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Li Q, Sun W, Li Z, Chen Z. Fluorinated covalent-organic polymers as stationary phase for analysis of organic fluorides by open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300138. [PMID: 37269198 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated porous materials, which can provide specific fluorine-fluorine interaction, hold great promise for fluoride analysis. Here, a novel fluorinated covalent-organic polymer was prepared by using 2,4,6-tris(4-aminophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorotelephtal aldehyde as the precursors and introduced as stationary phase for open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. The as-synthesized fluorinated covalent-organic polymer and the modified capillary column were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Based on strong hydrophobic interaction and fluorine-fluorine interaction provided by fluorinated covalent-organic polymer coating layer, the modified column showed powerful separation selectivity toward hydrophobic compounds, organic fluorides, and fluorinated pesticides. Additionally, the fluorinated covalent-organic polymer with good porosity and regular shape was uniformly and tightly coated on the capillary inner wall. The obtained highest column efficiency could reach up to 1.2 × 105 plates⋅m-1 for fluorophenol. The loading capacity of the modified column can reach 141 pmol for trifluorotoluene. Besides, the relative standard deviations of retention times for intraday run (n = 5), interday run (n = 3), and between columns (n = 3) were all less than 2.55%. Significantly, this novel fluorinated material-based stationary phase shows great application potential in fluorides analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Wenqi Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Zhentao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Zilin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan, P. R. China
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2
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Li J, Li B, Pan H, Wei Y, Yang Y, Xu N, Chen B, Mohseni M, Esfahani EB. Total organic fluorine (TOF) analysis by completely converting TOF into fluoride with vacuum ultraviolet. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 429:128389. [PMID: 35236042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying total organic fluorine (TOF) in water is vital in monitoring the occurrence and persistence of all fluorine-containing organic compounds in the environment, while currently most studies focus on analyzing individual fluorine-containing organic compounds. To fill the technology gap, we herein proposed to convert TOF completely into fluoride with vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photolysis, followed by analysis of fluoride with ion chromatography. Results showed that the tailored VUV photoreactor achieved satisfying recoveries of fluorine from ten model TOF compounds not only in ultrapure water (83.9 ± 2.0% to 109.4 ± 0.8%) but also in real water samples (92.1 ± 1.0%-106.2 ± 15.7%). Unlike other ultraviolet-based processes that favor alkaline conditions, this VUV process preferred either neutral or acidic conditions to defluorinate selected compounds. While the mechanisms remain to be explored in the future, it has been evidenced that the photo-degradation and photo-defluorination rates of these TOF compounds varied significantly among compounds and operation conditions. The method obtained a method detection limit (MDL) of 0.15 μg-F/L, which is lower than the MDLs of many other TOF analytical methods, along with excellent calibration curves for concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10.0 mg-F/L. Notably, minimizing fluoride in sample prior to photoconversion was necessary to avoid subtraction-induced errors for TOF measurement, especially when the fluoride/TOF ratio was high. The robust VUV is also green for sample pretreatment due to its unreliance of chemicals or additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Boqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huimei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yiya Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Nan Xu
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University, China
| | - Baiyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Madjid Mohseni
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ehsan Banayan Esfahani
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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3
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Gao X, Zhang H, Shen Y, Li Y, Xiao K, Xu H, Zhang L, Yao Z. Visual detection of fluoride based on supramolecular aggregates of perylene diimide in 100% aqueous media. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:331. [PMID: 34498134 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04990-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A water-soluble perylene imide derivative (PDI-Glu) was synthesized and their supramolecular aggregates composed of PDI-Glu and Al3+ were prepared as a "turn on" fluorometric probe to monitor F- in a purely aqueous system. Based on an "indicator displacement assay" (IDA) approach, the sensing performance and mechanism of PDI-Glu/Al3+ complex toward F- were investigated by absorption and emission spectra. It was suggested that disassembly of PDI-Glu/Al3+ aggregates was promoted by addition of F- through the competitive binding between Al3+ and F-. The detection limit is 240 nmol/L. This method featured simple preparation, excellent water solubility, adjustable self-assembly performance, ease of observation and operation, and high selectivity and sensitivity. It was used for monitoring F- in toothpaste and tap water samples with excellent accuracy and recovery. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first water-soluble perylene diimide-based probe for F- detection in 100% aqueous media. We believe this work could not only extend the sensing scope of water-soluble perylene diimide, but also bring some useful information for the rapid detection of anionic analytes in aqueous media. The disassembly of supramolecular aggregates of PDI-Glu/Al3+ along with significant fluorescence recovery enable a rapid and visual detection of F- based on an "indicator displacement assay" strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Gao
- Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yao Shen
- Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yining Li
- Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Keren Xiao
- Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Huimin Xu
- Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhiyi Yao
- Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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4
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Recently Developed Adsorbing Materials for Fluoride Removal from Water and Fluoride Analytical Determination Techniques: A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13137061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increase in public perception of the detrimental side-effects of fluoride to human health due to its effects on teeth and bones. Today, there is a plethora of techniques available for the removal of fluoride from drinking water. Among them, adsorption is a very prospective method because of its handy operation, cost efficiency, and high selectivity. Along with efforts to assist fluoride removal from drinking waters, extensive attention has been also paid to the accurate measurement of fluoride in water. Currently, the analytical methods that are used for fluoride determination can be classified into chromatographic methods (e.g., ionic chromatography), electrochemical methods (e.g., voltammetry, potentiometry, and polarography), spectroscopic methods (e.g., molecular absorption spectrometry), microfluidic analysis (e.g., flow injection analysis and sequential injection analysis), titration, and sensors. In this review article, we discuss the available techniques and the ongoing effort for achieving enhanced fluoride removal by applying novel adsorbents such as carbon-based materials (i.e., activated carbon, graphene oxide, and carbon nanotubes) and nanostructured materials, combining metals and their oxides or hydroxides as well as natural materials. Emphasis has been given to the use of lanthanum (La) in the modification of materials, both activated carbon and hybrid materials (i.e., La/Mg/Si-AC, La/MA, LaFeO3 NPs), and in the use of MgO nanostructures, which are found to exhibit an adsorption capacity of up to 29,131 mg g−1. The existing analytical methodologies and the current trends in analytical chemistry for fluoride determination in drinking water are also discussed.
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5
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Moirana RL, Kivevele T, Mkunda J, Mtei K, Machunda R. Trends towards Effective Analysis of Fluorinated Compounds Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2021; 2021:8837315. [PMID: 33623722 PMCID: PMC7875612 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8837315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Increased demand for monitoring and identification of novel and unknown fluorinated compounds (FCs) has demonstrated the need of sensitive fluorine-specific detectors for unknown FCs in both biological and environmental matrices. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a promising technique for analysis of FCs and has been rated as the most powerful tool in analytical chemistry. However, direct determination of fluorine using this technique is challenged by high ionization potential of fluorine together with spectral and nonspectral interferences which affect the quality of results. To enhance the quality of results, several studies have reported modifications of a conventional ICP-MS analysis procedure on sample preparation, introduction, analysis, and instrument optimization. Therefore, the focus of this study is to discuss different ICP-MS optimizations and future trends towards the effective analysis of FCs using ICP-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Lorivi Moirana
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), School of Material Energy Water and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Thomas Kivevele
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), School of Material Energy Water and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Josephine Mkunda
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), School of Material Energy Water and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Kelvin Mtei
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), School of Material Energy Water and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Revocatus Machunda
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), School of Material Energy Water and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
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6
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Koch A, Aro R, Wang T, Yeung LW. Towards a comprehensive analytical workflow for the chemical characterisation of organofluorine in consumer products and environmental samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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7
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Li D, Li C, Liang A, Jiang Z. A silver nanosol SERS quantitative method for trace F− detection using the oxidized tetramethylbenzidine as molecular probes. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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8
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A survey of analytical methods employed for monitoring of Advanced Oxidation/Reduction Processes for decomposition of selected perfluorinated environmental pollutants. Talanta 2018; 177:122-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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9
