1
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Zhang L, Liu XA, Gillis KD, Glass TE. Synthesis of a Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probe for Imaging Catecholamines via a Tandem Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution. Org Lett 2023; 25:9103-9107. [PMID: 38108670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
A near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe NS667 was developed using a novel synthetic strategy by integrating an electron-rich 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline (THQ) into the scaffold from NS510, which binds to catecholamines with high affinity. The fluorophore core was constructed with a tandem nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Upon binding to catecholamines, the fluorescence of this probe shifted, with the emission in the NIR region. Live cell imaging results demonstrate that NS667 can effectively image norepinephrine in chromaffin cells with shifted fluorescence, which highlights the potential of the probe for neuroimaging in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Xin A Liu
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Kevin D Gillis
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Timothy E Glass
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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2
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Role of Iron Phthalocyanine Coordination in Catecholamines Detection. SURFACES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/surfaces4040027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Catecholamines are an important class of neurotransmitters responsible for regularizing, controlling, and treating neural diseases. Based on control and diseases treatment, the development of methodology and dives to sensing is a promissory technology area. This work evaluated the role of iron phthalocyanine coordination (FePc) with the specific groups from catecholamine molecules (L-dopa, dopamine, epinephrine, and the amino acid tyrosine) and the effect of this coordination on electrochemical behavior. The in situ coordination analysis was performed through isotherms π-A of FePc Langmuir films in the absence and presence of catecholamines. The π-A isotherm indicates a strong interaction between FePc monolayer and L-Dopa and DA, which present a catechol group and a side chain with a protonated amino group (-NH3+). These strong interactions with catechol and amine groups were confirmed by characterization at the molecular level using the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) from a Langmuir–Schaefer monolayer deposited onto Ag surfaces. The electrochemical measurements present a similar tendency, with lower oxidation potential observed to DA>L-Dopa>Ep. The results corroborate that the coordination of the analyte on the electron mediator surface plays an essential role in an electrochemical sensing application. The FePc LS film was applied as a sensor in tablet drug samples, showing a uniformity of content of 96% for detecting active compounds present in the L-Dopa drug samples.
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3
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Bogea MI, Stefan-van Staden RI, Gheorghe DC, Ilie-Mihai RM. Enantioanalysis of Aspartic Acid Using 3D Stochastic Sensors. ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.1917592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Iuliana Bogea
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raluca-Ioana Stefan-van Staden
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Damaris-Cristina Gheorghe
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ruxandra-Maria Ilie-Mihai
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Bucharest, Romania
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4
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Stefan-van Staden RI, Gheorghe DC, Ilie-Mihai RM, Tudoran LB, Pruneanu SM. Stochastic biosensors based on N- and S-doped graphene for the enantioanalysis of aspartic acid in biological samples. RSC Adv 2021; 11:23301-23309. [PMID: 35479820 PMCID: PMC9036598 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02066h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics plays a very important role in cancer mechanism and also in the early diagnosis of cancer. The enantioanalysis of aminoacids found in biological samples may favor the development of new screening tests for the early diagnosis of cancer. Two stochastic biosensors, based on the immobilization of α-hemolysin and hemin in exfoliated reduced graphene modified with nitrogen and sulphur, were proposed for the enantioanalysis of aspartic acid in biological samples (whole blood, urine, saliva, and tissue). The proposed biosensors showed low limits of quantification, high sensitivity, and large linear concentration ranges. The recoveries of d- and l-aspartic acid in biological samples were higher than 95.00%, with a relative standard deviation lower than 1.00%. Stochastic biosensors based on N- and S-doped graphene modified with hemin or α-hemolysin contributed to establishing the metabolomics of gastric cancer by performing the enantioanalysis of aspartic acid in different biological samples.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca-Ioana Stefan-van Staden
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter 202 Splaiul Independentei Str. 060021 Bucharest-6 Romania .,Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest Bucharest Romania
| | - Damaris-Cristina Gheorghe
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter 202 Splaiul Independentei Str. 060021 Bucharest-6 Romania .,Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest Bucharest Romania
| | - Ruxandra-Maria Ilie-Mihai
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter 202 Splaiul Independentei Str. 060021 Bucharest-6 Romania
| | - Lucian-Barbu Tudoran
