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Liu H, Chen J, Chen M, Wang J, Qiu H. Recent development of chiral ionic liquids for enantioseparation in liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1274:341496. [PMID: 37455089 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs), which are salts in a molten state below 100 °C, have become a hot topic of research in various fields because of their negligible vapour pressure, high thermal stability, and tunable viscosity. Chiral ionic liquids (CILs) can be applied in chromatography and capillary electrophoresis fields to improve the performance of enantiomeric separation, such as chiral stationary phases (CSPs) and mobile phase additives in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); CSPs in gas chromatography (GC); and background electrolyte additives (BGE), chiral ligands and chiral selectors (CSs) in capillary electrophoresis (CE). This review focuses on the applications of CILs in HPLC and CE for the separation of enantiomers in the past five years. The mechanism for separating enantiomers was explained, and the prospect of the application of CILs in chiral liquid chromatography (LC) and CE analysis was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jia Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Mingli Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Hongdeng Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
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2
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Feeney W, Menking-Hoggatt K, Vander Pyl C, Ott CE, Bell S, Arroyo L, Trejos T. Detection of organic and inorganic gunshot residues from hands using complexing agents and LC-MS/MS. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3024-3039. [PMID: 34159965 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00778e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gunshot residue (GSR) refers to a conglomerate consisting of both organic molecules (OGSR) and inorganic species (IGSR). Historically, forensic examiners have focused only on identifying the IGSR particles by their morphology and elemental composition. Nonetheless, modern ammunition formulations and challenges with the GSR transference (such as secondary and tertiary transfer) have driven research efforts for more comprehensive examinations, requiring alternative analytical techniques. This study proposes the use of LC-MS/MS for chromatographic separation and dual detection of inorganic and organic residues. The detection of both target species in the same sample increases the confidence that chemical profiles came from a gun's discharge instead of non-firearm-related sources. This strategy implements supramolecular molecules that complex with the IGSR species, allowing them to elute from the column towards the mass spectrometer while retaining isotopic ratios for quick and unambiguous identification. The macrocycle (18-crown-6-ether) complexes with lead and barium, while antimony complexes with a chelating agent (tartaric acid). The total analysis time for OGSR and IGSR in one sample is under 20 minutes. This manuscript expands from a previous proof-of-concept publication by improving figures of merit, increasing the target analytes, testing the method's feasibility through a more extensive set of authentic specimens collected from the hands of both shooters and non-shooters, and comparing performance with other analytical techniques such as ICP-MS, electrochemical methods and LIBS. The linear dynamic ranges (LDR) spread across the low ppb range for OGSR (0.3-200 ppb) and low ppm range (0.1-6.0 ppm) for IGSR. The method's accuracy increased overall when both organic and inorganic profiles were combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Feeney
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 1600 University Ave, Morgantown, WV, USA
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3
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Homochiral vs. heterochiral sodium core dimers of tartaric acid esters: A mass spectrometry and vibrational spectroscopy study. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Fraschetti C, Montagna M, Crestoni ME, Calcaterra A, Aiello F, Santi L, Filippi A. Kinetic enantioselectivity of a protonated bis(diamido)-bridged basket resorcin[4]arene towards alanine peptides. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:1183-1189. [PMID: 28084488 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02734b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Efficient enantiodiscrimination of some alanine-containing di- and tri-peptides by using chiral protonated bis(diamido)-bridged basket resorcin[4]arenes depends on several factors, including the basicity of the amino acid residues at the C- and N-termini of the peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fraschetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - M Montagna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - M E Crestoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - A Calcaterra
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - F Aiello
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Santi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - A Filippi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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Filippi A, Fraschetti C, Guarcini L, Zazza C, Ema T, Speranza M. Spectroscopic Discrimination of Diastereomeric Complexes Involving an Axially Chiral Receptor. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:2475-2481. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Filippi
- Università di Roma “La Sapienza”; Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco; P.le A. Moro, 5 Roma 00185 Italy
| | - Caterina Fraschetti
- Università di Roma “La Sapienza”; Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco; P.le A. Moro, 5 Roma 00185 Italy
| | - Laura Guarcini
- Università di Roma “La Sapienza”; Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco; P.le A. Moro, 5 Roma 00185 Italy
| | - Costantino Zazza
- Università di Roma “La Sapienza”; Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco; P.le A. Moro, 5 Roma 00185 Italy
| | - Tadashi Ema
- Graduate School of Natural Sciences and Technology; Okayama University; Tsushima Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Maurizio Speranza
- Università di Roma “La Sapienza”; Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco; P.le A. Moro, 5 Roma 00185 Italy
