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Ibrahim AE, El Gohary NA, Aboushady D, Samir L, Karim SEA, Herz M, Salman BI, Al-Harrasi A, Hanafi R, El Deeb S. Recent advances in chiral selectors immobilization and chiral mobile phase additives in liquid chromatographic enantio-separations: A review. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464214. [PMID: 37506464 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
For decades now, the separation of chiral enantiomers of drugs has been gaining the interest and attention of researchers. In 1991, the first guidelines for development of chiral drugs were firstly released by the US-FDA. Since then, the development in chromatographic enantioseparation tools has been fast and variable, aiming at creating a suitable environment where the physically and chemically identical enantiomers can be separated. Among those tools, the immobilization of chiral selectors (CS) on different stationary phases and the chiral mobile phase additives (CMPA) which have been progressed and studied extensively. This review article highlights the major advances in immobilization of CS together with their different recognition mechanisms as well as CMPA as a cheaper and successful alternative for chiral stationary phases. Moreover, the role of molecular modeling tool as a pre-step in the choice of CS for evaluating possible interactions with different ligands has been pointed up. Illustrations of reported methods and updates for immobilized CS and CMPA have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Ehab Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port-Said University, Port-Said 42511, Egypt; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Nesrine Abdelrehim El Gohary
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Dina Aboushady
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Liza Samir
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Shereen Ekram Abdel Karim
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Magy Herz
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Baher I Salman
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rasha Hanafi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38092, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Grybinik S, Bosakova Z. An overview of chiral separations of pharmaceutically active substances by HPLC (2018-2020). MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2021; 152:1033-1043. [PMID: 34456367 PMCID: PMC8382579 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-021-02832-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a brief survey of chiral separation of pharmaceutically active substances published over the last 3 years (2018-2020). Chiral separation of drugs is an important area of research. The control of enantiomeric purity and determination of individual enantiomeric drug molecules is a necessity especially for clinical, analytical, and regulatory purposes. Among chromatographic resolution methods, high-performance liquid chromatography based on chiral stationary phases remains the most popular and effective method used for chiral separation of various drugs. In this review, attention is paid to several classes of chiral stationary phases that have been the most frequently used for drug enantioseparation during this period. GRAPHIC ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiya Grybinik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Bosakova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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George N, Herz M, Aboul-Enein HY, Shihata L, Hanafi R. Surface Design of Enantiomeric HPLC Separation on Vancomycin and Teicoplanin-Based Stationary Phases, a Tool for Chiral Recognition of Model β-Blockers. J Chromatogr Sci 2019; 57:485-494. [PMID: 30892592 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A quality-by-design approach was adopted for enantioseparation of atenolol on Vancomycin and Teicoplanin-based chiral stationary phases using reversed phase (RP) mode and polar ionic mode (PIM), respectively to account for major forces involved in enantiorecognition of β-blockers on macrocyclics. A fractional factorial screening design for the two modes; followed by a central composite optimization design and regression analysis were able to point out critical factors and chromatographic responses and robust surface of the design. Within the studied range of flow the optimal was 0.3 mL/min for Chirobiotic T and 1 mL/min for Chirobiotic V. In PIM, a composition of 100% methanol was mandatory to compromise between best separation and least retention with equal amounts of the acid and base modifiers for enantiomers of atenolol, as model drug in addition to metoprolol and pindolol as structurally related compounds for possible extrapolation of results on members of the same class. However, in RP mode, only triethylamine acetate was needed as buffer for atenolol enantiomers. Chiral recognition of atenolol in both elution modes, further confirmed via extrapolation of the models on the two other β-blockers showed that ionic interactions rather than any other forces governed chiral recognition on the two macrocyclic stationary phases in both modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine George
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Magy Herz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hassan Y Aboul-Enein
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lamia Shihata
- Department of Design and Production Engineering, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Design and Production Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rasha Hanafi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Enantioseparations Using Macrocyclic Glycopeptide-Based Chiral Stationary Phases: An Overview. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1985:201-237. [PMID: 31069737 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9438-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Since their introduction by Daniel W. Armstrong in 1994, antibiotic-based chiral stationary phases have proven their applicability for the chiral resolution of various types of racemates. The unique structure of macrocyclic glycopeptides and their large variety of interactive sites (e.g., hydrophobic pockets, hydroxy, amino and carboxyl groups, halogen atoms, aromatic moieties) are the reasons for their wide-ranging selectivity. The commercially available Chirobiotic™ phases, which display complementary characteristics, are capable of separating a broad variety of enantiomeric compounds with good efficiency, good column loadability, high reproducibility, and long-term stability. These are the major reasons for the frequent use of macrocyclic antibiotic-based stationary phases in HPLC enantioseparations.This overview chapter provides a brief summary of general aspects of antibiotic-based chiral stationary phases including their preparation and their application to direct enantioseparations of various racemates focusing on the literature published since 2004.