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Kainth S, Mehta A, Mishra A, Basu S. Implementation of a logic gate by chemically induced nitrogen and oxygen rich C-dots for the selective detection of fluoride ions. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj02041h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The widespread pollution of fluoride ions in the environment badly affects the ecological system due to their high toxicity, mobility and the difficulty of their degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagun Kainth
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology
- Patiala-147004
- India
| | - Akansha Mehta
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology
- Patiala-147004
- India
| | - Amit Mishra
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology
- Patiala-147004
- India
| | - Soumen Basu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology
- Patiala-147004
- India
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10
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Rocha DP, Anjos GTC, Neri TS, Tronto J, Pinto FG, Silva SG, Coelho NMM. A flow injection procedure using Layered Double Hydroxide for on line pre-concentration of fluoride. Talanta 2017; 178:102-108. [PMID: 29136791 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This work showed a flow system designed with solenoid valves for preconcentration of fluoride using SPADNS method in water samples. The analyte was preconcentrated in a mini-column coated with Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH) used as adsorbent. Then, the fluoride ions were eluted with 0.5molL-1 sodium hydroxide and determined by spectrophotometry. The variables that affect the system such adsorbent mass, type of eluent, solutions flow rate, reagent concentration and pH effect were critically evaluated. Under optimized conditions, the detection limit, coefficient of variation, linear range and preconcentration factor were estimated at 15µgL-1 (99.7% confidence level), 0.8% (500µgL-1, n = 10), 50-500µgL-1 and 10, respectively. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by analysis of ALPHA APS 1076 (Simulated Rain Water) certified material, the values were not significantly different at a 95% level of confidence. The method was applied for fluoride determination in water samples and the levels found were below the maximum values established by Brazilian environmental and health legislations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego P Rocha
- Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Chemistry, Avenue João Naves de Ávila, 2121, Santa Mônica, Uberlândia, MG CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Gabriel T C Anjos
- Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Chemistry, Avenue João Naves de Ávila, 2121, Santa Mônica, Uberlândia, MG CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Thais S Neri
- Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Chemistry, Avenue João Naves de Ávila, 2121, Santa Mônica, Uberlândia, MG CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Jairo Tronto
- Federal University of Viçosa, Campus de Rio Paranaíba, Institute of Exact and Technological Sciences, Rodovia MG-230 - Km 8, Rio Paranaíba, MG CEP 38810-000, Brazil
| | - Frederico G Pinto
- Federal University of Viçosa, Campus de Rio Paranaíba, Institute of Exact and Technological Sciences, Rodovia MG-230 - Km 8, Rio Paranaíba, MG CEP 38810-000, Brazil
| | - Sidnei G Silva
- Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Chemistry, Avenue João Naves de Ávila, 2121, Santa Mônica, Uberlândia, MG CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Nívia M M Coelho
- Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Chemistry, Avenue João Naves de Ávila, 2121, Santa Mônica, Uberlândia, MG CEP 38400-902, Brazil.
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11
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Krawczyk-Coda M, Stanisz E. Determination of fluorine in herbs and water samples by molecular absorption spectrometry after preconcentration on nano-TiO 2 using ultrasound-assisted dispersive micro solid phase extraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:6439-6449. [PMID: 28852811 PMCID: PMC5641271 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0589-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work presents ultrasound-assisted dispersive micro solid phase extraction (USA DMSPE) for preconcentration of fluorine (F) in water and herb samples. TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were used as an adsorbent. The determination with slurry sampling was performed via molecular absorption of calcium monofluoride (CaF) at 606.440 nm using a high-resolution continuum source electrothermal absorption spectrometry (HR-CS ET MAS). Several factors influencing the efficiency of the preconcentration technique, such as the amount of TiO2, pH of sample solution, ultrasonication and centrifugation time and TiO2 slurry solution preparation before injection to HR-CS ET MAS, were investigated in detail. The conditions of detection step (wavelength, calcium amount, pyrolysis and molecule-forming temperatures) were also studied. After extraction, adsorbent with the analyte was mixed with 200 μL of H2O to prepare a slurry solution. The concentration limit of detection was 0.13 ng mL−1. The achieved preconcentration factor was 7. The relative standard deviations (RSDs, %) for F in real samples were 3–15%. The accuracy of this method was evaluated by analyses of certified reference materials after spiking: INCT-MPH-2 (Mixed Polish Herbs), INCT-SBF-4 (Soya Bean Flour), ERM-CAO11b (Hard Drinking Water) and TMDA-54.5 (Lake Ontario Water). The measured F contents in reference materials were in satisfactory agreement with the added amounts, and the recoveries were found to be 97–109%. Under the developed extraction conditions, the proposed method has been successfully applied for the determination of F in real water samples (lake, sea, tap water) and herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Krawczyk-Coda
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewa Stanisz
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznań, Poland.