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Yu X, Yao ZP. Chiral recognition and determination of enantiomeric excess by mass spectrometry: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 968:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Wuethrich A, Haddad PR, Quirino JP. Chiral capillary electromigration techniques-mass spectrometry-hope and promise. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:2-11. [PMID: 24265218 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Analytical methods for chiral compounds require a separation step prior to mass spectrometric detection. CE can separate enantiomers by the use of a chiral selector and can be hyphenated with MS. The chiral selector can be either embedded inside the capillary (electrochromatography) or added into the background solution (EKC). This review describes the fundamentals and highlights the recent developments (September 2009-May 2013) of chiral CEC and EKC with detection using MS. There were 20 research and more than 30 review papers during this period. The research efforts were driven by fundamental studies, such as the development of novel chiral selectors in electrochromatography and of advanced partial filling techniques in EKC in order to optimise separation. Other developments were in application studies, such as in food analytics and metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Wuethrich
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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Fraschetti C, Filippi A, Crestoni ME, Ema T, Speranza M. Multifunctional Macrocyclic Receptors as Templates for Aromatic Amino Acids: A Rare Example of a Highly Selective Multi-Input Multi-Output Chemo-"Logic Gate". Chempluschem 2013; 78:979-987. [PMID: 31986732 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201300086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Proton-bound [M⋅H⋅G]+ diastereomeric complexes between some chiral aromatic amino acids or dipeptides (G) and a chiral multifunctional macrocyclic receptor (M=Chirabite-A) undergo, in the gas phase, highly selective substitution and addition reactions by amines, such as 2-aminobutane and piperidine. All the [M⋅H⋅G]+ complexes follow time-dependent monoexponential decays. In some cases, the kinetic curves exhibit a plateau revealing the presence of unreactive [M⋅H⋅G]+ structures. In them, the amino acid is accommodated in the macrocycle cavity in the zwitterionic form by sharing its acidic hydrogen atoms with the pyridine nitrogen atoms of the host. The same interactions are structurally inaccessible to G=dipeptides or monofunctional amines, which then can be readily released from [M⋅H⋅G]+ . When the amino acid interacts with the amidocarbonyl oxygen atoms pointing outside the macrocycle cavity, it saves the canonical structure and can be readily displaced by the amine. The Chirabite-A may act as an efficient template for aromatic amino acids by releasing them or not depending upon the amino acid configuration and the basicity of the amine. These unique properties confer to the gas-phase diastereomeric [M⋅H⋅G]+ complexes the features of multi-input multi-output chemo-"logic gates".
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Fraschetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università "La Sapienza", P. le A. Moro, 5-00185 Roma (Italy), Fax: (+39) 06-49913602
| | - Antonello Filippi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università "La Sapienza", P. le A. Moro, 5-00185 Roma (Italy), Fax: (+39) 06-49913602
| | - Maria Elisa Crestoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università "La Sapienza", P. le A. Moro, 5-00185 Roma (Italy), Fax: (+39) 06-49913602
| | - Tadashi Ema
- Graduate School of Natural Sciences and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530 (Japan)
| | - Maurizio Speranza
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università "La Sapienza", P. le A. Moro, 5-00185 Roma (Italy), Fax: (+39) 06-49913602
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Filippi A, Fraschetti C, Piccirillo S, Rondino F, Botta B, D'Acquarica I, Calcaterra A, Speranza M. Chirality effects on the IRMPD spectra of basket resorcinarene/nucleoside complexes. Chemistry 2012; 18:8320-8. [PMID: 22696428 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The IRMPD spectra of the ESI-formed proton-bound complexes of the R,R,R,R- and S,S,S,S-enantiomers of a bis(diamido)-bridged basket resorcin[4]arene (R and S) with cytosine (1), cytidine (2), and cytarabine (3) were measured in the region 2800-3600 cm(-1). Comparison of the IRMPD spectra with the corresponding ONIOM (B3LYP/6-31(d):UFF)-calculated absorption frequencies allowed the assessment of the vibrational modes that are responsible for the observed spectroscopic features. All of the complexes investigated, apart from [R⋅H⋅3](+), showed similar IRMPD spectra, which points to similar structural and conformational landscapes. Their IRMPD spectra agree with the formation of several isomeric structures in the ESI source, wherein the N(3)-protonated guest establishes noncovalent interactions with the host amidocarbonyl groups that are either oriented inside the host cavity or outside it between one of the bridged side-chains and the upper aromatic nucleus. The IRMPD spectrum of the [R⋅H⋅3](+) complex was clearly different from the others. This difference is attributed to the effect of intramolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions between the C(2')-OH group and the aglycone oxygen atom of the nucleosidic guest upon repulsive interactions between the same oxygen atom and the aromatic rings of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Filippi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università di Roma La Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy
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Abstract
AbstractEnantiomers (stereoisomers) can exhibit substantially different properties if present in chiral environments. Since chirality is a basic property of nature, the different behaviors of the individual enantiomers must be carefully studied and properly treated. Therefore, enantioselective separations are a very important part of separation science. To achieve the separation of enantiomers, an enantioselective environment must be created by the addition of a chiral selector to the separation system. Many chiral selectors have been designed and used in various fields, such as the analyses of drugs, food constituents and agrochemicals. The most popular have become the chiral selectors and/or chiral stationary phases that are of general use, i.e., are applicable in various separation systems and allow for chiral separation of structurally different compounds. This review covers the most important chiral selectors / chiral stationary phases described and applied in high performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis during the period of the last three years (2008–2011).