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5
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Chiral Method Development Strategies for HPLC using Macrocyclic Glycopeptide-Based Stationary Phases. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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6
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Camacho-Muñoz D, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. Simultaneous enantiomeric analysis of pharmacologically active compounds in environmental samples by chiral LC-MS/MS with a macrocyclic antibiotic stationary phase. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:94-108. [PMID: 28061011 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a multi-residue method for direct enantioselective separation of chiral pharmacologically active compounds in environmental matrices. The method is based on chiral liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry detection. Simultaneous chiral discrimination was achieved with a macrocyclic glycopeptide-based column with antibiotic teicoplanin as a chiral selector working under reverse phase mode. For the first time, enantioresolution was reported for metabolites of ibuprofen: carboxyibuprofen and 2-hydroxyibuprofen with this chiral stationary phase. Moreover, enantiomers of chloramphenicol, ibuprofen, ifosfamide, indoprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen and praziquantel were also resolved. The overall performance of the method was satisfactory in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy and limits of detection. The method was successfully applied for monitoring of pharmacologically active compounds at enantiomeric level in influent and effluent wastewater and in river water. In addition, the chiral recognition and analytical performance of the teicoplanin-based column was critically compared with that of the α1 -acid glycoprotein chiral stationary phase. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Riesová M, Geryk R, Kalíková K, Šlechtová T, Voborná M, Martínková M, Bydžovská A, Tesařová E. Direct CE and HPLC methods for enantioseparation of tryptophan and its unnatural derivatives. Sep Purif Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wagdy HA, Hanafi RS, El-Nashar RM, Aboul-Enein HY. Enantiomeric Separation of Underivatized Amino Acids: Predictability of Chiral Recognition on Ristocetin A Chiral Stationary Phase. Chirality 2014; 26:132-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hebatallah A. Wagdy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; German University in Cairo; Cairo Egypt
| | - Rasha S. Hanafi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; German University in Cairo; Cairo Egypt
| | - Rasha M. El-Nashar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; German University in Cairo; Cairo Egypt
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Cairo University; Giza Egypt
| | - Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division; National Research Center (NRC); Cairo Egypt
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9
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Enantioselective separation of unusual amino acids by high performance liquid chromatography. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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10
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Ilisz I, Aranyi A, Pataj Z, Péter A. Enantioseparations by high-performance liquid chromatography using macrocyclic glycopeptide-based chiral stationary phases: an overview. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 970:137-163. [PMID: 23283775 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-263-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Since their introduction by Armstrong in 1994, macrocyclic antibiotic-based chiral stationary phases have proven their applicability for the chiral resolution of various types of racemates. The unique structure of macrocyclic glycopeptides and their large variety of interactive sites (e.g., hydrophobic pockets, hydroxyl, amino and carboxyl groups, halogen atoms, aromatic moieties, etc.) are the reason for their wide-ranging selectivity. The commercially available Chirobiotic™ phases, which display complementary characteristics, are capable of separating a broad variety of enantiomeric compounds with good efficiency, good column loadability, high reproducibility, and long-term stability. These are the major reasons for the use of macrocyclic antibiotic-based stationary phases in HPLC enantioseparations. This overview chapter provides a brief summary of general aspects of macrocyclic antibiotic-based chiral stationary phases including their preparation and their application to direct enantioseparations of various racemates focusing on the literature published since 2004.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Ilisz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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11
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Ilisz I, Aranyi A, Pataj Z, Péter A. Enantiomeric separation of nonproteinogenic amino acids by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1269:94-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Ilisz I, Aranyi A, Pataj Z, Péter A. Recent advances in the direct and indirect liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of amino acids and related compounds: A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 69:28-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Ilisz I, Pataj Z, Aranyi A, Péter A. Macrocyclic Antibiotic Selectors in Direct HPLC Enantioseparations. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2011.596253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Al-Ghamdi AF, Hefnawy MM, Al-Majed AA, Belal FF. Development of square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetric method for determination of acebutolol in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids. Chem Cent J 2012; 6:15. [PMID: 22353684 PMCID: PMC3296636 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A validated simple, rapid, sensitive and specific square-wave voltammetric technique is described for the determination of acebutolol (AC) following its accumulation onto a hanging mercury drop electrode in a Britton-Robinson universal buffer of pH 7.5. The optimal procedural conditions were: accumulation potential Eacc = - 0.8 V versus Ag/AgCl/KCl, accumulation duration tacc = 30 s, pulse-amplitude = 70 mV, scan rate = 100 mV/s, frequency = 30 Hz, surface area of the working electrode = 0.6 mm2 and the convection rate = 2000 rpm. Under these optimized conditions, the adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) peak current was proportional over the concentration range 5 × 10-7 - 6 × 10-6 M (r = 0.999). Recoveries for acebutolol from human plasma and urine were in the range 97-103% and 96-104% respectively. The method proved to be precise (intra-day precision expressed as %RSD in human plasma ranged from 2.9 - 3.2% and inter-day precision expressed as %RSD ranged from 3.4 - 3.8%) and accurate (intra-day accuracies expressed as % error in human urine ranged from -3.3 - 2.8% and inter-day accuracies ranged from -3.3 - 1.7%). The limit of quantitation (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) for acebutolol were 1.7 × 10-7 and 5 × 10-7 M, respectively. Possible interferences by substances usually present in the pharmaceutical formulations were investigated with a mean recovery of 101.6 ± 0.64%. Results of the developed square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry (SW-AdSV) method were comparable with those obtained by reference analytical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali F Al-Ghamdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P,O, Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Cavazzini A, Pasti L, Massi A, Marchetti N, Dondi F. Recent applications in chiral high performance liquid chromatography: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 706:205-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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16
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Hu SQ, Chen YL, Zhu HD, Shi HJ, Yan N, Chen XG. Effect of molecular structure of tartrates on chiral recognition of tartrate–boric acid complex chiral selectors in chiral microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5529-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Ward
- Millsaps College, 1701 N. State Street, Box 150306, Jackson, Mississippi 39210
| | - Karen D. Ward
- Millsaps College, 1701 N. State Street, Box 150306, Jackson, Mississippi 39210
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Sun P, Armstrong DW. Effective enantiomeric separations of racemic primary amines by the isopropyl carbamate-cyclofructan6 chiral stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4904-18. [PMID: 20561631 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new chiral stationary phase (CSP) was developed by bonding isopropyl-carbamate functionalized cyclofructan6 (IP-CF6) to the silica gel. It was evaluated by injecting 119 racemic primary amine-containing compounds. This CSP showed pronounced enantioselectivity toward all types of primary amines, separating 93% of all tested compounds. Baseline separation was achieved even for some simple aliphatic racemic amines that contained no other functionality. The polar organic mode was shown to be the effective mobile phase owing to higher efficiency. This new chiral stationary phase showed great potential for preparative-scale separations. It is also interesting that the chiral selector, R-naphthylethyl-carbamate functionalized CF6 (RN-CF6), was found to provide complementary selectivity for the relatively few amine analytes that did not separate on IP-CF6. Thus between the two CSPs, 98% of attempted amine compounds were separated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0065, USA
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Zhang Z, Wu R, Wu M, Zou H. Recent progress of chiral monolithic stationary phases in CEC and capillary LC. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1457-66. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lämmerhofer M. Chiral recognition by enantioselective liquid chromatography: mechanisms and modern chiral stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1217:814-56. [PMID: 19906381 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An overview of the state-of-the-art in LC enantiomer separation is presented. This tutorial review is mainly focused on mechanisms of chiral recognition and enantiomer distinction of popular chiral selectors and corresponding chiral stationary phases including discussions of thermodynamics, additivity principle of binding increments, site-selective thermodynamics, extrathermodynamic approaches, methods employed for the investigation of dominating intermolecular interactions and complex structures such as spectroscopic methods (IR, NMR), X-ray diffraction and computational methods. Modern chiral stationary phases are discussed with particular focus on those that are commercially available and broadly used. It is attempted to provide the reader with vivid images of molecular recognition mechanisms of selected chiral selector-selectand pairs on basis of solid-state X-ray crystal structures and simulated computer models, respectively. Such snapshot images illustrated in this communication unfortunately cannot account for the molecular dynamics of the real world, but are supposed to be helpful for the understanding. The exploding number of papers about applications of various chiral stationary phases in numerous fields of enantiomer separations is not covered systematically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lämmerhofer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Recognition Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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