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Ragucci S, Castaldi S, Landi N, Isticato R, Di Maro A. Antifungal Activity of Ageritin, a Ribotoxin-like Protein from Cyclocybe aegerita Edible Mushroom, against Phytopathogenic Fungi. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:578. [PMID: 37756004 PMCID: PMC10535218 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageritin from poplar mushrooms is a specific endonuclease that hydrolyzes a single phosphodiester bond located in the sarcin-ricin loop (SRL) of the large rRNA, thereby blocking protein synthesis. Considering the possible biotechnological use of this enzyme, here we report its antifungal activity against virulent fungi affecting crops of economic interest. Our results show that ageritin (200 µg/plug; ~13.5 nmole) inhibits the growth of Botrytis cinerea (57%), Colletotrichum truncatum (42%), and Alternaria alternata (57%), when tested on potato dextrose agar plates. At the same time, no effect was observed against Trichoderma harzianum (a fungus promoting beneficial effects in plants). To verify whether the antifungal action of ageritin against B. cinerea and T. harzianum was due to ribosome damage, we tested ageritin in vitro on partially isolated B. cinerea and T. harzianum ribosomes. Interestingly, ageritin was able to release the Endo's fragment from both tested fungal ribosomes. We therefore decided to test the antifungal effect of ageritin on B. cinerea and T. harzianum using a different growth condition (liquid medium). Differently from the result in solid medium, ageritin can inhibit both B. cinerea and T. harzianum fungal growth in liquid medium in a concentration-dependent manner up to 35.7% and 38.7%, respectively, at the highest concentration tested (~200 µg/mL; 12 µM), and the analysis of RNA isolated from ageritin-treated cells revealed the presence of Endo's fragment, highlighting its ability to cross the fungal cell wall and reach the ribosomes. Overall, these data highlight that the efficacy of antifungal treatment to prevent or treat a potential fungal disease may depend not only on the fungal species but also on the conditions of toxin application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ragucci
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (S.R.); (N.L.)
| | - Stefany Castaldi
- Department of Biology, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy;
| | - Nicola Landi
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (S.R.); (N.L.)
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council of Italy, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Rachele Isticato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy;
| | - Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (S.R.); (N.L.)
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Shah M, Patel N, Tripathi N, Vyas VK. Capillary electrophoresis methods for impurity profiling of drugs: A review of the past decade. J Pharm Anal 2021; 12:15-28. [PMID: 35573874 PMCID: PMC9073252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is widely used for the impurity profiling of drugs that contain stereochemical centers in their structures, analysis of biomolecules, and characterization of biopharmaceuticals. Currently, CE is the method of choice for the analysis of foodstuffs and the determination of adulterants. This article discusses the general theory and instrumentation of CE as well as the classification of various CE techniques. It also presents an overview of research on the applications of different CE techniques in the impurity profiling of drugs in the past decade. The review briefly presents a comparison between CE and liquid chromatography methods and highlights the strengths of CE using drug compounds as examples. This review will help scientists, fellow researchers, and students to understand the applications of CE techniques in the impurity profiling of drugs. An overview of research related to the use of capillary electrophoresis in the impurity profiling of drugs is presented. The principle, instrumentation, and different types of capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods are outlined here. Applications of different of CE methods with the chemical structures of drugs and their impurities are highlighted. A brief description is also provided on the analysis of Pharmacopeial monographs using CE methods. A comparison of CE with liquid chromatography for impurity profiling and analysis of drugs is presented in this review.
