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Zhou Y, Jönsson A, Sticker D, Zhou G, Yuan Z, Kutter JP, Emmer Å. Thiol-ene-based microfluidic chips for glycopeptide enrichment and online digestion of inflammation-related proteins osteopontin and immunoglobulin G. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1173-1185. [PMID: 36607393 PMCID: PMC9817458 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04498-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteins, and more specifically glycoproteins, have been widely used as biomarkers, e.g., to monitor disease states. Bottom-up approaches based on mass spectrometry (MS) are techniques commonly utilized in glycoproteomics, involving protein digestion and glycopeptide enrichment. Here, a dual function polymeric thiol-ene-based microfluidic chip (TE microchip) was applied for the analysis of the proteins osteopontin (OPN) and immunoglobulin G (IgG), which have important roles in autoimmune diseases, in inflammatory diseases, and in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). TE microchips with larger internal surface features immobilized with trypsin were successfully utilized for OPN digestion, providing rapid and efficient digestion with a residence time of a few seconds. Furthermore, TE microchips surface-modified with ascorbic acid linker (TEA microchip) have been successfully utilized for IgG glycopeptide enrichment. To illustrate the use of the chips for more complex samples, they were applied to enrich IgG glycopeptides from human serum samples with antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The dual functional TE microchips could provide high throughput for online protein digestion and glycopeptide enrichment, showing great promise for future extended applications in proteomics and the study of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuye Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Jönsson
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Drago Sticker
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Biophysics and Formulation, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Guojun Zhou
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zishuo Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jörg P Kutter
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Åsa Emmer
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
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2
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Ghanem A, Marzouk AA, El-Adl SM, Fouad A. A Polymer-based Monolithic Capillary Column with Polymyxin-B Chiral Selector for the Enantioselective Nano-High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Pharmaceutical Analysis. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1662:462714. [PMID: 34902721 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the first use of Polymyxin-B antibiotic as a enantio-selector in polymer monolithic capillary. The capillaries were functionalised, characterized and tested for the enantioselective nano-HPLC separation of 50 racemic pharmaceutical drugs. They have been easily prepared by immobilizing Polymyxin-B over the organic polymer for 48 h (P1) or encapsulating Polymyxin-B within the organic polymer (P2) and tested for the enantioselective resolution of racemic drugs. Acceptable resolution was achieved for 21 drugs using RP-HPLC conditions on both (P1) and (P2) capillary columns, while no separation was observed under NP-HPLC conditions. Polymyxin-B is commercially available, easily solubilized and stable in both acidic and neutral media. The developed Polymyxin-B-based polymer monolithic capillaries provide a promising expansion of platform in enantioselective HPLC separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Ghanem
- Chirality Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Adel A Marzouk
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt.
| | - Sobhy M El-Adl
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Ali Fouad
- Chirality Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt.
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3
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Nagy C, Huszank R, Gaspar A. Study of the geometry of open channels in a layer-bed-type microfluidic immobilized enzyme reactor. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6321-6332. [PMID: 34378068 PMCID: PMC8487885 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims at studying open channel geometries in a layer-bed-type immobilized enzyme reactor with computer-aided simulations. The main properties of these reactors are their simple channel pattern, simple immobilization procedure, regenerability, and disposability; all these features make these devices one of the simplest yet efficient enzymatic microreactors. The high surface-to-volume ratio of the reactor was achieved using narrow (25–75 μm wide) channels. The simulation demonstrated that curves support the mixing of solutions in the channel even in strong laminar flow conditions; thus, it is worth including several curves in the channel system. In the three different designs of microreactor proposed, the lengths of the channels were identical, but in two reactors, the liquid flow was split to 8 or 32 parallel streams at the inlet of the reactor. Despite their overall higher volumetric flow rate, the split-flow structures are advantageous due to the increased contact time. Saliva samples were used to test the efficiencies of the digestions in the microreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Nagy
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Robert Huszank
- Institute for Nuclear Research (Atomki), P.O. Box 51, Debrecen, 4001, Hungary
| | - Attila Gaspar
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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4
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Fouad A, Marzouk AA, Shaykoon MSA, Ibrahim SM, El-Adl SM, Ghanem A. Daptomycin: A Novel Macrocyclic Antibiotic as a Chiral Selector in an Organic Polymer Monolithic Capillary for the Enantioselective Analysis of a Set of Pharmaceuticals. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123527. [PMID: 34207780 PMCID: PMC8227699 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Daptomycin, a macrocyclic antibiotic, is here used as a new chiral selector in preparation of chiral stationary phase (CSP) in a recently prepared polymer monolithic capillary. The latter is prepared using the copolymerization of the monomers glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) in the presence of daptomycin in water. Under reversed phase conditions (RP), the prepared capillaries were tested for the enantioselective nanoliquid chromatographic separation of fifty of the racemic drugs of different pharmacological groups, such as adrenergic blockers, H1-blockers, NSAIDs, antifungal drugs, and others. Baseline separation was attained for many drugs under RP-HPLC. Daptomycin expands the horizon of chiral selectors in HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Fouad
- Chirality Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Canberra 2601, Australia;
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt; (A.A.M.); (M.S.A.S.)
