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Xu M, Wu Z. A mixed-mode reversed-phase/strong-anion-exchange stationary phase: Analyte-retention stability and application in the analysis of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1722:464871. [PMID: 38593520 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Mixed-mode reversed-phase/anion-exchange chromatography (RP/AEX) is an effective method for the chromatographic analysis of acidic drugs because it combines reversed-phase chromatography (RP) with anion-exchange chromatography (AEX). However, the result repeatability for the RP/AEX analysis of acidic drugs is frequently compromised by the detrimental effects of residual silanol groups in an RP/AEX stationary phase on peak separation and analyte retention. In this study, an RP/weak-AEX stationary phase with amino anion-exchange groups, Sil-AA, was prepared. Subsequently, an RP/strong-AEX stationary phase, Sil-PBQA, was prepared by replacing the amino groups in Sil-AA with a benzene ring and a benzyl-containing quaternary ammonium salt. The chromatographic behaviors of Sil-PBQA and Sil-AA were compared, and the effect of residual silanol groups on the chromatographic behavior of an RP/AEX stationary phase was evaluated. Residual silanol groups not only caused additional electrostatic interactions for acidic analytes, but also competed with the analytes for the anion-exchange sites in an RP/AEX stationary phase. The effects of different salt-containing mobile-phase systems on the analyte-retention behavior of Sil-PBQA were investigated to develop a method that enhanced the repeatability of the RP/AEX acidic-analyte-analysis results obtained using Sil-PBQA and facilitated the separation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on Sil-PBQA. The ideas presented in this paper can improve the separation of peaks and repeatability of results in the RP/AEX analysis of acidic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Zhenwei Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
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2
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Borges-Muñoz AC, Miller DP, Zurek E, Colón LA. Silanization of superficially porous silica particles with p-aminophenyltrimethoxysilane. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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3
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Poole CF. Chromatographic test methods for characterizing alkylsiloxane-bonded silica columns for reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1092:207-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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4
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Extent of the influence of phosphate buffer and ionic liquids on the reduction of the silanol effect in a C18 stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1559:112-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Calabuig-Hernández S, García-Alvarez-Coque MC, Ruiz-Angel MJ. Performance of amines as silanol suppressors in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1465:98-106. [PMID: 27586325 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In reversed-phase liquid chromatography, cationic basic compounds yield broad and asymmetrical peaks, as a result of their ionic interaction with the anionic free silanol groups present in the silica-based stationary phases (commonly derivatised with C18 groups). A simple way to improve the peak shape is the addition to the hydro-organic mobile phase of a reagent (usually called additive) with cationic character. This associates with the stationary phase to prevent the access of analytes to the free silanol groups. Cationic additives may interact electrostatically with the anionic silanols. The hydrophobic region of the additive may also associate with the alkyl chains bound to the stationary phase, with the positive charge oriented towards the mobile phase. The access to the silanol groups is thus blocked, but in turn, the stationary phase is positively charged and will repel the protonated basic compounds, which unless their polarity is sufficiently low, will elute at very short times. In this work, a comparative study of the performance of a group of amines (butylamine, pentylamine, hexylamine, cyclopentylamine, cycloheptylamine, N,N-dimethyloctylamine and tributylmethylammonium chloride), as modifiers of the chromatographic behaviour of basic compounds, is carried out. The behaviour is compared with that obtained with the ionic liquids 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, used as additives. The study revealed that the performance of the cationic additives to block the silanol activity is mainly explained by the additive size and its ability to be adsorbed onto the stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Calabuig-Hernández
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de València, c/Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, Spain
| | | | - M J Ruiz-Angel
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de València, c/Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, Spain.