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies Donat Street 67-103 Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Stela Maria Pruneanu
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies Donat Street 67-103 Cluj-Napoca Romania
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5
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Martín Santos P, Del Nogal Sánchez M, Pérez Pavón JL, Moreno Cordero B. Non-separative method based on a single quadrupole mass spectrometer for the semi-quantitative determination of amino acids in saliva samples. A preliminary study. Talanta 2020; 208:120381. [PMID: 31816699 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids have been of great interest in clinical studies since variation in their concentration may provide information about different disorders. For the first time, a non-separative method based on single quadrupole mass spectrometry (qMS) for the simultaneous semiquantitative determination of sixteen amino acids in saliva samples has been developed. The method includes derivatisation of amino acids with ethyl chloroformate-pyridine-ethanol to obtain volatile products, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and further analysis using a programmed temperature vaporizer (PTV) coupled to qMS. This method could be applied to the analysis of a great number of saliva samples, limiting the use of separative methods only when abnormal concentrations of amino acids were found, reducing analysis time and cost. The results obtained in the determination of amino acids using the non-separative method were compared to those obtained when a separative method based on gas chromatography (GC) was used, providing values of average relative predictive error (E %) ranging between 2 and 48%. Repeatability and reproducibility were tested, obtaining relative standard deviation (RSD) values equal to or lower than 11% and 16%, respectively. Detection limits were in the range of 0.076-8.747 mg L-1 for the non-separative method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Martín Santos
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel Del Nogal Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - José Luis Pérez Pavón
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Bernardo Moreno Cordero
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
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6
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Farag AS, Klikarová J, Česlová L, Vytřas K, Sýs M. Voltammetric determination of taurine in energy drinks after o-phthalaldehyde-ethanethiol derivatization. Talanta 2019; 202:486-493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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7
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Kubáň P, Dvořák M, Kubáň P. Capillary electrophoresis of small ions and molecules in less conventional human body fluid samples: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1075:1-26. [PMID: 31196414 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, advances in sensitive analytical techniques have encouraged the analysis of various compounds in biological fluids. While blood serum, blood plasma and urine still remain the golden standards in clinical, toxicological and forensic science, analyses of other body fluids, such as breast milk, exhaled breath condensate, sweat, saliva, amniotic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, or capillary blood in form of dried blood spots are becoming more popular. This review article focuses on capillary electrophoresis and microchip electrophoresis of small ions and molecules (e.g. inorganic cations/anions, basic/acidic drugs, small acids/bases, amino acids, peptides and other low molecular weight analytes) in various less conventional human body fluids and hopes to stimulate further interest in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Dvořák
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic.
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8
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Zhang L, Liu XA, Gillis KD, Glass TE. A High-Affinity Fluorescent Sensor for Catecholamine: Application to Monitoring Norepinephrine Exocytosis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7611-7614. [PMID: 30791180 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A fluorescent sensor for catecholamines, NS510, is presented. The sensor is based on a quinolone fluorophore incorporating a boronic acid recognition element that gives it high affinity for catecholamines and a turn-on response to norepinephrine. The sensor results in punctate staining of norepinephrine-enriched chromaffin cells visualized using confocal microscopy indicating that it stains the norepinephrine in secretory vesicles. Amperometry in conjunction with total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy demonstrates that the sensor can be used to observe destaining of individual chromaffin granules upon exocytosis. NS510 is the highest affinity fluorescent norepinephrine sensor currently available and can be used for measuring catecholamines in live-cell assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Xin A Liu
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Bioengineering and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Kevin D Gillis
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Bioengineering and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Timothy E Glass
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
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9
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Zhang L, Liu XA, Gillis KD, Glass TE. A High‐Affinity Fluorescent Sensor for Catecholamine: Application to Monitoring Norepinephrine Exocytosis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Missouri Columbia Missouri 65211 USA
| | - Xin A. Liu
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research CenterDepartment of Bioengineering and Department of Medical Pharmacology and PhysiologyUniversity of Missouri Columbia Missouri 65211 USA