| | - Adel A. Marzouk
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt; (A.A.M.); (M.S.A.S.)
| | - Montaser Sh. A. Shaykoon
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt; (A.A.M.); (M.S.A.S.)
| | - Samy M. Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (S.M.I.); (S.M.E.-A.)
| | - Sobhy M. El-Adl
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (S.M.I.); (S.M.E.-A.)
| | - Ashraf Ghanem
- Chirality Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Canberra 2601, Australia;
- Correspondence:
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Mravljak R, Bizjak O, Božič B, Podlogar M, Podgornik A. Flow-Through PolyHIPE Silver-Based Catalytic Reactor. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:880. [PMID: 33809358 PMCID: PMC8000888 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalytic reactors performing continuously are an important step towards more efficient and controllable processes compared to the batch operation mode. For this purpose, homogenous high internal phase emulsion polymer materials with an immobilized silver catalyst were prepared and used as a continuous plug flow reactor. Porous material with epoxide groups was functionalized to bear aldehyde groups which were used to reduce silver ions using Tollens reagent. Investigation of various parameters revealed that the mass of deposited silver depends on the aldehyde concentration as well as the composition of Tollens reagent. Nanoparticles formed on the pore surface showed high crystallinity with a cuboctahedra crystal shape and highly uniform surface coverage. The example of the 4-nitrophenol catalytic reduction in a continuous process was studied and demonstrated to be dependent on the mass of deposited silver. Furthermore, productivity increased with the volumetric silver density and flow rate, and it was preserved during prolonged usage and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rok Mravljak
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technical Safety, Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.M.); (O.B.); (B.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Ožbej Bizjak
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technical Safety, Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.M.); (O.B.); (B.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Benjamin Božič
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technical Safety, Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.M.); (O.B.); (B.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Matejka Podlogar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technical Safety, Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.M.); (O.B.); (B.B.); (M.P.)
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Podgornik
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technical Safety, Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.M.); (O.B.); (B.B.); (M.P.)
- COBIK, Tovarniška 26, 5270 Ajdovščina, Slovenia
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Immobilization of proteolytic enzymes on replica-molded thiol-ene micropillar reactors via thiol-gold interaction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:2339-2349. [PMID: 30899997 PMCID: PMC6459972 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01674-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We introduce rapid replica molding of ordered, high-aspect-ratio, thiol-ene micropillar arrays for implementation of microfluidic immobilized enzyme reactors (IMERs). By exploiting the abundance of free surface thiols of off-stoichiometric thiol-ene compositions, we were able to functionalize the native thiol-ene micropillars with gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and these with proteolytic α-chymotrypsin (CHT) via thiol-gold interaction. The micropillar arrays were replicated via PDMS soft lithography, which facilitated thiol-ene curing without the photoinitiators, and thus straightforward bonding and good control over the surface chemistry (number of free surface thiols). The specificity of thiol-gold interaction was demonstrated over allyl-rich thiol-ene surfaces and the robustness of the CHT-IMERs at different flow rates and reaction temperatures using bradykinin hydrolysis as the model reaction. The product conversion rate was shown to increase as a function of decreasing flow rate (increasing residence time) and upon heating of the IMER to physiological temperature. Owing to the effective enzyme immobilization onto the micropillar array by GNPs, no further purification of the reaction solution was required prior to mass spectrometric detection of the bradykinin hydrolysis products and no clogging problems, commonly associated with conventional capillary packings, were observed. The activity of the IMER remained stable for at least 1.5 h (continuous use), suggesting that the developed protocol may provide a robust, new approach to implementation of IMER technology for proteomics research. Graphical abstract.