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6
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Using an innovative combination of quality-by-design and green analytical chemistry approaches for the development of a stability indicating UHPLC method in pharmaceutical products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 115:114-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Ruiz-Angel M, Pous-Torres S, Carda-Broch S, García-Alvarez-Coque M. Performance of different C18 columns in reversed-phase liquid chromatography with hydro-organic and micellar-organic mobile phases. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1344:76-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Borges EM, Rostagno MA, Meireles MAA. Sub-2 μm fully porous and partially porous (core–shell) stationary phases for reversed phase liquid chromatography. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45418e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for increased throughput and superior performance has increased the demand for stationary phases with improved kinetic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endler M. Borges
- Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC)
- Núcleo Biotecnológico. Rua Paese
- Videira-SC, Brasil
| | - Mauricio A. Rostagno
- LASEFI
- Department of Food Engineering
- School of Food Engineering
- University of Campinas (UNICAMP)
- Campinas, Brazil
| | - M. Angela A. Meireles
- LASEFI
- Department of Food Engineering
- School of Food Engineering
- University of Campinas (UNICAMP)
- Campinas, Brazil
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9
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Borges EM. How to select equivalent and complimentary reversed phase liquid chromatography columns from column characterization databases. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 807:143-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Fernández-Navarro J, Torres-Lapasió J, Ruiz-Ángel M, García-Álvarez-Coque M. 1-Hexyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate: An efficient column enhancer for the separation of basic drugs by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1258:168-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Poole CF. Stationary phases for packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1250:157-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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12
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Chan CC, Bolgar MS, Dalpathado D, Lloyd DK. Mitigation of signal suppression caused by the use of trifluoroacetic acid in liquid chromatography mobile phases during liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis via post-column addition of ammonium hydroxide. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:1507-1514. [PMID: 22592995 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A method has been developed to reduce the mass spectrometric ion signal suppression associated with the use of TFA as an additive in LC mobile phases. Through post-column infusion of diluted NH(4)OH solution to LC eluents, the ammonium ion introduced causes the neutral analyte-TFA ion pair to dissociate which consequently releases the protonated analyte as free ions into the gas phase (through regular electrospray ionization mechanisms). An ion signal improvement from 1.2 to 20 times for a variety of compounds had been achieved through the application of this method. The molar ratios of NH(4)OH:TFA which result in a reduction of signal suppression were determined to be between 0.5:1 and 50:1. In addition, it was shown that this NH(4)OH infusion method could reduce the level of doubly-charged species and the product ions formed via in-source collision. The use of diluted NH(4)OH solution is favorable since it is compatible with mass spectrometry analysis, and it is applicable in both positive and negative-ion generation mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ching Chan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Analytical and Bioanalytical Development, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
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13
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Fernández-Navarro J, Torres-Lapasió J, Ruiz-Ángel M, García-Álvarez-Coque M. Silanol suppressing potency of alkyl-imidazolium ionic liquids on C18 stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1232:166-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Comparison of classical chromatographic tests with a chromatographic test applied to stationary phases prepared by thermal immobilization of poly(methyloctylsiloxane) onto silica. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:2985-3002. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Borges EM, Euerby MR, Collins CH. Characterization of a mixed-mode reversed-phase/cation-exchange stationary phase prepared by thermal immobilization of poly(dimethylsiloxane) onto the surface of silica. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 402:2043-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5674-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Borges EM, Collins CH. Selectivity of some basic solutes on a poly(methyltetradecylsiloxane)-silica stationary phase. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:3011-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Borges EM, Collins CH. Characterization of several stationary phases prepared by thermal immobilization of poly(methyltetradecylsiloxane) onto silica surfaces. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4378-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Mutton I, Boughtflower B, Taylor N, Brooke D. The design and use of a simple System Suitability Test Mix for generic reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry systems and the implications for automated system monitoring using global software tracking. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3711-7. [PMID: 21543072 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of a seven-component test mixture designed for use with a generic gradient and a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC-MS) system is discussed. Unlike many test mixtures formulated in order to characterise column quality at neutral pH, the test mixture reported here was designed to permit an overall suitability assessment of the whole liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) system. The mixture is designed to test the chromatographic performance of the column as well as certain aspects of the performance of the individual instrumental components of the system. The System Suitability Test Mix can be used for low and high pH generic reverse phase LCMS analysis. Four phthalates are used: diethyl phthalate (DEP), diamyl phthalate (DAP), di-n-hexyl phthalate (DHP) and dioctyl phthalate (DOP). Three other probes are employed: 8-bromoguanosine (8-BG), amitryptyline (Ami), and 4-chlorocinnamic acid (4-CCA). We show that analysis of this test mixture can alert the user when any part of the system (instrument or column) contributes to loss of overall performance and may require remedial action and demonstrate that it can provide information that enables us to document data quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Mutton
- Analytical Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
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19
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Borges EM, Collins CH. Chromatographic evaluation using basic solutes of the silanol activity of stationary phases based on poly(methyloctylsiloxane) immobilized onto silica. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:1141-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Miyazaki S, Takahashi M, Ohira M, Terashima H, Morisato K, Nakanishi K, Ikegami T, Miyabe K, Tanaka N. Monolithic silica rod columns for high-efficiency reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1988-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Lesellier E. Extension of the C18 stationary phase knowledge by using the carotenoid test. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3097-105. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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