| | - Kevin D. Gillis
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research CenterDepartment of Bioengineering and Department of Medical Pharmacology and PhysiologyUniversity of Missouri Columbia Missouri 65211 USA
| | - Timothy E. Glass
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Missouri Columbia Missouri 65211 USA
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10
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Development of a screening and confirmatory method for the analysis of polar endogenous compounds in saliva based on a liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric system. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1590:88-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Hasanzadeh M, Javidi E, Jouyban A, Mokhtarzadeh A, Shadjou N, Mahboob S. Electrochemical recognition of taurine biomarker in unprocessed human plasma samples using silver nanoparticlebased nanocomposite: A new platform for early stage diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases of the nervous system. J Mol Recognit 2018; 31:e2739. [PMID: 29956394 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The rapid and accurate determination of the level of taurine biomarker in various tissues and body fluids can be of great interest in the early diagnosis of several important pathologies and diseases. In the present study, an innovative electrochemical interface for quantitation of taurine based on ternary signal amplification strategy was fabricated. In this work, silver nanoparticles were electrodeposited onto green and biocompatible nanocomposite containing α-cyclodextrin as conductive matrix. Therefore, a double layer film based on α-cyclodextrin and silver nanoparticles was exploited to develop a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for detection of taurine. Fully electrochemical methodology was used to prepare a transducer on a glassy carbon electrode which provided a high surface area towards sensitive detection of taurine biomarker. The surface morphology of electrode surface was characterized by high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The proposed sensing platform provides a simple tool for taurine detection. The calibration curve for taurine concentration was linear in 0.7 nM to 0.1 mM with low limit of quantification of 0.7 nM. The practical analytical utility of the modified electrode was illustrated by determination of taurine in unprocessed human plasma samples with recovery of 90.8% to 104%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hasanzadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elnaz Javidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasrin Shadjou
- Department of Nano Technology, Nano Technology Research Center, and Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Soltanali Mahboob
- Department of Biochemistry, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran
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12
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Shadjou N, Alizadeh S, Hasanzadeh M. Sensitive monitoring of taurine biomarker in unprocessed human plasma samples using a novel nanocomposite based on poly(aspartic acid) functionalized by graphene quantum dots. J Mol Recognit 2018; 31:e2737. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Shadjou
- Department of Nanotechnology, Nanotechnology Research Center; Urmia University; Urmia Iran
| | - Salar Alizadeh
- Department of Nanotechnology, Nanotechnology Research Center; Urmia University; Urmia Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasanzadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
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13
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Yin C, Huo F, Cooley NP, Spencer D, Bartholomew K, Barnes CL, Glass TE. A Two-Input Fluorescent Logic Gate for Glutamate and Zinc. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1159-1162. [PMID: 28257176 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct visualization of neurotransmitters is a continuing problem in neuroscience; however, functional fluorescent sensors for organic analytes are still rare. Herein, we describe a fluorescent sensor for glutamate and zinc ions. The sensor acts as a fluorescent logic gate, giving a turn-off response to glutamate or zinc ion alone. The combination of analytes produces a large increase in fluorescence. This type of sensor will aid in the study of neurotransmission, in this case, for neurons that copackage high concentrations of zinc and glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Yin
- Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education,
Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi
Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Fangjun Huo
- Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education,
Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi
Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Nicholas P. Cooley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri, 601 South College Avenue, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - David Spencer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri, 601 South College Avenue, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Kyle Bartholomew
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri, 601 South College Avenue, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Charles L. Barnes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri, 601 South College Avenue, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Timothy E. Glass
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri, 601 South College Avenue, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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14
