1
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Valverde A, Cribb N, Arroyo L. Morphine concentrations in distal thoracic limb synovial fluid following intravenous regional limb perfusion in horses. Can J Vet Res 2023; 87:254-259. [PMID: 37790266 PMCID: PMC10542951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Twelve adult horses were randomly assigned to 2 groups in a prospective experimental trial. A pneumatic tourniquet (425 mmHg) was placed, under sedation, proximal to the carpus on one randomly chosen thoracic limb. A cephalic vein catheter was placed distal to the tourniquet to establish an intravenous regional limb perfusion technique (IVRLP) with morphine (0.1 mg/kg) diluted with saline 0.9% to 0.1 mL/kg, and the tourniquet left in place for 30 minutes. Horses were euthanized at 1 h (Group I) or 6 h (Group II) following the IVRLP and synovial fluid from the radiocarpal, intercarpal, metacarpophalangeal, distal interphalangeal, and digital flexor tendon sheath was obtained from the injected and contralateral (control) limb immediately after. Morphine concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. An unpaired t-test was used to compare morphine concentrations from both groups (P < 0.05). Synovial morphine concentrations were detected in the injected limb in all horses in Group I, except in one horse in the radiocarpal joint, and detected in 5 of 6 horses in Group II. Mean synovial concentrations ranged between 301.8 ± 192.3 and 608 ± 446.6 ng/mL in Group I and between 27.0 ± 17.7 and 136.8 ± 103.6 ng/mL in Group II and were significantly higher in Group I between paired anatomical sites of both groups for the radiocarpal and distal interphalangeal joints, and the digital flexor tendon sheath. In conclusion, concentrations of morphine after IVRLP can be detected in synovial fluid distal to the tourniquet at 1 and 6 hours in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Valverde
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Nicola Cribb
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Luis Arroyo
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
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2
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Ledergerber TD, Feeney W, Arroyo L, Trejos T. A feasibility study of direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry for screening organic gunshot residues from various substrates. Anal Methods 2023; 15:4744-4757. [PMID: 37694390 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01258a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the use of direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry (DART-MS) for the detection of organic gunshot residues (OGSR) in a variety of matrices of interest for forensics, customs, and homeland security. Detection limits ranged from (0.075 to 12) ng, with intra- and inter-day reproducibility below 0.0012% CV. The collection of mass spectra at multiple in-source collision-induced dissociation (is-CID) voltages produced distinctive mass spectral signatures with varying levels of fragmentation and allowed differentiation of isomers. To test method performance, a collection of 330 authentic specimens from various substrates were analyzed - (1) neat smokeless powders, (2) spent cartridge cases, (3) burnt particles removed from clothing via carbon stubs or (4) with tweezers, and hand samples from (5) non-shooters, and (6) shooters. A subset of hand specimens (n = 80) was further analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for confirmation and comparison. Seven types of ammunition from five manufacturers and two calibers were monitored for OGSR profiles with similar compositions observed for paired sets (e.g., unburnt smokeless powder and the respective residues on spent cartridges, clothing, and hands). No false positives were observed across all datasets. A 100% true positive rate (TPR) was observed for all substrates except the shooters' hands. Depending on the ammunition type and classification criteria, the shooters' hands exhibited a TPR ranging from 19% to 73%. The results show that DART-MS is feasible and versatile for fast screening of OGSR across various substrates but may benefit from alternative approaches to improve detection at trace levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Feeney
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Luis Arroyo
- Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Tatiana Trejos
- Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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3
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Milutinovic B, Mahalingam R, Mendt M, Arroyo L, Seua A, Dharmaraj S, Shpall E, Heijnen CJ. Intranasally Administered MSC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Reverse Cisplatin-Induced Cognitive Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11862. [PMID: 37511623 PMCID: PMC10380450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxic side effects of chemotherapy include deficits in attention, memory, and executive functioning. Currently, there are no FDA-approved therapies. In mice, cisplatin causes long-term cognitive deficits, white matter damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and loss of synaptic integrity. We hypothesized that MSC-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) could restore cisplatin-induced cognitive impairments and brain damage. Animals were injected with cisplatin intraperitoneally and treated with MSC-derived sEVs intranasally 48 and 96 h after the last cisplatin injection. The puzzle box test (PBT) and the novel object place recognition test (NOPRT) were used to determine cognitive deficits. Synaptosomal mitochondrial morphology was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Immunohistochemistry using antibodies against synaptophysin and PSD95 was applied to assess synaptic loss. Black-Gold II staining was used to quantify white matter integrity. Our data show that sEVs enter the brain in 30 min and reverse the cisplatin-induced deficits in executive functioning and working and spatial memory. Abnormalities in mitochondrial morphology, loss of white matter, and synaptic integrity in the hippocampus were restored as well. Transcriptomic analysis revealed upregulation of regenerative functions after treatment with sEVs, pointing to a possible role of axonal guidance signaling, netrin signaling, and Wnt/Ca2+ signaling in recovery. Our data suggest that intranasal sEV treatment could become a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of chemobrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Milutinovic
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rajasekaran Mahalingam
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mayela Mendt
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Luis Arroyo
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alexandre Seua
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shruti Dharmaraj
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Elizabeth Shpall
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cobi J Heijnen
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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4
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Lee D, Usmani A, Wu R, Wicks T, Fernandez J, Huang J, Arroyo L, Rinde-Hoffman D, Kumar S, Feliberti J, Oliveira G, Berman P, Mackie B. Relation Between Individual Blood Gene Expression Profile (GEP) and Tissue GEP in Antibody-Mediated Rejection in Heart Transplant. J Heart Lung Transplant 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2023.02.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
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5
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Agrawal A, Bernth L, Arroyo L. Use of Daratumumab in Antibody Mediated Rejection in a Heart Transplant Recipient. J Heart Lung Transplant 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2023.02.1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
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6
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Frame NW, Allas MJ, Pequegnat B, Vinogradov E, Liao VCH, Al-Abdul-Wahid S, Arroyo L, Allen-Vercoe E, Lowary TL, Monteiro MA. Structure and synthesis of a vaccine and diagnostic target for Enterocloster bolteae, an autism-associated gut pathogen – Part II. Carbohydr Res 2023; 526:108805. [PMID: 37023666 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Enterocloster bolteae (formerly known as Clostridium bolteae) is a gastro-intestinal pathogenic bacterium often detected in the fecal microbiome of children in the autism spectrum. E. bolteae excretes metabolites that are thought to act as neurotoxins. This study is an update of our first E. bolteae investigation that discovered an immunogenic polysaccharide. Through a combination of chemical derivatizations/degradations, spectrometry and spectroscopy techniques, a polysaccharide composed of disaccharide repeating blocks comprised of 3-linked β-d-ribofuranose and 4-linked α-l-rhamnopyranose, [→3)-β-D-Ribf-(1 → 4)-α-L-Rhap-(1→]n, was identified. To confirm the structure, and to provide material for subsequent investigations, the chemical synthesis of a corresponding linker-equipped tetrasaccharide, β-D-Ribf-(1 → 4)-α-L-Rhap-(1 → 3)-β-D-Ribf-(1 → 4)-α-L-Rhap-(1→O(CH2)8N3, is also described. Research tools based on this immunogenic glycan structure can form the foundation for serotype classification, diagnostic/vaccine targets and clinical studies into the hypothesized role of E. bolteae in the onset/augmentation of autism related conditions in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan W Frame
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mikel Jason Allas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada; Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Brittany Pequegnat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Victor C-H Liao
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | | | - Luis Arroyo
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Emma Allen-Vercoe
- Department of Microbiology, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
| | - Mario A Monteiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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7
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Lee D, Usmani A, Wu R, Wicks T, Fernandez J, Huang J, Arroyo L, Rinde-Hoffman D, Kumar S, Feliberti J, Oliveira G, Berman P, Mackie B. Differences in Individual Blood Gene Expression Profile (GEP) Levels in T-Cell Mediated Rejection Assessed by Molecular Microscopy in Heart Transplant. J Heart Lung Transplant 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2023.02.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
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8
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Vander Pyl C, Feeney W, Arroyo L, Trejos T. Capabilities and Limitations of GC-MS and LC-MS/MS for Trace Detection of Organic Gunshot Residues from Skin Specimens. Forensic Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2023.100471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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9
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Guest B, Arroyo L, Runciman J. A structural approach to 3D-printing arterial phantoms with physiologically comparable mechanical characteristics: Preliminary observations. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2022; 236:1388-1402. [PMID: 35913071 PMCID: PMC9449448 DOI: 10.1177/09544119221114207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pulse wave behavior is important in cardiovascular pathophysiology and arterial
phantoms are valuable for studying arterial function. The ability of phantoms to
replicate complex arterial elasticity and anatomy is limited by available
materials and techniques. The feasibility of improving phantom performance using
functional structure designs producible with practical 3D printing technologies
was investigated. A novel corrugated wall approach to separate phantom function
from material properties was investigated with a series of designs printed from
polyester-polyurethane using a low-cost open-source fused filament fabrication
3D printer. Nonpulsatile pressure-diameter data was collected, and a mock
circulatory system was used to observe phantom pulse wave behavior and obtain
pulse wave velocities. The measured range of nonpulsatile Peterson elastic
strain modulus was 5.6–19 to 12.4–33.0 kPa over pressures of 5–35 mmHg for the
most to least compliant designs respectively. Pulse wave velocities of
1.5–5 m s−1 over mean pressures of 7–55 mmHg were observed,
comparing favorably to reported in vivo pulmonary artery measurements of
1–4 m s−1 across mammals. Phantoms stiffened with increasing
pressure in a manner consistent with arteries, and phantom wall elasticity
appeared to vary between designs. Using a functional structure approach,
practical low-cost 3D-printed production of simple arterial phantoms with
mechanical properties that closely match the pulmonary artery is possible.