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7
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Schejbal J, Šefraná Š, Řemínek R, Glatz Z. Capillary electrophoresis integrated immobilized enzyme reactor for kinetic and inhibition assays of β-secretase as the Alzheimer's disease drug target. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:1067-1076. [PMID: 30663871 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis integrated immobilized enzyme reactors are becoming an increasingly popular alternative for enzyme kinetic and inhibition assays thanks to their unique set of features including cost effectiveness, repeated use of the enzyme, minuscule sample consumption, rapid analysis time and easy automation. In this work we present the development and application of a capillary electrophoresis integrated immobilized enzyme reactor based on magnetic particles for kinetic and inhibition studies of β-secretase, a key enzyme in the development of Alzheimer's disease and a promising drug target. We document the optimization of the immobilization procedure, characterization of immobilized β-secretase, optimization of a mutually compatible incubation protocol and separation method as well as the production of the capillary electrophoresis integrated immobilized enzyme reactor. The applicability of the capillary electrophoresis integrated immobilized enzyme reactor was demonstrated by kinetic assay with an unlabelled substrate and by inhibition assays using three structurally different reference inhibitors. The resulting kinetic and inhibition parameters clearly support the applicability of the herein presented method as well as document the fundamental phenomena which need to be taken in account when comparing the results to other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schejbal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Šefraná
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Řemínek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Glatz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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8
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Currivan SA, Chen WQ, Wilson R, Sanz Rodriguez E, Upadhyay N, Connolly D, Nesterenko PN, Paull B. Multi-lumen capillary based trypsin micro-reactor for the rapid digestion of proteins. Analyst 2018; 143:4944-4953. [PMID: 30221288 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01330f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this work we evaluated a novel microreactor prepared using a surface modified, high surface-to-volume ratio multi-lumen fused silica capillary (MLC). The MLC investigated contained 126 parallel channels, each of 4 μm internal diameter. The MLC, along with conventional fused silica capillaries of 25 μm and 50 μm internal diameter, were treated by (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) and then modified with gold nanoparticles, of ∼20 nm in diameter, to ultimately provide immobilisation sites for the proteolytic enzyme, trypsin. The modified capillaries and MLCs were characterised and profiled using non-invasive scanning capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (sC4D). The sC4D profiles confirmed a significantly higher amount of enzyme was immobilised to the MLC when compared to the fused silica capillaries, attributable to the increased surface to volume ratio. The MLC was used for dynamic protein digestion, where peptide fragments were collected and subjected to off-line chromatographic evaluation. The digestion was achieved with the MLC reactor, using a residence time of just 1.26 min, following which the HPLC peak associated with the intact protein decreased by >70%. The MLC reactors behaved similarly to the classical in vitro or in-solution approach, but provided a reduction in digestion time, and fewer peaks associated with trypsin auto-digestion, which is common using in-solution digestion. The digestion of cytochrome C using both the MLC-IMER and the in-solution approach, resulted in a sequence coverage of ∼80%. The preparation of the MLC microreactor was reproducible with <2.5% RSD between reactors (n = 3) as determined by sC4D.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Currivan
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia.