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Dolak İ, Canpolat G, Onat R, Keçili R, Baysal Z, Ziyadanoğulları B, Ersöz A, Say R. A novel lanthanide-chelate based molecularly imprinted cryogel for purification of hemoglobin from blood serum: An alternative method for thalassemia diagnosis. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tóth B, Biljon A, Moloi MJ, Labuschagne M. Effects of different fertilization levels on the concentration of high molecular weight glutenin subunits of two spring, hard red bread wheat cultivars. Cereal Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cche.10205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Tóth
- Department of Plant Science University of the Free State-Main Campus Bloemfontein South Africa
- Institute of Nutrition University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - Angeline Biljon
- Department of Plant Science University of the Free State-Main Campus Bloemfontein South Africa
| | - Makoena Joyce Moloi
- Department of Plant Science University of the Free State-Main Campus Bloemfontein South Africa
| | - Maryke Labuschagne
- Department of Plant Science University of the Free State-Main Campus Bloemfontein South Africa
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Shi C, He Y, Ding M, Wang Y, Zhong J. Nanoimaging of food proteins by atomic force microscopy. Part II: Application for food proteins from different sources. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Moloi MJ, van Biljon A, Labuschagne MT. Effect of quantity of HMW-GS 1Ax1, 1Bx13, 1By16, 1Dx5 and 1Dy10 on baking quality in different genetic backgrounds and environments. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Lao F, Giusti MM. The effect of pigment matrix, temperature and amount of carrier on the yield and final color properties of spray dried purple corn (Zea mays L.) cob anthocyanin powders. Food Chem 2017; 227:376-382. [PMID: 28274446 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Spray drying is an economic technique to produce anthocyanin-based colorants. High pigments yields with minimum color degradation are desirable to maximize quality and profits. This study evaluated the impacts of purple corncob (PCC) anthocyanin extraction matrices (hot water, 40% ethanol, C18 purified), drying inlet temperature (130, 150, 170°C) and amount of carrier (2%, 5%, 10% maltodextrin) on the yields and quality of PCC anthocyanin powders. Monomeric and polymeric anthocyanins, color properties (CIELch, haze), and pigments composition before and after spray drying were determined. The yield and final color quality of spray dried PCC anthocyanins were affected (p<0.05) by all parameters evaluated. The pigment matrix, inlet temperature, and carrier amount had biggest impacts on product water solubility, pigments degradation and yield, respectively. The optimal combination of hot water extracts spray dried with 5% maltodextrin at 150°C gave the highest pigment yield (∼90%) with good solubility with the least color loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 110 Parker Food Science and Technology Building, 2015 Fyffe Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - M Monica Giusti
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 110 Parker Food Science and Technology Building, 2015 Fyffe Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Labuschagne M, Moloi J, van Biljon A. Abiotic stress induced changes in protein quality and quantity of two bread wheat cultivars. J Cereal Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Barak S, Mudgil D, Khatkar BS. Biochemical and functional properties of wheat gliadins: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 55:357-68. [PMID: 24915383 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.654863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Gliadins account for 40-50% of the total storage proteins of wheat and are classified into four subcategories, α-, β-, γ-, and ω-gliadins. They have also been classified as ω5-, ω1, 2-, α/β-, and γ-gliadins on the basis of their primary structure and molecular weight. Cysteine residues of gliadins mainly form intramolecular disulfide bonds, although α-gliadins with odd numbers of cysteine residues have also been reported. Gliadins are generally regarded to possess globular protein structure, though recent studies report that the α/β-gliadins have compact globular structures and γ- and ω-gliadins have extended rod-like structures. Newer techniques such as Mass Spectrometry with the development of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) in combination with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) have been employed to determine the molecular weight of purified ω- gliadins and to carry out the direct analysis of bread and durum wheat gliadins. Few gliadin alleles and components, such as Gli-B1b, Gli-B2c and Gli-A2b in bread wheat cultivars, γ-45 in pasta, γ-gliadins in cookies, lower gliadin content for chapatti and alteration in Gli 2 loci in tortillas have been reported to improve the product quality, respectively. Further studies are needed in order to elucidate the precise role of gliadin subgroups in dough strength and product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheweta Barak
- a Department of Dairy & Food Technology , Mansinhbhai Institute of Dairy & Food Technology , Mehsana-384002 Gujarat , India
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Xiao X, Wang W, Chen J, Jia L. Polydopamine-coated open tubular column for the separation of proteins by capillary electrochromatography. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2893-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xiao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics; South China Normal University; Guangzhou China
| | - Wentao Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics; South China Normal University; Guangzhou China
| | - Jia Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics; South China Normal University; Guangzhou China
| | - Li Jia
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics; South China Normal University; Guangzhou China
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11