Further functional structure design development to expand the pressure range and
physiologic utility of dir"ectly 3D-printed phantoms appears warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Guest
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Ontario Veterinary College Health Sciences Centre, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Luis Arroyo
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - John Runciman
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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10
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Menking-Hoggatt K, Ott C, Vander Pyl C, Dalzell K, Curran J, Arroyo L, Trejos T. Prevalence and Probabilistic Assessment of Organic and Inorganic Gunshot Residue and Background Profiles using LIBS, Electrochemistry, and SEM-EDS. Forensic Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2022.100429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Cooman T, Bergeron SA, Coltogirone R, Horstick E, Arroyo L. Featured Cover. J Appl Toxicol 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.4314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Postigo JL, Carrillo-Ortiz J, Domènech J, Tomàs X, Arroyo L, Senar JC. Dietary plasticity in an invasive species and implications for management: the case of the monk parakeet in a Mediterranean city. Anim Biodiv Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.32800/abc.2021.44.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Behavioural flexibility may play a relevant role during invasion of a new habitat. A typical example of behavioural flexibility favouring invasion success refers to changes in foraging behaviour. Here we provide data on changes in the foraging strategies of monk parakeets Myiopsitta monachus over a period of 17 years (2001–2017) in Barcelona city. During this time, consumption of food on the ground increased by more than 25 % and the consumption of anthropogenic food increased by 8 %. Detailed information about the food consumed is provided. Feeding on the ground and consumption of low plants allow parakeets to reach not only anthropogenic food but also crops, thereby increasing the risk of crop damage as the invasion evolves. Early detection of damage to crops is crucial in order to prevent further harm, and makes the precautionary principle highly relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J. Domènech
- Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - X. Tomàs
- Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L. Arroyo
- Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. C. Senar
- Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Cooman T, Bergeron SA, Coltogirone R, Horstick E, Arroyo L. Evaluation of fentanyl toxicity and metabolism using a zebrafish model. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:706-714. [PMID: 34647333 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The increased abuse of novel drugs has created a critical need for cheap and rapid in vivo models to understand whole organism drug-induced toxicity and metabolic impacts. One such model is zebrafish, which share many similarities to human. Assays have been developed for behavioral, toxicity, and metabolism elucidation following chemical exposure. The zebrafish model provides the advantage of assessing these parameters within a single study. Previous zebrafish studies have evaluated the behavioral effects of fentanyl, but not developmental toxicity and its relation to metabolism. In this study, we evaluate the effects of fentanyl on the development of wild-type (TL strain) zebrafish and its metabolism over 4 days. Fertilized eggs were exposed to six concentrations of fentanyl (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 50, and 100 μM) through embryo media incubated at 28-29°C. Observations included egg coagulation, somite formation, heartbeat, tail and yolk morphology, pericardial formation, and swim bladder inflation. The incubation media was analyzed for the presence of metabolites using a targeted metabolomics approach. Fentanyl concentration caused significant effects on survival and development, with notable defects to the tail, yolk, and pericardium at 50 and 100 μM. Despropionyl fentanyl (4-ANPP), β-hydroxy fentanyl, and norfentanyl were detected in zebrafish larvae. We present a single in vivo model to assess toxicity and metabolism of fentanyl exposure in a vertebrate model system. Our findings provide a foundation for further investigations into fentanyl's mechanism of action and translation to human drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travon Cooman
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Sadie A Bergeron
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Rebecca Coltogirone
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Eric Horstick
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Luis Arroyo
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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14
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Feeney W, Menking-Hoggatt K, Vander Pyl C, Ott CE, Bell S, Arroyo L, Trejos T. Detection of organic and inorganic gunshot residues from hands using complexing agents and LC-MS/MS. Anal Methods 2021; 13:3024-3039. [PMID: 34159965 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00778e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gunshot residue (GSR) refers to a conglomerate consisting of both organic molecules (OGSR) and inorganic species (IGSR). Historically, forensic examiners have focused only on identifying the IGSR particles by their morphology and elemental composition. Nonetheless, modern ammunition formulations and challenges with the GSR transference (such as secondary and tertiary transfer) have driven research efforts for more comprehensive examinations, requiring alternative analytical techniques. This study proposes the use of LC-MS/MS for chromatographic separation and dual detection of inorganic and organic residues. The detection of both target species in the same sample increases the confidence that chemical profiles came from a gun's discharge instead of non-firearm-related sources. This strategy implements supramolecular molecules that complex with the IGSR species, allowing them to elute from the column towards the mass spectrometer while retaining isotopic ratios for quick and unambiguous identification. The macrocycle (18-crown-6-ether) complexes with lead and barium, while antimony complexes with a chelating agent (tartaric acid). The total analysis time for OGSR and IGSR in one sample is under 20 minutes. This manuscript expands from a previous proof-of-concept publication by improving figures of merit, increasing the target analytes, testing the method's feasibility through a more extensive set of authentic specimens collected from the hands of both shooters and non-shooters, and comparing performance with other analytical techniques such as ICP-MS, electrochemical methods and LIBS. The linear dynamic ranges (LDR) spread across the low ppb range for OGSR (0.3-200 ppb) and low ppm range (0.1-6.0 ppm) for IGSR. The method's accuracy increased overall when both organic and inorganic profiles were combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Feeney
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 1600 University Ave, Morgantown, WV, USA
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15
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Neely M, Arroyo L, Jardine C, Clow K, Moore A, Hazlett M, Weese JS. Evaluation of 2 ELISAs to determine Borrelia burgdorferi seropositivity in horses over a 12-month period. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:736-739. [PMID: 34041969 PMCID: PMC8225689 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211016103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis), which transmits
Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, has
undergone rapid range expansion in Ontario. In horses, Lyme disease remains an enigmatic
disease, with limited understanding of the pathogenesis and many issues pertaining to
selection and interpretation of laboratory tests. We evaluated B.