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9
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Liu W, Pang Y, Tan HY, Patel N, Jokhadze G, Guthals A, Bruening ML. Enzyme-containing spin membranes for rapid digestion and characterization of single proteins. Analyst 2018; 143:3907-3917. [PMID: 30039812 DOI: 10.1039/c8an00969d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic digestion is an important step in characterizing protein sequences and post-translational modifications (PTMs) using mass spectrometry (MS). This study uses pepsin- or trypsin-containing spin membranes for rapid digestion of single proteins or simple protein mixtures prior to ultrahigh-resolution Orbitrap MS analysis. Centrifugation of 100 μL of pretreated protein solutions through the functionalized membranes requires less than 1 min and conveniently digests proteins into large peptides that aid in confirming specific protein sequence variations and PTMs. Peptic and tryptic peptides from spin digestion of apomyoglobin and four commercial monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) typically cover 100% of the protein sequences in direct infusion MS analysis. Increasing the spin rate leads to a higher fraction of large peptic peptides for apomyoglobin, and MS analysis of peptic and tryptic peptides reveals mAb PTMs such as N-terminal pyroglutamate formation, C-terminal lysine clipping and glycosylation. Relative to overnight in-solution digestion of mAbs, spin digestion yields higher sequence coverages. Spin-membrane digestion followed by infusion MS readily differentiates a mAb to the Ebola virus from a related antibody that differs by addition of a single amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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10
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Kecskemeti A, Gaspar A. Particle-based immobilized enzymatic reactors in microfluidic chips. Talanta 2018; 180:211-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Kecskemeti A, Gaspar A. Preparation and characterization of a packed bead immobilized trypsin reactor integrated into a PDMS microfluidic chip for rapid protein digestion. Talanta 2017; 166:275-283. [PMID: 28213235 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates the design, efficiency and applicability of a simple, inexpensive and high sample throughput microchip immobilized enzymatic reactor (IMER) for rapid protein digestion. The IMER contains conventional silica particles with covalently immobilized trypsin packed inside of a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microchip channel (10mm×1mm×35µm). The microchip consists of 9 different channels, enabling 9 simultaneous protein digestions. Trypsin was covalently immobilized using carbodiimide activation, the ideal trypsin/silica particle ratio (i.e. measured mass ratio before the immobilization reaction) was determined. The amount of immobilized trypsin was 10-15μg trypsin for 1mg silica particle. Migration times of CZE peptide maps showed good repeatability and reproducibility (RSD%=0.02-0.31%). The IMER maintained its activity for 2 months, in this period it was used effectively for rapid proteolysis. Four proteins (myoglobin, lysozyme, hemoglobin and albumin) in a wide size range (15-70kDa) were digested to demonstrate the applicability of the reactor. Their CZE peptide maps were compared to peptide maps obtained from standard in-solution digestion of the four proteins. The number of peptide peaks correlated well with the theoretically expected peptide number in both cases, the peak patterns of the electropherograms were similar, however, digestion with the microchip IMER requires only <10s, while in-solution digestion takes 16h. LC-MS/MS peptide mapping was also carried out, the four proteins were identified with satisfying sequence coverages (29-50%), trypsin autolysis peptides were not detected. The protein content of human serum was digested with the IMER and with in-solution digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kecskemeti
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - Attila Gaspar
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, Debrecen 4032, Hungary.
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Vlakh EG, Platonova GA, Tennikova TB. The preparation and study of the properties of macroporous monolith-based continuous flow bioreactors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3103/s0027131416020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Laurenti E, dos Santos Vianna Jr. A. Enzymatic microreactors in biocatalysis: history, features, and future perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/boca-2015-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMicrofluidic reaction devices are a very promising technology for chemical and biochemical processes. In microreactors, the micro dimensions, coupled with a high surface area/volume ratio, permit rapid heat exchange and mass transfer, resulting in higher reaction yields and reaction rates than in conventional reactors. Moreover, the lower energy consumption and easier separation of products permit these systems to have a lower environmental impact compared to macroscale, conventional reactors. Due to these benefits, the use of microreactors is increasing in the biocatalysis field, both by using enzymes in solution and their immobilized counterparts. Following an introduction to the most common applications of microreactors in chemical processes, a broad overview will be given of the latest applications in biocatalytic processes performed in microreactors with free or immobilized enzymes. In particular, attention is given to the nature of the materials used as a support for the enzymes and the strategies employed for their immobilization. Mathematical and engineering aspects concerning fluid dynamics in microreactors were also taken into account as fundamental factors for the optimization of these systems.