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Pobozy E, Sentkowska A, Piskor A. Comparison of three modifications of fused-silica capillaries and untreated capillaries for protein profiling of maize extracts by capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2388-94. [PMID: 24931305 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this work, capillary electrophoresis was applied to protein profiling of fractionated extracts of maize. A comparative study on the application of uncoated fused-silica capillaries and capillaries modified with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, ω-iodoalkylammonium salt and a commercially available neutral capillary covalently coated with polyacrylamide is presented. The coating stability, background electrolyte composition, and separation efficiency were investigated. It was found that for zeins separation, the most stable and efficient was the capillary coated with polyacrylamide. Finally, the usefulness of these methods was studied for the differentiation of zein fraction in transgenic and nontransgenic maize. Zeins extracted from maize standards containing 0 and 5% m/m genetic modification were successfully separated, but slight differences were observed in terms of the zein content. Albumin and globulin fractions were analyzed with the use of unmodified fused-silica capillary with borate buffer pH 9 and the capillary coated with polyacrylamide with phosphate buffer pH 3. In the albumin fraction, additional peaks were found in genetically modified samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Pobozy
- Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Capillary electrophoretic profiling of tryptic digests of water soluble proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis-transgenic and non-transgenic maize species. Food Chem 2012; 134:1607-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Koc A, Cañuelo A, Garcia-Reyes JF, Molina-Diaz A, Trojanowicz M. Low-molecular weight protein profiling of genetically modified maize using fast liquid chromatography electrospray ionization and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1447-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Koc
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - Ana Cañuelo
- Department of Experimental Biology; University of Jaén; Jaén Spain
| | - Juan F. Garcia-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry; University of Jaén; Jaén Spain
| | - Antonio Molina-Diaz
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry; University of Jaén; Jaén Spain
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Bean SR, Ioerger BP, Blackwell DL. Separation of kafirins on surface porous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography columns. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:85-91. [PMID: 21141963 DOI: 10.1021/jf1036195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Surface porous high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns were investigated for the separation of kafirins, storage proteins of grain sorghum. Kafirins were successfully separated using C3, C8, and C18 surface porous stationary phases in less than 17 min. Separations using a monolithic C18 stationary phase were also developed and were slightly faster than those achieved on the surface porous C18 stationary phase. However, the resolution was higher on the latter column. Using an ammonium hydroxide/acetonitrile mobile phase, separations were performed on a novel, alkaline stable surface porous C18 stationary phase. The resolution at alkaline pH was not as high, however, as with the traditional acidic acetonitrile mobile phases. In comparison to fully porous stationary phases, the surface porous phases provided higher resolution with much lower separation times (17 versus 40 min). Total peak areas were correlated to total protein content of sorghum (r(2) = 0.96; n = 10), and a method to measure in vitro pepsin digestibility using reversed-phase (RP)-HPLC peak areas showed good correlation to the traditional nitrogen combustion method (r(2) = 0.82; n = 20). Thus, the surface porous stationary phases could be used not only for more rapid separations but also to provide simultaneous information on total protein content and digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Bean
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research (CGAHR), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Manhattan, Kansas 66502, USA.
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Sázelová P, Kašička V, Ibáñez E, Cifuentes A. Extraction and separation of water-soluble proteins fromBacillus thuringiensis-transgenic and non-transgenic maize species by CZE. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:3801-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bicudo RC, Bicudo TC, Forato LA, Titato GM, Colnago LA, Lanças FM. Identification of non-zein proteins in BR473 maize protein bodies by LC-nanoESI-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:3579-84. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry profiling of transgenic and non-transgenic maize for cultivar characterization. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7222-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 07/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Arvanitoyannis IS, Vlachos A. Maize authentication: quality control methods and multivariate analysis (chemometrics). Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2009; 49:501-37. [PMID: 19484633 DOI: 10.1080/10408390802068140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Maize is one of the most important cereals because of its numerous applications in processed foods where it is the major or minor component. Apart from maize authenticity issues related to cultivar and geographical origin (national and/or international level), there is another important issue related to genetically modified maize. Various objective parameters such as fatty acids, phenolic compounds, pigments, heavy metals were determined in conjunction with subjective (sensory analysis) in order to identify the maize authenticity. However, the implementation of multivariate analysis (principal component analysis, cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, canonical analysis) is of great importance toward reaching valid conclusions on authenticity issues. This review summarized the most important finding of both objective and subjective evaluations of maize in five comprehensive tables in conjunction with the discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis S Arvanitoyannis
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agriculture Animal Production and Aquatic Environment, University of Thessaly, Hellas, Greece.