burgdorferi seropositivity in naturally exposed horses over a 12-mo period and
compared paired samples with 2 common serologic tests. Serum samples were collected in
2017, ~1 y after initial testing, from a cohort of 22 horses that were seropositive in a
2016 seroprevalence study. Samples were tested using a C6 ELISA and a multiplex ELISA
targeting outer surface proteins A, C, and F. 1 y after initial testing, 14 of 22 (64%)
horses remained seropositive; 7 (32%) were positive on the multiplex ELISA, 2 (9%) on C6
ELISA, and 5 (23%) on both tests. Repeatability was 100% for the C6 ELISA, and 95% for the
multiplex ELISA, with no significant difference between paired sample multiplex titer
values. Our results indicate strong intra-test reliability, although further investigation
is required to determine the clinical significance of serologic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Neely
- Departments of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luis Arroyo
- Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claire Jardine
- Departments of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katie Clow
- opulation Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alison Moore
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA), Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Murray Hazlett
- Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Scott Weese
- Departments of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Weston M, Rinde-Hoffman D, Berman P, Arroyo L, Kumar S, Mackie B, Feliberti J. Heart Transplant Recipients with pAMR1(H+) and pAMR2 Rejection Have the Same Amount of Myocardial Injury by Allosure. J Heart Lung Transplant 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2021.01.1858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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17
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Weston M, Rinde-Hoffman D, Berman P, Arroyo L, Kumar S, Mackie B. Heart Transplant Recipients with pAMR1 (H+) and pAMR2 Rejection Have the Same Amount of Myocardial Injury by Molecular Microscope. J Heart Lung Transplant 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2021.01.1847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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18
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Tisotti T, Valverde A, Hopkins A, O'Sullivan ML, Hanna B, Arroyo L. Use of intravenous lidocaine to treat dexmedetomidine-induced bradycardia in sedated and anesthetized dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 48:174-186. [PMID: 33485784 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess cardiopulmonary function in sedated and anesthetized dogs administered intravenous (IV) dexmedetomidine and subsequently administered IV lidocaine to treat dexmedetomidine-induced bradycardia. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, crossover experimental trial. ANIMALS A total of six purpose-bred female Beagle dogs, weighing 9.1 ± 0.6 kg (mean ± standard deviation). METHODS Dogs were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: dexmedetomidine (10 μg kg-1 IV) administered to conscious (treatments SED1 and SED2) or isoflurane-anesthetized dogs (end-tidal isoflurane concentration 1.19 ± 0.04%; treatment ISO). After 30 minutes, a lidocaine bolus (2 mg kg-1) IV was administered in treatments SED1 and ISO, followed 20 minutes later by a second bolus (2 mg kg-1) and a 30 minute lidocaine constant rate infusion (L-CRI) at 50 (SED1) or 100 μg kg-1 minute-1 (ISO). In SED2, lidocaine bolus and L-CRI (50 μg kg-1 minute-1) were administered 5 minutes after dexmedetomidine. Cardiopulmonary measurements were obtained after dexmedetomidine, after lidocaine bolus, during L-CRI and 30 minutes after discontinuing L-CRI. A mixed linear model was used for comparisons within treatments (p < 0.05). RESULTS When administered after a bolus of dexmedetomidine, lidocaine bolus and L-CRI significantly increased heart rate and cardiac index, decreased mean blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance index and oxygen extraction ratio, and did not affect stroke volume index in all treatments. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Lidocaine was an effective treatment for dexmedetomidine-induced bradycardia in healthy research dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainor Tisotti
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander Valverde
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | - Ashley Hopkins
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - M Lynne O'Sullivan
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, PE, Canada
| | - Brad Hanna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Luis Arroyo
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Valent D, Arroyo L, Fàbrega E, Font-i-Furnols M, Rodríguez-Palmero M, Moreno-Muñoz J, Tibau J, Bassols A. Effects of a high-fat-diet supplemented with probiotics and ω3-fatty acids on appetite regulatory neuropeptides and neurotransmitters in a pig model. Benef Microbes 2020; 11:347-359. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2019.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The pig is a valuable animal model to study obesity in humans due to the physiological similarity between humans and pigs in terms of digestive and associated metabolic processes. The dietary use of vegetal protein, probiotics and omega-3 fatty acids is recommended to control weight gain and to fight obesity-associated metabolic disorders. Likewise, there are recent reports on their beneficial effects on brain functions. The hypothalamus is the central part of the brain that regulates food intake by means of the production of food intake-regulatory hypothalamic neuropeptides, as neuropeptide Y (NPY), orexin A and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), and neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin. Other mesolimbic areas, such as the hippocampus, are also involved in the control of food intake. In this study, the effect of a high fat diet (HFD) alone or supplemented with these additives on brain neuropeptides and neurotransmitters was assessed in forty-three young pigs fed for 10 weeks with a control diet (T1), a high fat diet (HFD, T2), and HFD with vegetal protein supplemented with Bifidobacterium breve CECT8242 alone (T3) or in combination with omega-3 fatty acids (T4). A HFD provoked changes in regulatory neuropeptides and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the hypothalamus and alterations mostly in the dopaminergic system in the ventral hippocampus. Supplementation of the HFD with B. breve CECT8242, especially in combination with omega-3 fatty acids, was able to partially reverse the effects of HFD. Correlations between productive and neurochemical parameters supported these findings. These results confirm that pigs are an appropriate animal model alternative to rodents for the study of the effects of HFD on weight gain and obesity. Furthermore, they indicate the potential benefits of probiotics and omega-3 fatty acids on brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Valent
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L. Arroyo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E. Fàbrega
- Food Science – Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, IRTA, Monells, Girona, Spain
| | - M. Font-i-Furnols
- Animal Science – Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, IRTA, Monells, Girona, Spain
| | | | | | - J. Tibau
- Animal Science – Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, IRTA, Monells, Girona, Spain
| | - A. Bassols
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Mazzoni D, Borray-Escalante NA, Ortega–Segalerva A, Arroyo L, González–Solís J, Senar JC. Diet to tissue discrimination factors for the blood and feathers of the monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) and the ring–necked parakeet (Psittacula krameri). Anim Biodiv Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.32800/abc.2019.42.0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Stable isotope analyses (SIAs) have been widely used in recent years to infer the diet of many species. This isotopic approach requires using diet to tissue discrimination factors (DTDFs) for each prey type and predator tissue, i.e., to determine the difference between the isotopic composition of the predator tissues and the different prey that conform its diet. Information on DTDF values in Psittaciformes is scarce. The aim of this study was to assess DTDF values for the carbon and nitrogen isotopes of the monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) and the ring–necked parakeet (Psittacula krameri), two invasive alien species of concern. We fed captive birds of the two parakeet species on a single–species diet based on sunflower seeds to establish the DTDFs for the blood and feathers. In the monk parakeet (N = 9) DTDFs were Δδ13C 2.14 ‰ ± 0.90 and Δδ15N 3.21 ‰ ± 0.75 for the blood, and Δδ13C 3.97 ‰ ± 0.90 and Δδ15N 3.67 ‰ ± 0.74 for the feathers. In the ring–necked parakeet (N = 9), the DTDFs were Δδ13C (‰) 2.58 ± 0.90 and Δδ15N (‰) 2.35 ± 0.78 for the blood, and Δδ13C 3.64 ‰ ± 0.98 and Δδ15N 4.10 ‰ ± 1.84 for the feathers. DTDF values for the ring–necked parakeet blood were significantly higher than those for the monk parakeet blood. No difference was found between the two species in the DTDF for feathers. Our findings provide the first values of DTDFs for blood and feathers in these parakeets, factors that are key to infer the diet of these species based on SIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Mazzoni
- Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - L. Arroyo
- Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - J. C. Senar
- Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Spain