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14
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Sun X, Cai X, Wang RQ, Xiao J. Immobilized trypsin on hydrophobic cellulose decorated nanoparticles shows good stability and reusability for protein digestion. Anal Biochem 2015; 477:21-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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15
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Foo HC, Smith NW, Stanley SM. Fabrication of an on-line enzyme micro-reactor coupled to liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the digestion of recombinant human erythropoietin. Talanta 2015; 135:18-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Shkolnikov V, Santiago JG. Coupling isotachophoresis with affinity chromatography for rapid and selective purification with high column utilization, part 2: experimental study. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6229-36. [PMID: 24937777 PMCID: PMC4079321 DOI: 10.1021/ac5011074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We present an experimental study of coupling of isotachophoresis (ITP) and affinity chromatography (AC) to effect rapid, selective purification with high column utilization and high resolution. We provide a detailed protocol for performing ITP-AC and describe the design of a buffer system to perform sequence specific separation of nucleic acids. We describe the synthesis and functionalization of our affinity substrate, poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) porous polymer monolith (GMA-EDMA PPM). This substrate allows easy immobilization of affinity probes, is nonsieving (even to macromolecules), and exhibits negligible nonspecific binding. We demonstrate ITP-AC with 25 nt, Cy5 labeled DNA target and a DNA probe and study the spatiotemporal dynamics using epifluorescence imaging. We make qualitative and quantitative comparisons between these data and the model presented in the first part of this two-paper series. We vary the target concentration from 1 pg μL(-1) to 100 pg μL(-1) and ITP velocity over the range of 10-50 μm s(-1), and thereby explore over 4 orders of magnitude of scaled target amount. We observe very good agreement between predictions and experimental data for the spatiotemporal behavior of the coupled ITP and affinity process, and for key figures of merit, including scaled capture length and maximum capture efficiency. Lastly, we demonstrate that the resolution of ITP-AC increases linearly with time and purify 25 nt target DNA from 10,000-fold higher abundance background (contaminating) genomic fish sperm DNA. We perform this capture from 200 μL of sample in under 1 mm column length and within <10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Shkolnikov
- Department
of Mechanical
Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Juan G. Santiago
- Department
of Mechanical
Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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17
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Krenkova J, Szekrenyes A, Keresztessy Z, Foret F, Guttman A. Oriented immobilization of peptide-N-glycosidase F on a monolithic support for glycosylation analysis. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1322:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Mahouche-Chergui S, Guerrouache M, Carbonnier B, Chehimi MM. Polymer-immobilized nanoparticles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Comparison of activity behaviors of particle based and monolithic immobilized enzyme reactors operated in semi-micro-liquid chromatography system. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Volokitina MV, Vlakh EG, Platonova GA, Vinokhodov DO, Tennikova TB. Polymer monoliths as efficient solid phases for enzymatic polynucleotide degradation followed by fast HPLC analysis. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2793-805. [PMID: 23813658 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two ribonuclease A bioreactors based on lab-made macroporous monolithic columns and intended for polynucleotide degradation were prepared using in situ free-radical polymerization. Different methods of enzyme immobilization were applied. In the first case, the biocatalyst molecule was attached to the solid surface via direct covalent binding, while in the second bioreactor the flexible-chain synthetic polymer was used as an intermediate spacer. The effect of temperature, substrate flow rate, and loaded sample volume on the biocatalytic efficiency of the immobilized enzyme was examined. The kinetic parameters of the enzymatic degradation of synthetic polycytidylic acid were calculated and compared to those found for hydrolysis with soluble ribonuclease A. The monitoring of substrate splitting was carried out by means of fast anion-exchange HPLC on an ultra-short monolithic column (disk) using off- and on-line analytical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Volokitina
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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21
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Vlakh EG, Tennikova TB. Flow-through immobilized enzyme reactors based on monoliths: II. Kinetics study and application. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1149-67. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201201090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia G. Vlakh
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry; Saint-Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Tatiana B. Tennikova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry; Saint-Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
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22
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Vlakh EG, Tennikova TB. Flow-through immobilized enzyme reactors based on monoliths: I. Preparation of heterogeneous biocatalysts. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:110-27. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia G. Vlakh
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry; Saint-Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Tatiana B. Tennikova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry; Saint-Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
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23
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Biocatalytic reactors based on ribonuclease A immobilized on macroporous monolithic supports. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:2195-206. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Hydrophilic immobilized trypsin reactor with magnetic graphene oxide as support for high efficient proteome digestion. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1254:8-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Çelebi B, Bayraktar A, Tuncel A. Synthesis of a monolithic, micro-immobilised enzyme reactor via click-chemistry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:2655-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Zheng Y, Wang X, Ji Y. Monoliths with proteins as chiral selectors for enantiomer separation. Talanta 2012; 91:7-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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27