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12
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Yahyavi H, Kaykhaii M, Mirmoghaddam M. Recent Developments in Methods of Analysis for Fluoride Determination. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2016; 46:106-21. [PMID: 26460519 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2014.985814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
This review covers current analytical techniques, instruments, and methodologies used in the analysis of fluoride in various matrices. Our comprehensive literature search showed that there is no recently published review article about analytical methodologies for fluoride. In this review, we explore chromatographic, spectroscopic, and electrochemical innovations appearing in the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Yahyavi
- a Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Sciences, University of Sistan and Baluchestan , Zahedan , Iran
| | - Massoud Kaykhaii
- a Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Sciences, University of Sistan and Baluchestan , Zahedan , Iran
| | - Majid Mirmoghaddam
- a Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Sciences, University of Sistan and Baluchestan , Zahedan , Iran
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13
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Trojanowicz M, Koc M. Recent developments in methods for analysis of perfluorinated persistent pollutants. Mikrochim Acta 2013; 180:957-971. [PMID: 23913984 PMCID: PMC3728443 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-013-1046-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are proliferated into the environment on a global scale and present in the organisms of animals and humans even in remote locations. Persistent organic pollutants of that kind therefore have stimulated substantial improvement in analytical methods. The aim of this review is to present recent achievements in PFASs determination in various matrices with different methods and its comparison to measurements of Total Organic Fluorine (TOF). Analytical methods used for PFASs determinations are dominated by chromatography, mostly in combination with mass spectrometric detection. However, HPLC may be also hyphenated with conductivity or fluorimetric detection, and gas chromatography may be combined with flame ionization or electron capture detection. The presence of a large number of PFASs species in environmental and biological samples necessitates parallel attempts to develop a total PFASs index that reflects the total content of PFASs in various matrices. Increasing attention is currently paid to the determination of branched isomers of PFASs, and their determination in food. The aim of this review is to present recent achievements in perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) determination in various matrices with different methods and its comparison to measurements of Total Organic Fluorine (TOF). Increasing attention is currently paid to the determination of branched isomers of PFASs, and their determination in food. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Trojanowicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland ; Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Wagner A, Raue B, Brauch HJ, Worch E, Lange FT. Determination of adsorbable organic fluorine from aqueous environmental samples by adsorption to polystyrene-divinylbenzene based activated carbon and combustion ion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1295:82-9. [PMID: 23683893 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the determination of trace levels of adsorbable organic fluorine (AOF) in water is presented. Even if the individual contributing target compounds are widely unknown, this surrogate parameter is suited to identify typical organofluorine contaminations, such as with polyfluorinated chemicals (PFCs), and represents a lower boundary of the organofluorine concentration in water bodies. It consists of the adsorption of organofluorine chemicals on a commercially available synthetic polystyrene-divinylbenzene based activated carbon (AC) followed by analysis of the loaded AC by hydropyrolysis combustion ion chromatography (CIC). Inorganic fluorine is displaced by excess nitrate during the extraction step and by washing the loaded activated carbon with an acidic sodium nitrate solution. Due to its high purity the synthetic AC had a very low and reproducible fluorine blank (0.3 μg/g) compared to natural ACs (up to approximately 9 μg/g). Using this AC, fluoride and the internal standard phosphate could be detected free of chromatographic interferences. With a sample volume of 100 mL and 2× 100 mg of AC packed into two extraction columns combined in series, a limit of quantification (LOQ), derived according to the German standard method DIN 32645, of 0.3 μg/L was achieved. The recoveries of six model PFCs were determined from tap water and a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. Except for the extremely polar perfluoroacetic acid (recovery of approximately 10%) the model substances showed fairly good (50% for perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA)) to very good fluorine recoveries (100±20% for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS), 6:2 fluorotelomersulfonate (6:2 FTS)), both from tap water and wastewater matrix. This new analytical protocol was exemplarily applied to several surface water and groundwater samples. The obtained AOF values were compared to the fluorine content of 19 target PFCs analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-(-)ESI-MS/MS). In groundwater contaminated by PFC-containing aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) up to 50% of the AOF could be attributed to PFC target chemicals, while in diffuse contaminated samples only <5% of the AOF could be identified by PFC analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Wagner
- DVGW Water Technology Center (TZW), Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
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15
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Proposed flow system for spectrophotometric determination of fluoride in natural waters. Talanta 2013; 105:69-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Pagliano E, Meija J, Ding J, Sturgeon RE, D’Ulivo A, Mester Z. Novel Ethyl-Derivatization Approach for the Determination of Fluoride by Headspace Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 85:877-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302303r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enea Pagliano
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A
0R6, Canada
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Juris Meija
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A
0R6, Canada
| | - Jianfu Ding
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A
0R6, Canada
| | - Ralph E. Sturgeon
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A
0R6, Canada
| | - Alessandro D’Ulivo
- CNR, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici,
Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Zoltán Mester
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A
0R6, Canada
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