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García-Trabanino R, Arroyo L, Courville K, Chica CI, Bohorques R, Rodríguez G, Oyuela J, Moraes T, Martínez H, Álvarez Estevez G. La diálisis peritoneal en Centroamérica y el Caribe: estado actual, necesidades y propuestas. NEFRO 2018. [DOI: 10.24875/nefro.18000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Levis C, Costa FRC, Bongers F, Peña-Claros M, Clement CR, Junqueira AB, Neves EG, Tamanaha EK, Figueiredo FOG, Salomão RP, Castilho CV, Magnusson WE, Phillips OL, Guevara JE, Sabatier D, Molino JF, López DC, Mendoza AM, Pitman NCA, Duque A, Vargas PN, Zartman CE, Vasquez R, Andrade A, Camargo JL, Feldpausch TR, Laurance SGW, Laurance WF, Killeen TJ, Nascimento HEM, Montero JC, Mostacedo B, Amaral IL, Guimarães Vieira IC, Brienen R, Castellanos H, Terborgh J, Carim MDJV, Guimarães JRDS, Coelho LDS, Matos FDDA, Wittmann F, Mogollón HF, Damasco G, Dávila N, García-Villacorta R, Coronado ENH, Emilio T, Filho DDAL, Schietti J, Souza P, Targhetta N, Comiskey JA, Marimon BS, Marimon BH, Neill D, Alonso A, Arroyo L, Carvalho FA, de Souza FC, Dallmeier F, Pansonato MP, Duivenvoorden JF, Fine PVA, Stevenson PR, Araujo-Murakami A, Aymard C. GA, Baraloto C, do Amaral DD, Engel J, Henkel TW, Maas P, Petronelli P, Revilla JDC, Stropp J, Daly D, Gribel R, Paredes MR, Silveira M, Thomas-Caesar R, Baker TR, da Silva NF, Ferreira LV, Peres CA, Silman MR, Cerón C, Valverde FC, Di Fiore A, Jimenez EM, Mora MCP, Toledo M, Barbosa EM, Bonates LCDM, Arboleda NC, Farias EDS, Fuentes A, Guillaumet JL, Jørgensen PM, Malhi Y, de Andrade Miranda IP, Phillips JF, Prieto A, Rudas A, Ruschel AR, Silva N, von Hildebrand P, Vos VA, Zent EL, Zent S, Cintra BBL, Nascimento MT, Oliveira AA, Ramirez-Angulo H, Ramos JF, Rivas G, Schöngart J, Sierra R, Tirado M, van der Heijden G, Torre EV, Wang O, Young KR, Baider C, Cano A, Farfan-Rios W, Ferreira C, Hoffman B, Mendoza C, Mesones I, Torres-Lezama A, Medina MNU, van Andel TR, Villarroel D, Zagt R, Alexiades MN, Balslev H, Garcia-Cabrera K, Gonzales T, Hernandez L, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Manzatto AG, Milliken W, Cuenca WP, Pansini S, Pauletto D, Arevalo FR, Reis NFC, Sampaio AF, Giraldo LEU, Sandoval EHV, Gamarra LV, Vela CIA, ter Steege H. Persistent effects of pre-Columbian plant domestication on Amazonian forest composition. Science 2017; 355:925-931. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aal0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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García-Contreras C, Valent D, Vázquez-Gómez M, Arroyo L, Isabel B, Astiz S, Bassols A, Gonzalez-Bulnes A. Fetal growth-retardation and brain-sparing by malnutrition are associated to changes in neurotransmitters profile. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 57:72-76. [PMID: 28104460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study assesses possible changes in the levels of different neurotransmitters (catecholamines and indoleamines) in fetuses affected by nutrient shortage. Hence, we determined the concentration of catecholamines and indoleamines at the hypothalamus of 56 swine fetuses obtained at both 70 and 90days of pregnancy (n=33 and 23 fetuses, respectively). The degree of fetal development and the fetal sex affected the neurotransmitters profile at both stages. At Day 70, there were found higher mean concentrations of l-DOPA in both female and male fetuses with severe IUGR; male fetuses with severe IUGR also showed higher concentrations of TRP than normal male littermates. At Day 90 of pregnancy, the differences between sexes were more evident. There were no significant effects from either severe IUGR on the neurotransmitter profile in male fetuses. However, in the females, a lower body-weight was related to lower concentrations of l-DOPA and TRP and those female fetuses affected by severe IUGR evidenced lower HVA concentration. In conclusion, the fetal synthesis and use of neurotransmitters increase with time of pregnancy but, in case of IUGR, both catecholamines and indoleamines pathways are affected by sex-related effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D Valent
- Faculty of Veterinary, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - L Arroyo
- Faculty of Veterinary, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B Isabel
- Faculty of Veterinary, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - A Bassols
- Faculty of Veterinary, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
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Kerr C, Keating S, Arroyo L. Cardiopulmonary effects and recovery characteristics associated with two sedative/analgesic protocols to facilitate assisted ventilation in healthy neonatal foals. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Guest B, Runciman J, Viel L, Kerr C, Arroyo L. Method for Blind Catheter Placement in the Equine Pulmonary Artery. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Senar JC, Domènech J, Arroyo L, Torre I, Gordo D. An evaluation of monk parakeet damage to crops in the metropolitan area of Barcelona. Anim Biodiv Conserv 2016. [DOI: 10.32800/abc.2016.39.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Tomlinson JE, Byrne E, Pusterla N, Magdesian KG, Hilton HG, McGorum B, Davis E, Schoster A, Arroyo L, Dunkel B, Carslake H, Boston RC, Johnson AL. The Use of Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator (rTPA) in The Treatment of Fibrinous Pleuropneumonia in Horses: 25 Cases (2007-2012). J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:1403-9. [PMID: 26256909 PMCID: PMC4858032 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Information about treatment protocols, adverse effects and outcomes with intrapleural recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rTPA) use in horses with fibrinous pleuropneumonia is limited. Hypothesis/Objectives Describe factors that contribute to clinical response and survival of horses treated with rTPA intrapleurally. Animals Horses with bacterial pneumonia and fibrinous pleural effusion diagnosed by ultrasonography, that were treated with rTPA intrapleurally. Methods Retrospective multicenter case series from 2007–2012. Signalment, history, clinical and laboratory evaluation, treatment, and outcome obtained from medical records. Regression analysis used to identify associations between treatments and outcomes. Results Thirty three hemithoraces were treated in 25 horses, with 55 separate treatments. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (375–20,000 μg/hemithorax) was administered 1–4 times. Sonographically visible reduction in fibrin mat thickness, loculations, fluid depth, or some combination of these was seen in 32/49 (65%) treatments. Response to at least 1 treatment was seen in 17/20 (85%) horses with sonographic follow‐up evaluation after every treatment. Earlier onset of rTPA treatment associated with increased survival odds. No association was found between cumulative rTPA dose or number of rTPA doses and survival, development of complications, duration of hospitalization or total charges. Clinical evidence of hypocoagulability or bleeding was not observed. Eighteen horses (72%) survived to discharge. Conclusions and clinical importance Treatment with rTPA appeared safe and resulted in variable changes in fibrin quantity and organization within the pleural space. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator could be a useful adjunct to standard treatment of fibrinous pleuropneumonia, but optimal case selection and dosing regimen remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Tomlinson
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA
| | - E Byrne
- Alamo Pintado Equine Medical Center, Los Olivos, CA
| | - N Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - K Gary Magdesian
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - H G Hilton
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - B McGorum
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - E Davis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - A Schoster
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - L Arroyo
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - B Dunkel
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Herts, UK
| | - H Carslake
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, University of Liverpool, Wirral, UK
| | - R C Boston
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA
| | - A L Johnson
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA