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Zhou Z, Yang Y, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Bai Y, Liao Y, Liu H. Ion-exchange-membrane-based enzyme micro-reactor coupled online with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for protein analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:239-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5812-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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29
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Krenkova J, Lacher NA, Svec F. Highly efficient enzyme reactors containing trypsin and endoproteinase LysC immobilized on porous polymer monolith coupled to MS suitable for analysis of antibodies. Anal Chem 2010; 81:2004-12. [PMID: 19186936 DOI: 10.1021/ac8026564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Capillary enzymatic microreactors containing trypsin and endoproteinase LysC immobilized on a porous polymer monolith have been prepared and used for the characterization and identification of proteins such as cytochrome c, bovine serum albumin, and high-molecular weight human immunoglobulin G. The hydrophilicity of diol functionalities originating from the hydrolyzed poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolith was not sufficient to avoid adsorption of hydrophobic albumin in a highly aqueous mobile phase. Therefore, this monolith was first hydrophilized via photografting of poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate followed by photografting of a 4-vinyl-2,2-dimethylazlactone to provide the pore surface with reactive functionalities required for immobilization. This new approach reduced the undesired nonspecific adsorption of proteins and peptides and facilitated control of both the enzyme immobilization and protein digestion processes. The enzymatic reactors were coupled off-line with MALDI/TOF MS and/or on-line with ESI/TOF MS. Experimental conditions for digestion were optimized using cytochrome c and bovine serum albumin as model proteins. The optimized reactors were then integrated into a multidimensional system comprised of a monolithic capillary enzyme reactor, an in-line nanoLC separation of peptides using a poly(lauryl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolithic column, and ESI/TOF MS. With the use of this system, immunoglobulin G was digested at room temperature in 6 min to an extent similar to that achieved with soluble enzyme at 37 degrees C after 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Krenkova
- The Molecular Foundry, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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30
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Kim J, Kim BC, Lopez-Ferrer D, Petritis K, Smith RD. Nanobiocatalysis for protein digestion in proteomic analysis. Proteomics 2010; 10:687-99. [PMID: 19953546 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The process of protein digestion is a critical step for successful protein identification in bottom-up proteomic analyses. To substitute the present practice of in-solution protein digestion, which is long, tedious, and difficult to automate, many efforts have been dedicated for the development of a rapid, recyclable and automated digestion system. Recent advances of nanobiocatalytic approaches have improved the performance of protein digestion by using various nanomaterials such as nanoporous materials, magnetic nanoparticles, and polymer nanofibers. Especially, the unprecedented success of trypsin stabilization in the form of trypsin-coated nanofibers, showing no activity decrease under repeated uses for 1 year and retaining good resistance to proteolysis, has demonstrated its great potential to be employed in the development of automated, high-throughput, and on-line digestion systems. This review discusses recent developments of nanobiocatalytic approaches for the improved performance of protein digestion in speed, detection sensitivity, recyclability, and trypsin stability. In addition, we also introduce approaches for protein digestion under unconventional energy input for protein denaturation and the development of microfluidic enzyme reactors that can benefit from recent successes of these nanobiocatalytic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungbae Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R. Luckarift
- a Microbiology and Applied Biochemistry , Air Force Research Laboratory , Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, USA
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32
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Zhang X, Liu B, Zhang L, Zou H, Cao J, Gao M, Tang J, Liu Y, Yang P, Zhang Y. Recent advances in proteolysis and peptide/protein separation by chromatographic strategies. Sci China Chem 2010; 53:685-694. [PMID: 32214996 PMCID: PMC7089403 DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-0135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This review gives a broad glance on the progress of recent advances on proteolysis and peptide/protein separation by chromatographic strategies in the past ten years, covering the main research in these areas especially in China. The reviewed research focused on enzymatic micro-reactors and peptide separation in bottom-up approaches, and protein and peptide separation in top-down approaches. The new enzymatic micro-reactor is able to accelerate proteolytic reaction rate from conventionally a couple of hours to a few seconds, and the multiple dimensional chromatographic-separation with various models or arrays could sufficiently separate the proteomic mixture. These advances have significantly promoted the research of protein/peptide separation and identification in proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiangMin Zhang
- 1Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - BaoHong Liu
- 1Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - LiHua Zhang
- 2Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023 China
| | - HanFa Zou
- 2Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023 China
| | - Jing Cao
- 1Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - MingXia Gao
- 1Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Jia Tang
- 1Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Yun Liu
- 1Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - PengYuan Yang
- 1Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - YuKui Zhang
- 2Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023 China
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33