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11
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Fraschetti C, Pierini M, Villani C, Gasparrini F, Mortera SL, Filippi A, Speranza M. The “Bridge” Game: Role of the Fourth Player in Chiral Recognition. Chemistry 2011; 17:3078-81. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Fraschetti
- Dipartimento degli Studi di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, 00185 Roma (Italy), Fax: (+39) 06‐49913602
| | - Marco Pierini
- Dipartimento degli Studi di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, 00185 Roma (Italy), Fax: (+39) 06‐49913602
| | - Claudio Villani
- Dipartimento degli Studi di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, 00185 Roma (Italy), Fax: (+39) 06‐49913602
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Dipartimento degli Studi di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, 00185 Roma (Italy), Fax: (+39) 06‐49913602
| | - Stefano Levi Mortera
- Dipartimento degli Studi di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, 00185 Roma (Italy), Fax: (+39) 06‐49913602
| | - Antonello Filippi
- Dipartimento degli Studi di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, 00185 Roma (Italy), Fax: (+39) 06‐49913602
| | - Maurizio Speranza
- Dipartimento degli Studi di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, 00185 Roma (Italy), Fax: (+39) 06‐49913602
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12
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Wijeratne AB, Gracia J, Yang SH, Kroll P, Armstrong DW, Schug KA. New structural insight for antimony(III)-tartrate. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2010.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wijeratne AB, Yang SH, Gracia J, Armstrong DW, Schug KA. ESI-MS investigation of solvent effects on the chiral recognition capacity of tartar emetic towards neutral side-chain amino acids. Chirality 2010; 23:44-53. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Wijeratne AB, Yang SH, Armstrong DW, Schug KA. Solvent Molecules Undergo Homolytic Cleavage and Radical Recombination Processes during Negative-Mode Electrospray Ionization: Adduct Formation with Antimony(III)-Tartrate Dianion. Anal Chem 2010; 82:5141-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1003344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aruna B. Wijeratne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019
| | - Samuel H. Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019
| | - Daniel W. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019
| | - Kevin A. Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019
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Wijeratne AB, Spencer SE, Gracia J, Armstrong DW, Schug KA. Antimony(III)-D, L-tartrates exhibit proton-assisted enantioselective binding in solution and in the gas phase. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:2100-2105. [PMID: 19683939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The negative ion mode ESI mass spectral analysis of antimony(III)-D- and -L-tartrate ("tartar emetic"), in association with leucine enantiomeric isotopomers, revealed remarkable proton-assisted enantioselective molecular recognition phenomena. The current study infers that recognition of amino acids by antimony(III)-D,L-tartrate complexes requires that the chiral selector associate a proton to become enantioselective. The dianionic selector itself failed to show enantiomeric discrimination capacity. This observation was shown to be consistent both in solution-phase targeting full scan and gas-phase targeting collision threshold dissociation (CTD) experiments. Importantly, this disparity in enantioselective binding capacity between the dianionic and the protonated monoanionic representatives of antimony(III)-D- and -L-tartrates could only be clearly revealed by ESI-MS and tandem mass spectrometry experiments as described herein. This finding urges a more in-depth study of mechanisms associated with exhibited enantiomeric resolving capacity of antimony tartrates in HPLC and CE applications, as well as in former ESI-MS association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna B Wijeratne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
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