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Gashe F, Wynendaele E, De Spiegeleer B, Suleman S. Degradation kinetics of artesunate for the development of an ex-tempore intravenous injection. Malar J 2022; 21:256. [PMID: 36068561 PMCID: PMC9450271 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04278-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Artesunate is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for parenteral treatment of severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. However, artesunate is inherently unstable in an aqueous solution and hydrolyses rapidly after its preparation for injection. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the stabilizing effects of phosphate buffer and mannitol against short-term (ex-tempore) artesunate hydrolysis. Methods A HPLC–UV isocratic method was developed using a reversed-phase fused core column (HALO RP-C18) and a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of 45% ammonium formate 10 mM in water (pH 4.5) and 55% methanol. Artesunate was formulated as aqueous solutions using a design of experiment (DOE) to investigate the artesunate stabilizing effects of pH (8–10), phosphate buffer strength (0.3–0.5 M), and mannitol (0–0.22 mmol/mL). The solutions were incubated at predefined temperatures (5, 25, and 40 °C) with subsequent analysis. Arrhenius equation was applied to model and evaluate the stability results. Results The developed HPLC-based method using fused-core stationary phase allowed to selectively quantify artesunate in the presence of its main hydrolysis degradants; namely β-dihydroartemisinin (β-DHA) and α-dihydroartemisinin (α-DHA) within 10 min. By applying the Arrhenius equation, the rate of hydrolysis of the drug increased approximately by 3.4 as the temperature raised by 10 °C. Buffer strength was found to be the main factor affecting the hydrolysis rate constants at 5 and 25 °C (p < 0.05), the activation energy (p = 0.009), and the frequency factor (p = 0.045). However, the effect of the buffer was predominant on the activation energy and hydrolysis rate constants, revealing its stabilizing effect on the drug at lower buffer strength (0.3 M). Within the investigated range (pH = 8–10), pH was found to influence the activation energy, with a positive stabilizing effect in the pH range of 8–9. The addition of mannitol as stabilizing agent into artesunate aqueous formulation did not show an improved response. Conclusion Phosphate buffer was the main stability determining factor of artesunate in the aqueous intravenous (i.v.) formulation and was found to be more effective in stabilizing artesunate at a buffer strength of 0.3 M in pH 8–9, while mannitol lacked stabilizing effect. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04278-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanta Gashe
- Jimma University Laboratory of Drug Quality (JuLaDQ) and School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, PO Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia.,Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Wynendaele
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sultan Suleman
- Jimma University Laboratory of Drug Quality (JuLaDQ) and School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, PO Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia.
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Kitisripanya T, Sermpradit W, Sakamoto S, Tanaka H, Putalun W. An estimated quantitative lateral flow immunoassay for determination of artesunate using monoclonal antibody. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 34:e4718. [PMID: 31642080 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There have been reports of fake artesunate (ART), which has led to deaths from untreated malaria in South East Asia. To rapidly screen for fake and adulterated ART products in the drug market, a lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) based on a colloidal gold-monoclonal antibody probe for detection of ART within samples was developed. With this method, the calibration curve for ART was determined by the intensity ratio of the test and control bands at various ART concentrations. The linearity range was 12.5-200 μg/ml of ART. Samples were tested by the developed LFIA and can be calculated for ART contents. The levels of ART in the samples were also confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results of the two methods were in good conformance. The proposed LFIA was demonstrated to be a simple and rapid analytical method for detecting ART in the pharmaceutical formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharita Kitisripanya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Witcha Sermpradit
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Research Group for Pharmaceutical Activities of Natural Products using Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Research University-Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Seiichi Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Waraporn Putalun
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Research Group for Pharmaceutical Activities of Natural Products using Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Research University-Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Radhapyari K, Kotoky P, Das MR, Khan R. Graphene–polyaniline nanocomposite based biosensor for detection of antimalarial drug artesunate in pharmaceutical formulation and biological fluids. Talanta 2013; 111:47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vandercruyssen K, D’Hondt M, Vergote V, Jansen H, Burvenich C, De Spiegeleer B. LC-UV/MS quality analytics of paediatric artemether formulations. J Pharm Anal 2013; 4:37-52. [PMID: 29403867 PMCID: PMC5761056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly selective and stability-indicating HPLC-method, combined with appropriate sample preparation steps, is developed for β-artemether assay and profiling of related impurities, including possible degradants, in a complex powder for oral suspension. Following HPLC conditions allowed the required selectivity: a Prevail organic acid (OA) column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm), flow rate set at 1.5 mL/min combined with a linear gradient (where A=25 mM phosphate buffer (pH 2.5), and B=acetonitrile) from 30% to 75% B in a runtime of 60 min. Quantitative UV-detection was performed at 210 nm. Acetonitrile was applied as extraction solvent for sample preparation. Using acetonitrile-water mixtures as extraction solvent, a compartmental behaviour by a non-solving excipient-bound fraction and an artemether-solubilising free fraction of solvent was demonstrated, making a mobile phase based extraction not a good choice. Method validation showed that the developed HPLC-method is considered to be suitable for its intended regulatory stability-quality characterisation of β-artemether paediatric formulations. Furthermore, LC-MS on references as well as on stability samples was performed allowing identity confirmation of the β-artemether related impurities. MS-fragmentation scheme of β-artemether and its related substances is proposed, explaining the m/z values of the in-source fragments obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Vandercruyssen
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthias D’Hondt
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Valentijn Vergote
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Herwig Jansen
- Dafra Pharma International, Slachthuisstraat 30/7, B-2300 Turnhout, Belgium
| | - Christian Burvenich
- Department of Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +32 9 264 8100; fax: +32 9 264 8193.