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Gómez J, Lasanta C, Cubillana-Aguilera LM, Palacios-Santander JM, Arnedo R, Casas JA, Arroyo L. Acidification of musts in warm regions with tartaric acid and calcium sulfate at industrial scale. BIO Web of Conferences 2015. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20150502007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Brienen RJW, Phillips OL, Feldpausch TR, Gloor E, Baker TR, Lloyd J, Lopez-Gonzalez G, Monteagudo-Mendoza A, Malhi Y, Lewis SL, Vásquez Martinez R, Alexiades M, Álvarez Dávila E, Alvarez-Loayza P, Andrade A, Aragão LEOC, Araujo-Murakami A, Arets EJMM, Arroyo L, Aymard C GA, Bánki OS, Baraloto C, Barroso J, Bonal D, Boot RGA, Camargo JLC, Castilho CV, Chama V, Chao KJ, Chave J, Comiskey JA, Cornejo Valverde F, da Costa L, de Oliveira EA, Di Fiore A, Erwin TL, Fauset S, Forsthofer M, Galbraith DR, Grahame ES, Groot N, Hérault B, Higuchi N, Honorio Coronado EN, Keeling H, Killeen TJ, Laurance WF, Laurance S, Licona J, Magnussen WE, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Mendoza C, Neill DA, Nogueira EM, Núñez P, Pallqui Camacho NC, Parada A, Pardo-Molina G, Peacock J, Peña-Claros M, Pickavance GC, Pitman NCA, Poorter L, Prieto A, Quesada CA, Ramírez F, Ramírez-Angulo H, Restrepo Z, Roopsind A, Rudas A, Salomão RP, Schwarz M, Silva N, Silva-Espejo JE, Silveira M, Stropp J, Talbot J, ter Steege H, Teran-Aguilar J, Terborgh J, Thomas-Caesar R, Toledo M, Torello-Raventos M, Umetsu RK, van der Heijden GMF, van der Hout P, Guimarães Vieira IC, Vieira SA, Vilanova E, Vos VA, Zagt RJ. Long-term decline of the Amazon carbon sink. Nature 2015; 519:344-8. [PMID: 25788097 DOI: 10.1038/nature14283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric carbon dioxide records indicate that the land surface has acted as a strong global carbon sink over recent decades, with a substantial fraction of this sink probably located in the tropics, particularly in the Amazon. Nevertheless, it is unclear how the terrestrial carbon sink will evolve as climate and atmospheric composition continue to change. Here we analyse the historical evolution of the biomass dynamics of the Amazon rainforest over three decades using a distributed network of 321 plots. While this analysis confirms that Amazon forests have acted as a long-term net biomass sink, we find a long-term decreasing trend of carbon accumulation. Rates of net increase in above-ground biomass declined by one-third during the past decade compared to the 1990s. This is a consequence of growth rate increases levelling off recently, while biomass mortality persistently increased throughout, leading to a shortening of carbon residence times. Potential drivers for the mortality increase include greater climate variability, and feedbacks of faster growth on mortality, resulting in shortened tree longevity. The observed decline of the Amazon sink diverges markedly from the recent increase in terrestrial carbon uptake at the global scale, and is contrary to expectations based on models.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J W Brienen
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - O L Phillips
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - T R Feldpausch
- 1] School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. [2] Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - E Gloor
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - T R Baker
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - J Lloyd
- 1] Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK. [2] School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, 4870 Queenland, Australia
| | | | - A Monteagudo-Mendoza
- Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Prolongacion Bolognesi Mz.e, Lote 6, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru
| | - Y Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QK, UK
| | - S L Lewis
- 1] School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. [2] Department of Geography, University College London, Pearson Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - R Vásquez Martinez
- Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Prolongacion Bolognesi Mz.e, Lote 6, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru
| | - M Alexiades
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, Marlowe Building, University of Kent, Canterbury CT1 3EH, UK
| | - E Álvarez Dávila
- Servicios Ecosistemicos y Cambio Climático, Jardín Botánico de Medellín, Calle 73 no. 51 D-14, C.P. 050010, Medellín, Colombia
| | - P Alvarez-Loayza
- Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Box 90381, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - A Andrade
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragment Project (INPA &STRI), C.P. 478, Manaus AM 69011-970, Brazil
| | - L E O C Aragão
- 1] Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK. [2] National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. Dos Astronautas, 1758, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12227-010, Brazil
| | - A Araujo-Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Casilla 2489, Av. Irala 565, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - E J M M Arets
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Arroyo
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Casilla 2489, Av. Irala 565, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - G A Aymard C
- UNELLEZ-Guanare, Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Mesa de Cavacas, Estado Portuguesa, 3350 Venezuela
| | - O S Bánki
- Biodiversiteit en Ecosysteem Dynamica, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Baraloto
- 1] Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR EcoFoG, Campus Agronomique, 97310 Kourou, French Guiana. [2] International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - J Barroso
- Universidade Federal do Acre, Campus de Cruzeiro do Sul, Rio Branco, Brazil
| | - D Bonal
- INRA, UMR 1137 ''Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestiere'' 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - R G A Boot
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - J L C Camargo
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragment Project (INPA &STRI), C.P. 478, Manaus AM 69011-970, Brazil
| | - C V Castilho
- Embrapa Roraima, Caixa Postal 133, Boa Vista, RR, CEP 69301-970, Brazil
| | - V Chama
- Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. de la Cultura N° 733, Cusco, Peru
| | - K J Chao
- 1] School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. [2] International Master Program of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - J Chave
- Université Paul Sabatier CNRS, UMR 5174 Evolution et Diversité Biologique, Bâtiment 4R1, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - J A Comiskey
- Northeast Region Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service, 120 Chatham Lane, Fredericksburg, Virginia 22405, USA
| | - F Cornejo Valverde
- Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru
| | - L da Costa
- Universidade Federal do Para, Centro de Geociencias, Belem, CEP 66017-970 Para, Brazil
| | - E A de Oliveira
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Caixa Postal 08, CEP 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina MT, Brazil
| | - A Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, SAC Room 5.150, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - T L Erwin
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC 187, Washington DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - S Fauset
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - M Forsthofer
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Caixa Postal 08, CEP 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina MT, Brazil
| | - D R Galbraith
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - E S Grahame
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - N Groot
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - B Hérault
- Cirad, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, Campus Agronomique, 97310 Kourou, French Guiana
| | - N Higuchi
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragment Project (INPA &STRI), C.P. 478, Manaus AM 69011-970, Brazil
| | - E N Honorio Coronado
- 1] School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. [2] Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Av. A. José Quiñones km 2.5, Iquitos, Peru
| | - H Keeling
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - T J Killeen
- World Wildlife Fund, 1250 24th Street NW, Washington DC 20037, USA
| | - W F Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - S Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - J Licona
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal, C.P. 6201, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | - W E Magnussen
- National Institute for Research in Amazonia (INPA), C.P. 478, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP 69011-970, Brazil
| | - B S Marimon
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Caixa Postal 08, CEP 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina MT, Brazil
| | - B H Marimon-Junior
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Caixa Postal 08, CEP 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina MT, Brazil
| | - C Mendoza
- 1] FOMABO, Manejo Forestal en las Tierras Tropicales de Bolivia, Sacta, Bolivia. [2] Escuela de Ciencias Forestales (ESFOR), Universidad Mayor de San Simón (UMSS), Sacta, Bolivia
| | - D A Neill
- Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental, Paso lateral km 2 1/2 via Napo, Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador
| | - E M Nogueira
- National Institute for Research in Amazonia (INPA), C.P. 2223, 69080-971, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - P Núñez
- Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. de la Cultura N° 733, Cusco, Peru
| | - N C Pallqui Camacho
- Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. de la Cultura N° 733, Cusco, Peru
| | - A Parada
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Casilla 2489, Av. Irala 565, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - G Pardo-Molina
- Universidad Autonoma del Beni, Campus Universitario, Av. Ejército Nacional, Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia
| | - J Peacock
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - M Peña-Claros
- 1] Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal, C.P. 6201, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. [2] Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - G C Pickavance
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - N C A Pitman
- 1] Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Box 90381, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA. [2] The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496, USA
| | - L Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Prieto
- Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
| | - C A Quesada
- National Institute for Research in Amazonia (INPA), C.P. 2223, 69080-971, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - F Ramírez
- Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
| | - H Ramírez-Angulo