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Revenga-Parra M, Martínez-Periñán E, Moreno B, Pariente F, Lorenzo E. Rapid taurine and lactate biomarkers determination with disposable electrochemical detectors. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.04.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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15
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Denoroy L, Parrot S. Analysis of Amino Acids and Related Compounds by Capillary Electrophoresis. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2016.1212378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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16
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Fico D, Pennetta A, De Benedetto GE. Bioanalytical Application of Amino Acid Detection by Capillary Electrophoresis. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1483:249-276. [PMID: 27645741 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6403-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This chapter illustrates the usefulness of capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the analysis of amino acids, and both normal and chiral separations are covered. In order to provide a general description of the main results and challenges in the biomedical field, some relevant applications and reviews on CE of amino acids are tabulated. Furthermore, some detailed experimental procedures are shown, regarding the CE analysis of amino acids in body fluids, in microdialysate, and released upon hydrolysis of proteins. In particular, the protocols will deal with the following compounds: (1) underivatized aminoacids in blood; (2) γ-Aminobutyric acid, glutamate, and L-Aspartate derivatized with Naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde; (3) hydrolysate from bovine serum albumine derivatized with phenylisothiocyanate. By examining these applications on real matrices, the capillary electrophoresis efficiency as tool for Amino Acid analysis can be ascertained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fico
- Laboratorio di Spettrometria di Massa Analitica ed Isotopica, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università degli Studi del Salento, Edificio M, Campus Ecotekne, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Antonio Pennetta
- Laboratorio di Spettrometria di Massa Analitica ed Isotopica, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università degli Studi del Salento, Edificio M, Campus Ecotekne, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Giuseppe E De Benedetto
- Laboratorio di Spettrometria di Massa Analitica ed Isotopica, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università degli Studi del Salento, Edificio M, Campus Ecotekne, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy.
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17
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Du F, Zhao W, Cao S, Fung YS. Determination of taurine in human tear fluid by capillary electrophoresis with indirect amperometric detection based on electrogenerated bromine. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3271-3278. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuying Du
- Department of Water Quality Engineering; School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University; Wuhan China
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Wenfeng Zhao
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR China
- School of Chemical and Engineering; Jiangsu Normal University; Xuzhou China
| | - Shunan Cao
- Department of Water Quality Engineering; School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Ying-Sing Fung
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR China
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18
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19
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Wormwood KL, Aslebagh R, Channaveerappa D, Dupree EJ, Borland MM, Ryan JP, Darie CC, Woods AG. Salivary proteomics and biomarkers in neurology and psychiatry. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:899-906. [PMID: 25631118 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers are greatly needed in the fields of neurology and psychiatry, to provide objective and earlier diagnoses of CNS conditions. Proteomics and other omics MS-based technologies are tools currently being utilized in much recent CNS research. Saliva is an interesting alternative biomaterial for the proteomic study of CNS disorders, with several advantages. Collection is noninvasive and saliva has many proteins. It is easier to collect than blood and can be collected by professionals without formal medical training. For psychiatric and neurological patients, supplying a saliva sample is less anxiety-provoking than providing a blood sample, and is less embarrassing than producing a urine specimen. The use of saliva as a biomaterial has been researched for the diagnosis of and greater understanding of several CNS conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, autism, and depression. Salivary biomarkers could be used to rule out nonpsychiatric conditions that are often mistaken for psychiatric/neurological conditions, such as fibromyalgia, and potentially to assess cognitive ability in individuals with compromised brain function. As MS and omics technology advances, the sensitivity and utility of assessing CNS conditions using distal human biomaterials such as saliva is becoming increasingly possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Wormwood
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Roshanak Aslebagh
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Devika Channaveerappa
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Emmalyn J Dupree
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Megan M Borland
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Jeanne P Ryan
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY, USA
| | - Costel C Darie
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Alisa G Woods