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Ponomareva E, Kartuzova V, Vlakh E, Tennikova T. Monolithic bioreactors: Effect of chymotrypsin immobilization on its biocatalytic properties. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:567-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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34
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Yuan H, Zhang L, Hou C, Zhu G, Tao D, Liang Z, Zhang Y. Integrated platform for proteome analysis with combination of protein and peptide separation via online digestion. Anal Chem 2010; 81:8708-14. [PMID: 19788244 DOI: 10.1021/ac900310y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An integrated platform with the combination of protein and peptide separation was established via online protein digestion, by which proteins were first separated by a microcolumn packed with mixed weak anion and weak cation exchange (WAX/WCX) particles under a series of salt steps, online digested by a trypsin immobilized microenzymatic reactor (IMER), trapped and desalted by two parallel C8 precolumns, separated by microreversed-phase liquid chromatography (muRPLC) under a linear gradient of organic modifier concentration, and finally identified by electrospray ionization-MS/MS (ESI-MS/MS). To evaluate the performance of such a platform, a mixture of myoglobin, cytochrome c, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and alpha-casein, with mass ranging from 25 ng to 2 microg, was analyzed. Compared to the methods by off-line protein fractionation and shotgun based strategy, the analysis time, including sample preparation, digestion, desalting, separation, and detection, was shortened from ca. 30 to 5 h, and cytochrome c with abundance of 25 ng could be identified with improved sequence coverage. Furthermore, such an integrated platform was successfully applied into the analysis of proteins extracted from human lung cancer cells. Compared with the results obtained by the shotgun approach, the identified protein number was increased by 30%. All these results demonstrated that such an integrated approach would be an attractive alternative to commonly applied approaches for proteome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R. & A. Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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35
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Sproß J, Sinz A. A Capillary Monolithic Trypsin Reactor for Efficient Protein Digestion in Online and Offline Coupling to ESI and MALDI Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 82:1434-43. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9025362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Sproß
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Andrea Sinz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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36
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Abele S, Smejkal P, Yavorska O, Foret F, Macka M. Evanescent wave-initiated photopolymerisation as a new way to create monolithic open-tubular capillary columns: use as enzymatic microreactor for on-line protein digestion. Analyst 2010; 135:477-81. [DOI: 10.1039/b920789a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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38
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Lin W, Skinner CD. Design and optimization of porous polymer enzymatic digestors for proteomics. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:2642-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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39
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Nicoli R, Rudaz S, Stella C, Veuthey JL. Trypsin immobilization on an ethylenediamine-based monolithic minidisk for rapid on-line peptide mass fingerprinting studies. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2695-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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40
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Krenkova J, Svec F. Less common applications of monoliths: IV. Recent developments in immobilized enzyme reactors for proteomics and biotechnology. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:706-18. [PMID: 19194973 PMCID: PMC2766777 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Use of monolithic supports for enzyme immobilization has rapidly expanded since we published the preceding paper in the series of articles concerned with this topic almost three years ago. Many groups worldwide have realized the benefits of applying monoliths as support structures and used a variety of techniques to immobilize many different enzymes. Although some of these new developments are just refinements of the methods developed previously, some notable new approaches have also been reported. This review summarizes the literature published since 2006 and demonstrates the broad variability of reactive monoliths prepared from silica as well as from organic polymers in the form of disks, columns, and capillaries. All these monoliths were prepared by direct formation from reactive precursors or activation of preformed inactive structures. Interestingly, most of the applications of monolithic enzyme reactors target proteolytic digestion of proteins for proteomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Krenkova
- The Molecular Foundry, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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41
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Ma J, Zhang L, Liang Z, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Recent advances in immobilized enzymatic reactors and their applications in proteome analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 632:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2007] [Revised: 08/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Yang W, Sun X, Pan T, Woolley AT. Affinity monolith preconcentrators for polymer microchip capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3429-35. [PMID: 18702050 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Developments in biology are increasing demands for rapid, inexpensive, and sensitive biomolecular analysis. In this study, polymer microdevices with monolithic columns and electrophoretic channels were used for biological separations. Glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate monolithic columns were formed within poly(methyl methacrylate) microchannels by in situ photopolymerization. Flow experiments in these columns demonstrated retention and then elution of amino acids under conditions optimized for sample preconcentration. To enhance analyte selectivity, antibodies were immobilized on monoliths, and subsequent lysozyme treatment blocked nonspecific adsorption. The enrichment capability and selectivity of these affinity monoliths were evaluated by purifying fluorescently tagged amino acids from a mixture containing green fluorescent protein (GFP). Twenty-fold enrichment and 91% recovery were achieved for the labeled amino acids, with a >25 000-fold reduction in GFP concentration, as indicated by microchip electrophoresis analysis. These devices should provide a simple, inexpensive, and effective platform for trace analysis in complex biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichun Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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43