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Boyer C, Gaudin K, Kauss T, Gaubert A, Boudis A, Verschelden J, Franc M, Roussille J, Boucher J, Olliaro P, White NJ, Millet P, Dubost JP. Development of NIRS method for quality control of drug combination artesunate-azithromycin for the treatment of severe malaria. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 67-68:10-5. [PMID: 22579599 PMCID: PMC3830179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) methods were developed for the determination of analytical content of an antimalarial-antibiotic (artesunate and azithromycin) co-formulation in hard gelatin capsule (HGC). The NIRS consists of pre-processing treatment of spectra (raw spectra and first-derivation of two spectral zones), a unique principal component analysis model to ensure the specificity and then two partial least-squares regression models for the determination content of each active pharmaceutical ingredient. The NIRS methods were developed and validated with no reference method, since the manufacturing process of HGC is basically mixed excipients with active pharmaceutical ingredients. The accuracy profiles showed β-expectation tolerance limits within the acceptance limits (±5%). The analytical control approach performed by reversed phase (HPLC) required two different methods involving two different preparation and chromatographic methods. NIRS offers advantages in terms of lower costs of equipment and procedures, time saving, environmentally friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Boyer
- Développements Analytiques et Pharmaceutiques appliqués aux Maladies Négligées et aux Contrefaçons, EA 4575, Université Bordeaux Segalen, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Karen Gaudin
- Développements Analytiques et Pharmaceutiques appliqués aux Maladies Négligées et aux Contrefaçons, EA 4575, Université Bordeaux Segalen, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +33 5 5757 4686; fax: +33 5 5757 4684.
| | - Tina Kauss
- Développements Analytiques et Pharmaceutiques appliqués aux Maladies Négligées et aux Contrefaçons, EA 4575, Université Bordeaux Segalen, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Alexandra Gaubert
- Développements Analytiques et Pharmaceutiques appliqués aux Maladies Négligées et aux Contrefaçons, EA 4575, Université Bordeaux Segalen, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Abdelhakim Boudis
- Développements Analytiques et Pharmaceutiques appliqués aux Maladies Négligées et aux Contrefaçons, EA 4575, Université Bordeaux Segalen, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Justine Verschelden
- Développements Analytiques et Pharmaceutiques appliqués aux Maladies Négligées et aux Contrefaçons, EA 4575, Université Bordeaux Segalen, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Mickaël Franc
- Développements Analytiques et Pharmaceutiques appliqués aux Maladies Négligées et aux Contrefaçons, EA 4575, Université Bordeaux Segalen, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Julie Roussille
- Développements Analytiques et Pharmaceutiques appliqués aux Maladies Négligées et aux Contrefaçons, EA 4575, Université Bordeaux Segalen, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Jacques Boucher
- Développements Analytiques et Pharmaceutiques appliqués aux Maladies Négligées et aux Contrefaçons, EA 4575, Université Bordeaux Segalen, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Piero Olliaro
- Tropical Disease Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
- Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rayvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- University of Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas J. White
- Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rayvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- University of Oxford, UK
| | - Pascal Millet
- Développements Analytiques et Pharmaceutiques appliqués aux Maladies Négligées et aux Contrefaçons, EA 4575, Université Bordeaux Segalen, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Dubost
- Développements Analytiques et Pharmaceutiques appliqués aux Maladies Négligées et aux Contrefaçons, EA 4575, Université Bordeaux Segalen, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
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Martino R, Malet-Martino M, Gilard V, Balayssac S. Counterfeit drugs: analytical techniques for their identification. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:77-92. [PMID: 20437031 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3748-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the number of counterfeit drugs has increased dramatically, including not only "lifestyle" products but also vital medicines. Besides the threat to public health, the financial and reputational damage to pharmaceutical companies is substantial. The lack of robust information on the prevalence of fake drugs is an obstacle in the fight against drug counterfeiting. It is generally accepted that approximately 10% of drugs worldwide could be counterfeit, but it is also well known that this number covers very different situations depending on the country, the places where the drugs are purchased, and the definition of what constitutes a counterfeit drug. The chemical analysis of drugs suspected to be fake is a crucial step as counterfeiters are becoming increasingly sophisticated, rendering visual inspection insufficient to distinguish the genuine products from the counterfeit ones. This article critically reviews the recent analytical methods employed to control the quality of drug formulations, using as an example artemisinin derivatives, medicines particularly targeted by counterfeiters. Indeed, a broad panel of techniques have been reported for their analysis, ranging from simple and cheap in-field ones (colorimetry and thin-layer chromatography) to more advanced laboratory methods (mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and vibrational spectroscopies) through chromatographic methods, which remain the most widely used. The conclusion section of the article highlights the questions to be posed before selecting the most appropriate analytical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Martino
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique (SPCMIB), Université de Toulouse, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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Investigation of porous graphitic carbon at high-temperature liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection for the analysis of the drug combination artesunate—Azithromycin for the treatment of severe malaria. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:75-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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