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA.,Center for Neurobehavioral Health, SUNY Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY, USA
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20
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Chen F, Rang Y, Weng Y, Lin L, Zeng H, Nakajim H, Lin JM, Uchiyama K. Drop-by-drop chemical reaction and sample introduction for capillary electrophoresis. Analyst 2015; 140:3953-9. [PMID: 25728632 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00040h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a novel sample introduction and chemical reaction strategy by drop-by-drop inkjet injection for an electrophoretically mediated microanalysis (EMMA). This method makes it possible to achieve an on-line introduction of reactant solutions by alternately ejecting small plugs, with an overlapping region of the plugs for mixing the reactants by electrophoresis, supporting chemical reactions, followed by electrophoretic separation of the final compounds. As a proof-of-concept of the method, the EMMA of an inkjetted mixture of 4-fluoro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD-F) and amino acids was carried out as a model chemical reaction. The product NBD-amino acids were quantified by detection with laser induced fluorescence. The optimal conditions for the procedure were: inkjet driving voltage: +40-44 V; pulse width: 20-24 μs; drop-by-drop injection of reactant solutions: alternately 2 drops × 25 times for the amino acid solution and the NBD-F solution; zone overlapping voltage and time: 3 kV and 2 s; incubation time after overlapping: 5 min; separation voltage: 18 kV. Under the optimized conditions, a significant enhancement in sensitivity and a sensitive quantitative analysis were realized. The results obtained were comparable with those using the off-line labeling method. This method is rapid, cost-effective, and readily automated for EMMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengming Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo, Metropolitan University, Minamiohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
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Meng X, Suo X, Ding W, Li X, Ding Y. Determination of 8-hydroxy-2′- deoxyguanosine derivatized with 4-chloro-7- nitrobenzofurazan in urine by CE-LIF. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:1873-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Meng
- College of Life Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xingmei Suo
- School of Information Engineering; Minzu University of China; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Ding
- College of Life Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xiangjun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Ding
- College of Life Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P. R. China
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22
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Li Z, Zhang Y, Tong FH, Jiang TT, Zheng HP, Ye JN, Chu QC. Capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection of main polyamines and precursor amino acids in saliva. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2014.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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23
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Lin WC, Liu WL, Tang WY, Huang CP, Huang HY, Chin TY. Determination of amino acids by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography laser induced fluorescence method. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:1751-5. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Cheng Lin
- Center for Nanotechnology; Department of Chemistry; Chung Yuan Christian University; Chung-Li Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ling Liu
- Center for Nanotechnology; Department of Chemistry; Chung Yuan Christian University; Chung-Li Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ying Tang
- Center for Nanotechnology; Department of Chemistry; Chung Yuan Christian University; Chung-Li Taiwan
| | - Chin-Ping Huang
- Nanotechnology Research Center; Nano-instrumentation and Application Division; Industrial Technology Research Institute; Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Ya Huang
- Center for Nanotechnology; Department of Chemistry; Chung Yuan Christian University; Chung-Li Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Chin
- Department of Bioscience Technology; Chung Yuan Christian University; Chung-Li Taiwan
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24
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Casado M, Molero M, Sierra C, García-Cazorla A, Ormazabal A, Artuch R. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid γ-aminobutyric acid by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:1181-7. [PMID: 24338894 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is suitable for investigating various neurological disorders. In this study, a sensitive and selective method for free GABA quantification in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been standardised. This method is based on CE with LIF detection using 4-fluoro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-F) as a derivatisating agent. The reaction conditions (NBD-F concentration, pH, temperature and reaction time) and the electrophoretic parameters (run buffer composition and pH and separation voltage) were optimised to obtain the maximum derivatisation efficiency and electrophoretic resolution. The best resolution was obtained using 200 mM sodium borate, 10 mM SDS, 8.5 mM β-CD, pH 10 and 20 kV voltage. The method was linear in the concentration range of 2.5-1000 nM with good inter- and intra-assay precision values. The effects of CSF handling on free GABA concentrations were also evaluated. Our results show that the time delay between CSF collection and freezing strongly increases the CSF GABA values. Age-related reference values were established in 55 paediatric controls. The influence of antiepileptic therapy on free CSF GABA was studied in 38 neuropaediatric patients. Significantly, higher GABA values were obtained in patients taking valproic acid or vigabatrin therapy, which are antiepileptic drugs that modulate GABA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Casado