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de Los Andes, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Conjunto Forestal, C.P. 5101, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Z Restrepo
- Servicios Ecosistemicos y Cambio Climático, Jardín Botánico de Medellín, Calle 73 no. 51 D-14, C.P. 050010, Medellín, Colombia
| | - A Roopsind
- Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, 77 High Street Kingston, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - A Rudas
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - R P Salomão
- Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata, 376 - São Braz, CEP 66040-170, Belém PA, Brazil
| | - M Schwarz
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - N Silva
- UFRA, Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves 2501, CEP 66.077-901, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - J E Silva-Espejo
- Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. de la Cultura N° 733, Cusco, Peru
| | - M Silveira
- Museu Universitário, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco AC 69910-900, Brazil
| | - J Stropp
- European Commission - DG Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Via Enrico Fermi 274, 21010 Ispra, Italy
| | - J Talbot
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - H ter Steege
- 1] Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands. [2] Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Utrecht University, PO Box 80084, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Teran-Aguilar
- Museo de Historia Natural Alcide D'Orbigny, Av. Potosi no 1458, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - J Terborgh
- Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Box 90381, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - R Thomas-Caesar
- UFRA, Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves 2501, CEP 66.077-901, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - M Toledo
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal, C.P. 6201, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | - M Torello-Raventos
- 1] School of Earth and Environmental Science, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia. [2] Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - R K Umetsu
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Caixa Postal 08, CEP 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina MT, Brazil
| | - G M F van der Heijden
- 1] Northumbria University, School of Geography, Ellison Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle NE1 8ST, UK. [2] University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53202, USA. [3] Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panamá, Republic of Panama
| | - P van der Hout
- Van der Hout Forestry Consulting, Jan Trooststraat 6, 3078 HP Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I C Guimarães Vieira
- Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata, 376 - São Braz, CEP 66040-170, Belém PA, Brazil
| | - S A Vieira
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, NEPAM, Rua dos Flamboyants, 155- Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, CEP 13083-867, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - E Vilanova
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de Los Andes, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Conjunto Forestal, C.P. 5101, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - V A Vos
- 1] Universidad Autonoma del Beni, Campus Universitario, Av. Ejército Nacional, Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia. [2] Centro de Investigación y Promoción del Campesinado, regional Norte Amazónico, C/ Nicanor Gonzalo Salvatierra N° 362, Casilla 16, Riberalta, Bolivia
| | - R J Zagt
- Tropenbos International, PO Box 232, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Silva* G, Guest B, Gomez D, McGregor M, Runciman J, Arroyo L. P1.8 DEVELOPMENT OF A TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINATION OF PULMONARY ARTERY PULSE WAVE VELOCITY IN HORSES. Artery Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2015.10.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Gohari IM, Arroyo L, MacInnes JI, Timoney JF, Parreira VR, Prescott JF. Characterization of Clostridium perfringens in the feces of adult horses and foals with acute enterocolitis. Can J Vet Res 2014; 78:1-7. [PMID: 24396174 PMCID: PMC3878003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Up to 60% of cases of equine colitis have no known cause. To improve understanding of the causes of acute colitis in horses, we hypothesized that Clostridium perfringens producing enterotoxin (CPE) and/or beta2 toxin (CPB2) are common and important causes of severe colitis in horses and/or that C. perfringens producing an as-yet-undescribed cytotoxin may also cause colitis in horses. Fecal samples from 55 horses (43 adults, 12 foals) with clinical evidence of colitis were evaluated by culture for the presence of Clostridium difficile, C. perfringens, and Salmonella. Feces were also examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for C. difficile A/B toxins and C. perfringens alpha toxin (CPA), beta2 toxin (CPB2), and enterotoxin (CPE). Five C. perfringens isolates per sample were genotyped for the following genes: cpa, cpb, cpb2 consensus, cpb2 atypical, cpe (enterotoxin), etx (epsilon toxin), itx (iota toxin), netB (necrotic enteritis toxin B), and tpeL (large C. perfringens cytotoxin). The supernatants of these isolates were also evaluated for toxicity for an equine cell line. All fecal samples were negative for Salmonella. Clostridium perfringens and C. difficile were isolated from 40% and 5.4% of samples, respectively. All fecal samples were negative for CPE. Clostridium perfringens CPA and CPB2 toxins were detected in 14.5% and 7.2% of fecal samples, respectively, all of which were culture-positive for C. perfringens. No isolates were cpe, etx, netB, or tpeL gene-positive. Atypical cpb2 and consensus cpb2 genes were identified in 15 (13.6%) and 4 (3.6%) of 110 isolates, respectively. All equine C. perfringens isolates showed far milder cytotoxicity effects than a CPB-producing positive control, although cpb2-positive isolates were slightly but significantly more cytotoxic than negative isolates. Based on this studied population, we were unable to confirm our hypothesis that CPE and CPB2-producing C. perfringens are common in horses with colitis in Ontario and we failed to identify cytotoxic activity in vitro in the type A isolates recovered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - John F. Prescott
- Address all correspondence to Dr. John F. Prescott; telephone: (519) 824-4120, ext. 54716; fax: (519) 824-5939; e-mail:
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Abstract
There is currently considerable controversy in evolutionary ecology revolving around whether social familiarity brings attraction when a female chooses a mate. The topic of familiarity is significant because by avoiding or preferring familiar individuals as mates, the potential for local adaptation may be reduced or favoured. The topic becomes even more interesting if we simultaneously analyse preferences for familiarity and sexual ornaments, because when familiarity influences female mating preferences, this could very significantly affect the strength of sexual selection on male ornamentation. Here, we have used mate-choice experiments in siskins Carduelis spinus to analyse how familiarity and patterns of ornamentation (i.e. the size of wing patches) interact to influence mating success. Our results show that females clearly prefer familiar individuals when choosing between familiar and unfamiliar males with similar-sized wing patches. Furthermore, when females were given the choice between a highly ornamented unfamiliar male and a less ornamented familiar male, half of the females still preferred the socially familiar birds as mates. Our finding suggests that male familiarity may be as important as sexual ornaments in affecting female behaviour in mate choice. Given that the potential for local adaptation may be favoured by preferring familiar individuals as mates, social familiarity as a mate-choice criterion may become a potential area of fruitful research on sympatric speciation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Senar
- Behavioural and Evolutionary Ecology Associate Research Unit, CSIC, Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, , Passeig Picasso s/n, Barcelona 08003, Spain, Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, , Norbyvägen 18d, Uppsala 752 36, Sweden
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Monteiro MA, Ma Z, Bertolo L, Jiao Y, Arroyo L, Hodgins D, Mallozzi M, Vedantam G, Sagermann M, Sundsmo J, Chow H. Carbohydrate-based Clostridium difficile vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:421-31. [PMID: 23560922 DOI: 10.1586/erv.13.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is responsible for thousands of deaths each year and a vaccine would be welcomed, especially one that would disrupt bacterial maintenance, colonization and persistence in carriers and convalescent patients. Structural explorations at the University of Guelph (ON, Canada) discovered that C. difficile may express three phosphorylated polysaccharides, named PSI, PSII and PSIII; this review captures our recent efforts to create vaccines based on these glycans, especially PSII, the common antigen that has precipitated immediate attention. The authors describe the design and immunogenicity of vaccines composed of raw polysaccharides and conjugates thereof. So far, it has been observed that anti-PSII antibodies can be raised in farm animals, mice and hamster models; humans and horses carry anti-PSII IgA and IgG antibodies from natural exposure to C. difficile, respectively; phosphate is an indispensable immunogenic epitope and vaccine-induced PSII antibodies recognize PSII on C. difficile outer surface.