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Nehmé R, Perrin C, Cottet H, Blanchin M, Fabre H. Influence of polyelectrolyte capillary coating conditions on protein analysis in CE. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1888-98. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Rodríguez-Nogales JM, del Alamo M, García MC, Cifuentes A, Marina ML. Ultrarapid quantitation of maize proteins by perfusion and monolithic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:3014-3021. [PMID: 19323473 DOI: 10.1021/jf803651q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to develop a new methodology alternative to the classical Kjeldahl analysis for determining maize proteins in maize products and seeds. For that purpose, two different chromatographic methodologies using perfusion and monolithic stationary phases, both enabling rapid separations of maize proteins, were investigated. Due to the difficulty to find suitable standards for this type of analysis, three different maize products were initially tested as proteins standards: zein F4000, corn gluten meal, and maize flour. Different figures of merit (i.e., linearity, correlation coefficient, precision, limits of detection and quantitation), as well as the presence of matrix inferences, were investigated. The results obtained for the different chromatographic stationary phases and protein standards were compared in order to select the most suitable analytical conditions. Despite both perfusion and monolithic methodologies resulting, in general, as appropriate for the quantitation of maize proteins, the highest reduction of analysis time and lowest detection and determination limits provided by perfusion methodology enabled to select this one as the method of choice for the quantitation of maize proteins. Regarding the different protein standards studied in this work, in general the best results were obtained using the zein standard. Compared to Kjeldahl methodology, perfusion chromatography yields total protein contents in shorter analysis time while enabling the separation of the different kinds of proteins. Due to the high diversity and complexity of industrial maize products, the proposed chromatographic method could be a very useful tool for their routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Rodríguez-Nogales
- Departamento de Ing. Agraria y Forestal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Valladolid, Palencia, Spain
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Multivariate optimisation of a capillary electrophoretic method for the separation of glutenins. Application to quantitative analysis of the endosperm storage proteins in wheat. Food Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Erny GL, Marina ML, Cifuentes A. Reproducible and efficient separation of aggregatable zein proteins by CZE using a volatile background electrolyte. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:2988-97. [PMID: 17661316 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Zein proteins are a complex mixture of polypetides that belong to the alcohol-soluble storage proteins group (prolamines) in corn. These proteins constitute about 50-60% of the total endosperm protein and are classified in different groups on the basis of differences in their solubility and sequence. Among them, zein proteins are considered the majority group showing a high tendency to aggregate what makes their analysis by any analytical method very difficult. Thus, CZE of these proteins requires the use of very complex BGEs noncompatible with online ESI-MS analysis. The aim of this work was to find a new BGE for the CZE separation of zein protein fully compatible with ESI-MS while providing further light on the complex CZE separation of aggregatable proteins. Thus, it is demonstrated in this work that efficient and reproducible CZE separations of zein proteins can be achieved by using a BGE composed of water, ACN, formic acid and ammonium hydroxide. Besides, it is shown that zein analysis is significantly improved by including the effect of an ammonium gradient during their separation. It is experimentally verified that the ammonium gradient can easily be achieved in CZE by either working with a sample zone with a low concentration of ammonium and a BGE with a high concentration, or conversely, working with a sample zone with high ammonium concentration and a BGE with low concentration of ammonium, giving rise in both cases to a significant improvement in the CZE separation of these proteins. It is demonstrated that this procedure can give rise to efficiency improvements of up to 20-fold in the CZE separation of zein proteins. Under optimized conditions, 20 proteins could be separated with average efficiencies higher than 400 000 theoretical plates/m. Some possible explanations of this effect are discussed including stacking, protein-capillary wall adsorption, protein solubility and protein-salt interactions.
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Erny GL, Marina ML, Cifuentes A. CE-MS of zein proteins from conventional and transgenic maize. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:4192-201. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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