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Neuropaediatrics, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-CIBERER-ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Klockow JL, Hettie KS, Glass TE. ExoSensor 517: a dual-analyte fluorescent chemosensor for visualizing neurotransmitter exocytosis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:1334-8. [PMID: 23926946 DOI: 10.1021/cn400128s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A dual-analyte fluorescent chemosensor (ExoSensor 517) for the direct visualization of neurotransmitters released upon exocytosis is presented. The sensor exploits the high concentration of neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate, norepinephrine, and dopamine) and the pH gradient between the vesicle and synaptic cleft. The cooperative recognition elements require both binding and a change in environmental pH to afford a fluorescence response which makes ExoSensor 517 one of the first integrated molecular logic gates to be used for biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Klockow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri—Columbia, 601 South College
Avenue, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Kenneth S. Hettie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri—Columbia, 601 South College
Avenue, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Timothy E. Glass
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri—Columbia, 601 South College
Avenue, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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Prasad BB, Srivastava A, Tiwari MP. Molecularly imprinted polymer-matrix nanocomposite for enantioselective electrochemical sensing of d- and l-aspartic acid. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:4071-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Xiong XJ, Guo XF, Ge XX, Wang H, Zhang HS. Determination of neurotransmitter amino acids in mouse central nervous system by CE-LIF. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3264-9. [PMID: 23894032 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An MEKC method with LIF detection has been developed for the determination of seven neurotransmitter amino acids (NAAs) using 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-8-(N-hydroxysuccinimidyl butyric ester)difluoroboradiaza-S-indacene as the labeling reagent. After derivatization at room temperature for 30 min, the seven target NAAs including glycine, alanine, γ-aminobutyric acid, taurine, glutamine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid were separated in running buffer, which consisted of 70 mM pH 4.00 H3 PO4 /Na3 PO4 buffer, 5.5 mM cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and 20% v/v acetonitrile within 17 min. The LODs were 2 ~ 14 × 10(-10) M without interference from other coexisting amino acids. The proposed method has been applied to the analysis of NAAs in the central nervous systems of healthy mice and those with Alzheimer's disease with recoveries of 92-104%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Jie Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Huanggang Normal University, Huangzhou, China
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Prasad BB, Srivastava A, Tiwari MP. Highly sensitive and selective hyphenated technique (molecularly imprinted polymer solid-phase microextraction–molecularly imprinted polymer sensor) for ultra trace analysis of aspartic acid enantiomers. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1283:9-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Zhao D, Lu M, Cai Z. Separation and determination of B vitamins and essential amino acids in health drinks by CE-LIF with simultaneous derivatization. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2424-32. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Danyue Zhao
- Department of Chemistry; Hong Kong Baptist University; Kowloon Tong; Kowloon; Hong Kong SAR; China
| | - Minghua Lu
- Department of Chemistry; Hong Kong Baptist University; Kowloon Tong; Kowloon; Hong Kong SAR; China
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30
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Shi X, Liang P, Song D, Yang W, Gao X. Quantification of γ-aminobutyric acid in the heads of houseflies (Musca domestica) and diamondback moths (Plutella xylostella (L.)), using capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:548-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Wang Q, Zhang Y, Ding H, Wu J, Wang L, Zhou L, Pu Q. The use of ethylene glycol solution as the running buffer for highly efficient microchip-based electrophoresis in unmodified cyclic olefin copolymer microchips. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:9422-7. [PMID: 22099226 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An ethylene glycol solution was used as the electrophoretic running buffer in unmodified cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) microchips to minimize the interactions between the analytes and the hydrophobic walls of the plastic microchannels, enhance the resolution of the analytes and eliminate the uncontrollable dispersion caused by uneven liquid levels and non-uniform surfaces of the separation channels. Five amino acids that were labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) were used as model analytes to examine the separation efficiency. The effects of ethylene glycol concentration, pH and sodium tetraborate concentration were systematically investigated. The five FITC-labeled amino acids were effectively resolved using a COC microchip with an effective length of 2.5 cm under optimum conditions, which included using a running buffer of 20 mmol/L sodium tetraborate in ethylene glycol:water (80:20, v/v), pH 6.7. A theoretical plate number of 4.8 × 10(5)/m was obtained for aspartic acid. The system exhibited good repeatability, and the relative standard deviations (n=5) of the peak areas and migration times were no more than 3.4% and 0.7%, respectively. Furthermore, the system was successfully applied to elucidate these five amino acids in human saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization, Gansu Province, Sate Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 222 Southern Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