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Jiao Y, Ma Z, Hodgins D, Pequegnat B, Bertolo L, Arroyo L, Monteiro MA. Clostridium difficile PSI polysaccharide: synthesis of pentasaccharide repeating block, conjugation to exotoxin B subunit, and detection of natural anti-PSI IgG antibodies in horse serum. Carbohydr Res 2013; 378:15-25. [PMID: 23597587 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is the most common cause of antimicrobial-associated diarrhea in humans and may cause death. Previously, we discovered that C. difficile expresses three polysaccharides, named PSI, PSII, and PSIII. It has now been established that PSII is a conserved antigen abundantly present on the cell-surface and biofilm of C. difficile. In contrast, the expression of PSI and PSIII appears to be stochastic processes. In this work, the total chemical synthesis of the PSI pentasaccharide repeating unit carrying a linker at the reducing end, α-l-Rhap-(1→3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→4)-[α-l-Rhap-(1→3)]-α-d-Glcp-(1→2)-α-d-Glcp-(1→O(CH2)5NH2, was achieved by a linear synthesis strategy from four monosaccharide building blocks. The synthesized PSI pentasaccharide was conjugated to a subunit of C. difficile exotoxin B yielding a potential dual C. difficile vaccine. More significantly, sera from healthy horses were shown to contain natural anti-PSI IgG antibodies that detected both the synthetic non-phosphorylated PSI repeat and the native PSI polysaccharide, with a slightly higher recognition of the native PSI polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuening Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Treviño A, Benito R, Caballero E, Ramos JM, Roc L, María Eiros J, Aguilera A, García J, Cifuentes C, Marcaida G, Rodríguez C, Trigo M, Arroyo L, de Mendoza C, Soriano V. Seroprevalence of HTLV infection in Spain among immigrant pregnant women. Retrovirology 2011. [PMCID: PMC3112804 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-s1-a87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Valverde A, Crawshaw GJ, Cribb N, Bellei M, Gianotti G, Arroyo L, Koenig J, Kummrow M, Costa MC. Anesthetic management of a white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) undergoing an emergency exploratory celiotomy for colic. Vet Anaesth Analg 2011; 37:280-5. [PMID: 20456115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2010.00534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBSERVATIONS A 26-year-old male white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum), weighing approximately 2000 kg was anesthetized for an exploratory celiotomy. Sedation was achieved with intramuscular butorphanol (0.04 mg kg(-1)) and detomidine (0.025 mg kg(-1)) and induction of anesthesia with intravenous glyceryl guaiacolate (50 g) and three intravenous boluses of ketamine (200 mg, each); the trachea was then intubated and anesthesia maintained with isoflurane in oxygen using a circle breathing system. Positioning in dorsal recumbency for the surgery and later in sternal recumbency for the recovery represented challenges that added to the prolonged anesthesia time and surgical approach to partially correct an impaction. The rhinoceros recovered uneventfully after 10.4 hours of recumbency. CONCLUSIONS Anesthetic management for an exploratory celiotomy with a midline approach is possible in rhinoceroses, although planning and extensive staff support is necessary to adequately position the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Valverde
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Beeler-Marfisi J, Arroyo L, Caswell JL, DeLay J, Bienzle D. Equine Primary Liver Tumors: A Case Series and Review of the Literature. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 22:174-83. [DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatoblastoma (HB) is an uncommon pediatric liver tumor in humans and horses. In humans, HB is most frequently diagnosed in fetuses, neonates, and young children, whereas hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) affects juvenile and adult humans. Hepatoblastoma in the horse is rare, with only 9 reported cases. Affected horses ranged in age from late-term aborted fetuses to 3 years. The current study describes 3 new cases of primary liver tumors in horses and reviews findings in relation to other reports on this condition. Tumors classified as HB were identified in a male Standardbred aborted fetus and in a 4-year-old Thoroughbred filly. Hepatocellular carcinoma was diagnosed in a 15-month-old Paint filly. In the Standardbred fetus, the tumor was only present in the liver. In the Thoroughbred and Paint fillies, primary tumors were in the right liver lobe and at the hilus, respectively, and there were metastases to other lobes (HB) and mesenteric lymph nodes (HCC). Tumors were sharply demarcated from adjacent tissue, nonencapsulated, compressive, and invasive. Consisting of cords and nests, or disorganized sheets of epithelial cells, tumors had variable stromal and vascular components. The fetal tumor contained areas of smaller, less differentiated cells with a pronounced mesenchymal component interpreted to be embryonal hepatic tissue. Diagnoses were based on tumor histomorphologic features, resemblance to hepatocyte developmental stages, age of the animal, and patterns of metastasis. Tumors classified as HB were α-fetoprotein immunoreactive. Primary hepatic tumors in the horse are diverse in morphology and include subtypes compatible with classification criteria applied to human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Beeler-Marfisi
- Departments of Pathobiology (Beeler-Marfisi, Cas-well, Bienzle) and Clinical Studies (Arroyo), and the Animal Health Laboratory (DeLay), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luis Arroyo
- Departments of Pathobiology (Beeler-Marfisi, Cas-well, Bienzle) and Clinical Studies (Arroyo), and the Animal Health Laboratory (DeLay), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeff L. Caswell
- Departments of Pathobiology (Beeler-Marfisi, Cas-well, Bienzle) and Clinical Studies (Arroyo), and the Animal Health Laboratory (DeLay), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Josepha DeLay
- Departments of Pathobiology (Beeler-Marfisi, Cas-well, Bienzle) and Clinical Studies (Arroyo), and the Animal Health Laboratory (DeLay), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dorothee Bienzle
- Departments of Pathobiology (Beeler-Marfisi, Cas-well, Bienzle) and Clinical Studies (Arroyo), and the Animal Health Laboratory (DeLay), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Weese JS, Toxopeus L, Arroyo L. Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea in horses within the community: predictors, clinical presentation and outcome. Equine Vet J 2010; 38:185-8. [PMID: 16536390 DOI: 10.2746/042516406776563369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J S Weese
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Vidal D, Alzaga V, Luque-Larena JJ, Mateo R, Arroyo L, Viñuela J. Possible interaction between a rodenticide treatment and a pathogen in common vole (Microtus arvalis) during a population peak. Sci Total Environ 2009; 408:267-271. [PMID: 19863999 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A common vole (Microtus arvalis) population peak in Northern Spain in 2007 was treated with large scale application of chlorophacinone, an anticoagulant rodenticide of the indandione family. Voles found dead and trapped alive were collected in treated and untreated areas. Residues of chlorophacinone were analyzed in liver of voles by HPLC-UV. Also, the presence of the pathogen Francisella tularensis was analyzed by PCR in samples of vole spleen. Chlorophacinone (82-3800 ng/g; wet weight liver) was only detected in voles found dead in treated areas (55.5%). The prevalence of F. tularensis in voles found dead in treated areas was also particularly high (66.7%). Moreover, chlorophacinone levels were lower in voles that were PCR-positive for F. tularensis (geometric mean [95% CI], 418 [143-1219] ng/g) than in those that were PCR-negative (1084 [581-2121] ng/g). Interactions between pathogens and rodenticides might be considered to reduce the doses used in baits or to avoid the use of the more toxic 2nd generation anticoagulant rodenticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vidal