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Le Nel A, Krenkova J, Kleparnik K, Smadja C, Taverna M, Viovy JL, Foret F. On-chip tryptic digest with direct coupling to ESI-MS using magnetic particles. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:4944-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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44
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Recent applications of capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry (CE–MS): CE performing functions beyond separation. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 627:3-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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45
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Tran BQ, Pepaj M, Lundanes E, Greibrokk T. On‐line Method for Identification of Native Proteins using pH‐Gradient SAX Chromatography and Reversed Phase Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry of Tryptic Peptides. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070802039291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bao Quoc Tran
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway
| | - Miliam Pepaj
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway
| | - Elsa Lundanes
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway
| | - Tyge Greibrokk
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway
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46
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Ma J, Liang Z, Qiao X, Deng Q, Tao D, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Organic−Inorganic Hybrid Silica Monolith Based Immobilized Trypsin Reactor with High Enzymatic Activity. Anal Chem 2008; 80:2949-56. [DOI: 10.1021/ac702343a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Ma
- National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zhen Liang
- National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Qiao
- National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Qiliang Deng
- National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Dingyin Tao
- National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yukui Zhang
- National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
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47
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Fan H, Chen Z, Zhang L, Yang P, Chen G. Fabrication and performance of poly(methyl methacrylate) microfluidic chips with fiber cores. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1179:224-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2007] [Revised: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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48
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Abstract
The article brings a comprehensive survey of recent developments and applications of high-performance capillary electromigration methods, zone electrophoresis, ITP, IEF, affinity electrophoresis, EKC, and electrochromatography, to analysis, preparation, and physicochemical characterization of peptides. New approaches to the theoretical description and experimental verification of electromigration behavior of peptides and to methodology of their separations, such as sample preparation, adsorption suppression, and detection, are presented. Novel developments in individual CE and CEC modes are shown and several types of their applications to peptide analysis are presented: conventional qualitative and quantitative analysis, purity control, determination in biomatrices, monitoring of chemical and enzymatical reactions and physical changes, amino acid and sequence analysis, and peptide mapping of proteins. Some examples of micropreparative peptide separations are given and capabilities of CE and CEC techniques to provide important physicochemical characteristics of peptides are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kasicka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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49
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Nicoli R, Gaud N, Stella C, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. Trypsin immobilization on three monolithic disks for on-line protein digestion. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 48:398-407. [PMID: 18242915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The preparation and characterization of three trypsin-based monolithic immobilized enzyme reactors (IMERs) developed to perform rapid on-line protein digestion and peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) are described. Trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) was covalently immobilized on epoxy, carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) and ethylenediamine (EDA) Convective Interaction Media (CIM) monolithic disks. The amount of immobilized enzyme, determined by spectrophotometric measurements at 280nm, was comprised between 0.9 and 1.5mg per disk. Apparent kinetic parameters Km* and Vmax*, as well as apparent immobilized trypsin BAEE-units, were estimated in flow-through conditions using N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) as a low molecular mass substrate. The on-line digestion of five proteins (cytochrome c, myoglobin, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, ovalbumin and albumin) was evaluated by inserting the IMERs into a liquid chromatography system coupled to an electrospray ionization ion-trap mass spectrometer (LC-ESI-MS/MS) through a switching valve. Results were compared to the in-solution digestion in terms of obtained scores, number of matched queries and sequence coverages. The most efficient IMER was obtained by immobilizing trypsin on a CIM EDA disk previously derivatized with glutaraldehyde, as a spacer moiety. The proteins were recognized by the database with satisfactory sequence coverage using a digestion time of only 5min. The repeatability of the digestion (R.S.D. of 5.4% on consecutive injections of myoglobin 12microM) and the long-term stability of this IMER were satisfactory since no loss of activity was observed after 250 injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nicoli
- Laboratory of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 20 Bd d'Yvoy, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Ma J, Zhang L, Liang Z, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Monolith-based immobilized enzyme reactors: Recent developments and applications for proteome analysis. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:3050-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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