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32
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Samakashvili S, Ibáñez C, Simó C, Gil-Bea FJ, Winblad B, Cedazo-Mínguez A, Cifuentes A. Analysis of chiral amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid samples linked to different stages of Alzheimer disease. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2757-64. [PMID: 21983823 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chiral micellar electrokinetic chromatography with laser-induced fluorescence detection (chiral-MEKC-LIF) was used to investigate D- and L-amino acid contents in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples related to different Alzheimer disease (AD) stages. CSF samples were taken from (i) control subjects (S1 pool), (ii) subjects showing a mild cognitive impairment who remained stable (S2 pool), (iii) subjects showing an mild cognitive impairment that progressed to AD (S3 pool) and (iv) subjects diagnosed with AD (S4 pool). The optimized procedure only needed 10 μL of CSF and it included sample cleaning, derivatization with FITC and chiral-MEKC-LIF separation. Eighteen standard amino acids were baseline separated with efficiencies up to 703,000 plates/m, high sensitivity (LODs in the nM range) and good resolution (values ranging from 2.6 to 9.5). Using this method, L-Arg, L-Leu, L-Gln, γ-aminobutyric acid, L-Ser, D-Ser, L-Ala, Gly, L-Lys, L-Glu and L-Asp were detected in all the CSF samples. S3 and S4 samples (i.e. AD subjects) showed significant lower amounts of L-Arg L-Lys, L-Glu and L-Asp compared to the non-AD S1 and S2 samples, showing in the S4 group the lowest amounts of L-Arg L-Lys, L-Glu and L-Asp. Moreover, γ-aminobutyric acid was significantly higher in AD subjects with the highest amount also found for S4. No significant differences were observed for the rest of amino acids including D-Ser. Based on the obtained chiral-MEKC-LIF data, it was possible to correctly classify all the samples into the four groups. These results demonstrate that the use of enantioselective procedures as the one developed in this work can provide some new light on the investigations of AD, including the discovery of new biomarkers related to different stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shorena Samakashvili
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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Viglio S, Fumagalli M, Ferrari F, Iadarola P. MEKC: A powerful tool for the determination of amino acids in a variety of biomatrices. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:93-104. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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34
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Poinsot VÃ, Gavard P, Feurer B, Couderc F. Recent advances in amino acid analysis by CE. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:105-21. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Perry M, Li Q, Kennedy RT. Review of recent advances in analytical techniques for the determination of neurotransmitters. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 653:1-22. [PMID: 19800472 PMCID: PMC2759352 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Methods and advances for monitoring neurotransmitters in vivo or for tissue analysis of neurotransmitters over the last five years are reviewed. The review is organized primarily by neurotransmitter type. Transmitter and related compounds may be monitored by either in vivo sampling coupled to analytical methods or implanted sensors. Sampling is primarily performed using microdialysis, but low-flow push-pull perfusion may offer advantages of spatial resolution while minimizing the tissue disruption associated with higher flow rates. Analytical techniques coupled to these sampling methods include liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, enzyme assays, sensors, and mass spectrometry. Methods for the detection of amino acid, monoamine, neuropeptide, acetylcholine, nucleoside, and soluble gas neurotransmitters have been developed and improved upon. Advances in the speed and sensitivity of these methods have enabled improvements in temporal resolution and increased the number of compounds detectable. Similar advances have enabled improved detection at tissue samples, with a substantial emphasis on single cell and other small samples. Sensors provide excellent temporal and spatial resolution for in vivo monitoring. Advances in application to catecholamines, indoleamines, and amino acids have been prominent. Improvements in stability, sensitivity, and selectivity of the sensors have been of paramount interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Perry
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemistry, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
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Tůma P, Soukupová M, Samcová E, Štulík K. A determination of submicromolar concentrations of glycine in periaqueductal gray matter microdialyzates using capillary zone electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3436-41. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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