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Khan U, Benabderrazik N, Bourdelais AJ, Baden DG, Rein K, Gardinali PR, Arroyo L, O'Shea KE. UV and solar TiO(2) photocatalysis of brevetoxins (PbTxs). Toxicon 2009; 55:1008-16. [PMID: 19931554 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Karenia brevis, the harmful alga associated with red tide, produces brevetoxins (PbTxs). Exposure to these toxins can have a negative impact on marine wildlife and serious human health consequences. The elimination of PbTxs is critical to protect the marine environment and human health. TiO(2) photocatalysis under 350 nm and solar irradiation leads to significant degradation of PbTxs via first order kinetics. ELISA results demonstrate TiO(2) photocatalysis leads to a significant decrease in the bioactivity of PbTxs as a function of treatment time. Experiments conducted in the presence of synthetic seawater, humic material and a hydroxyl scavenger showed decreased degradation. PbTxs are highly hydrophobic and partition to organic microlayer on the ocean surface. Acetonitrile was employed to probe the influence of an organic media on the TiO(2) photocatalysis of PbTxs. Our results indicate TiO(2) photocatalysis may be applicable for the degradation of PbTxs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urooj Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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42
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Sancho Pérez B, Gallego M, Noguero R, Sanz C, Arroyo L, Aragón S, Carrascal A, De Matias M, Blanco M, Hernández J. 0024 How does the method of diagnosis influence the margin status of resection in breast conserving surgery of ductal carcinomas? Breast 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9776(09)70073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Sancho Pérez B, Sanz C, Noguero R, Gallego M, Arroyo L, Aragón S, Hernández J. 0103 Ductal breast carcinomas: Residual tumor rate in re-excisions after breast conserving surgery. Breast 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9776(09)70145-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Senar JC, Carrillo J, Arroyo L, Montalvo T, Peracho V. Estima de la abundancia de palomas (Columba livia var.) de la ciudad de Barcelona y valoración de la efectividad del control por eliminación de individuos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.32800/amz.2009.07.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ibeas E, Miana M, Arroyo L, delasHeras N, Nieto M, Martin-Fernandez B, Lahera V, Cachofeiro V. EFFECT OF AMLODIPINE AND ATORVASTATIN ON PLASMA SPLA2 ACTIVITY AND VASCULAR EXPRESSION OF PPAR-ALPHA AND. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(08)70986-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Clooten J, Kruth S, Arroyo L, Weese JS. Prevalence and risk factors for Clostridium difficile colonization in dogs and cats hospitalized in an intensive care unit. Vet Microbiol 2007; 129:209-14. [PMID: 18164560 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is the most common cause of hospital- and antimicrobial-associated diarrhea in hospitalized humans however the role of C. difficile in diarrhea in dogs has not been defined. A prospective study of C. difficile colonization in dogs and cats was conducted in a veterinary teaching hospital intensive care unit (ICU). Rectal swabs were taken from patients upon admission to the ICU and every third day of hospitalization until discharge or death. C. difficile was isolated from 73/402 (18%) animals; 69% of isolates were toxigenic. Community-associated colonization was identified in 39/366 (11%) of animals that were sampled at the time of admission, while C. difficile was subsequently isolated from 27 of the remaining 327 (8.3%) animals that had a negative admission swab. C. difficile was isolated from seven other dogs during hospitalization, but the origin was unclear because the admission swab was not collected. Administration of antimicrobials prior to admission and administration of immunosuppressive drugs during hospitalization were risk factors for hospital-associated colonization (P=0.006, OR 4.05, 95% CI 1.4-10.8). Acquisition of C. difficile during hospitalization in the ICU was associated with the development of diarrhea (P=0.004). Two ribotypes, one toxigenic and one non-toxigenic, predominated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Clooten
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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Obando I, Arroyo L, Sanchez-Tatay D. Decrease in Drug Resistance in Pneumococcal Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Chest 2007; 132:359; author reply 359-60. [PMID: 17625101 DOI: 10.1378/chest.06-2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Tarrago D, Fenoll A, Obando I, Sanchez-Tatay D, Arroyo L, Casal J. P1846 A real-time PCR assay for typing emerging pneumococcal serotypes. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(07)71685-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Guajardo-Salinas GE, Carvajal JA, Gaytan-Ramos ÁA, Arroyo L, López-Reyes AG, Islas JF, Cano BG, Arroyo-Currás N, Dávalos A, Madrid G, Moreno-Cuevas JE. Effects of bone marrow cell transplant on thyroid function in an I131-induced low T4 and elevated TSH rat model. J Negat Results Biomed 2007; 6:1. [PMID: 17233913 PMCID: PMC1784113 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5751-6-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We developed a study using low dose radioactive iodine creating an animal model of transient elevation of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Male derived bone marrow cells were transplanted to asses their effect on thyroid function and their capability to repair the thyroid parenchyma. Results At 40 an 80 days after I131 treatment, the study groups TSH and T4 serum values both increased and decreased significantly respectively compared to the negative control group. Eight weeks after cell transplantation, neither TSH nor T4 showed a significant difference in any group. The mean number of SRY gene copies found in group I (Left Intracardiac Transplant) was 523.3 and those in group II (Intrathyroid Transplant) were only 73. Group III (No Transplant) and IV had no copies. Group I presented a partial restore of the histological pattern of rat thyroid with approximately 20% – 30% of normal-sized follicles. Group II did not show any histological differences compared to group III (Positive control). Conclusion Both a significant increase of TSH and decrease of T4 can be induced as early as day 40 after a low dose of I131 in rats. Restore of normal thyroid function can be spontaneously achieved after using a low dose RAI in a rat model. The use of BM derived cells did not affect the re-establishment of thyroid function and might help restore the normal architecture after treatment with RAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo E Guajardo-Salinas
- Cell Therapy Laboratory, ITESM School of Medicine, 3000 Ave. Morones Prieto, Monterrey, NL 64710, México
| | - Juan A Carvajal
- Cell Therapy Laboratory, ITESM School of Medicine, 3000 Ave. Morones Prieto, Monterrey, NL 64710, México
| | - Ángel A Gaytan-Ramos
- Cell Therapy Laboratory, ITESM School of Medicine, 3000 Ave. Morones Prieto, Monterrey, NL 64710, México
| | - Luis Arroyo
- Cell Therapy Laboratory, ITESM School of Medicine, 3000 Ave. Morones Prieto, Monterrey, NL 64710, México
| | - Alberto G López-Reyes
- Cell Therapy Laboratory, ITESM School of Medicine, 3000 Ave. Morones Prieto, Monterrey, NL 64710, México
| | - José F Islas
- Cell Therapy Laboratory, ITESM School of Medicine, 3000 Ave. Morones Prieto, Monterrey, NL 64710, México
| | - Beiman G Cano
- Cell Therapy Laboratory, ITESM School of Medicine, 3000 Ave. Morones Prieto, Monterrey, NL 64710, México
| | | | - Alfredo Dávalos
- Cell Therapy Laboratory, ITESM School of Medicine, 3000 Ave. Morones Prieto, Monterrey, NL 64710, México
| | - Gloria Madrid
- Cell Therapy Laboratory, ITESM School of Medicine, 3000 Ave. Morones Prieto, Monterrey, NL 64710, México
| | - Jorge E Moreno-Cuevas
- Cell Therapy Laboratory, ITESM School of Medicine, 3000 Ave. Morones Prieto, Monterrey, NL 64710, México
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Weese JS, Rousseau J, Arroyo L. Bacteriological evaluation of commercial canine and feline raw diets. Can Vet J 2005; 46:513-6. [PMID: 16048011 PMCID: PMC1140397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-five commercial raw diets for dogs and cats were evaluated bacteriologically. Coliforms were present in all diets, ranging from 3.5 x 10(3) to 9.4 x 10(6) CFU/g (mean 8.9 x 10(5); standard deviation 1.9 x 10(6)). Escherichia coli was identified in 15/25 (64%) diets; however, E. coli O157 was not detected. Salmonella spp. were detected in 5/25 (20%) diets; 1 each of beef-, lamb-, quail-, chicken-, and ostrich-based diets. Sporeforming bacteria were identified from 4/25 (16%) samples on direct culture and 25/25 (100%) samples using enrichment culture. Clostridium perfringens was identified in 5/25 (20%) samples. A toxigenic strain of C. difficile was isolated from one turkey-based food. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 1/25 (4%) diets. Campylobacter spp. were not isolated from any of the diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Scott Weese
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1.
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