminants ranged from 18 parts per trillion volume-to-volume (ppt v) to 80 parts per billion volume-to-volume (ppb v). The maximal measured resolving power for our small, ambient-pressure stand-alone IMS ranged from 42 to 54, yielding an IMS resolving power efficiency, defined as R m/ R c x 100%, of 56-74% of the maximal conditional resolving power possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu B Kanu
- Department of Chemistry, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, Texas 77446-0519, USA
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49
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Guerra P, Lai H, Almirall JR. Analysis of the volatile chemical markers of explosives using novel solid phase microextraction coupled to ion mobility spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:2891-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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50
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Headspace sampling and detection of cocaine, MDMA, and marijuana via volatile markers in the presence of potential interferences by solid phase microextraction–ion mobility spectrometry (SPME-IMS). Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:105-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2229-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2008] [Revised: 05/31/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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