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Kašička V. Peptide mapping of proteins by capillary electromigration methods. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:4245-4279. [PMID: 36200755 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review article provides a wide overview of important developments and applications of capillary electromigration methods in the area of peptide mapping of proteins in the period 1997-mid-2022, including review articles on this topic. It deals with all major aspects of peptide mapping by capillary electromigration methods: i) precleavage sample preparation involving purification, preconcentration, denaturation, reduction and alkylation of protein(s) to be analyzed, ii) generation of peptide fragments by off-line or on-line enzymatic and/or chemical cleavage of protein(s), iii) postcleavage preparation of the generated peptide mixture for capillary electromigration separation, iv) separation of the complex peptide mixtures by one-, two- and multidimensional capillary electromigration methods coupled with mass spectrometry detection, and v) a large application of peptide mapping for variable purposes, such as qualitative analysis of monoclonal antibodies and other protein biopharmaceuticals, monitoring of posttranslational modifications, determination of primary structure and investigation of function of proteins in biochemical and clinical research, characterization of proteins of variable origin as well as for protein and peptide identification in proteomic and peptidomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kašička
- Electromigration Methods, The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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2
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Novel synthesized attapulgite nanoparticles-based hydrophobic monolithic column for in-tube solid-phase microextraction of thiosildenafil, pseudovardenafil, and norneosildenafil in functional foods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:1871-1882. [PMID: 33469710 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel method which involved in-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME) using an attapulgite (ATP) nanoparticles-based hydrophobic monolithic column was successfully developed. It was coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection for the determination of three phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors, including thiosildenafil, pseudovardenafil, and norneosildenafil, in functional foods. The monolithic column was prepared by one-step polymerization, using 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl methacrylate-modified ATP nanoparticles and 1-butyl-3-vinylimidazolium bromide (VBIMBr) as the functional monomers, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) as the cross-linker. The obtained poly(ATP-VBIMBr-EDMA) monolith was characterized by scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive analysis of X-ray, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction. The adsorption capacity, up to 2.00 μg/cm calculated by the Langmuir isotherm model, was about six times that of the poly(VBIMBr-EDMA) monolith. Crucial factors affecting the extraction efficiency, including sample solvent, elution solvent, flow rates of sampling loading and elution, sample loading volume, and elution volume, were investigated in details. Under the optimal in-tube SPME conditions, the proposed method showed good reproducibility with run-to-run, column-to-column, and batch-to-batch relative standard deviations less than 7.2%, and low limits of detection of 0.5-0.9 ng/mL in real samples. Thiosildenafil was detected in four types of functional foods with the contents of 1.30-4.78 μg/g. This newly proposed in-tube SPME method based on poly(ATP-VBIMBr-EDMA) monolith may provide a simple, efficient, and promising alternative to daily monitoring of PDE-5 inhibitors in functional foods.
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Lu N, Sticker D, Kretschmann A, Petersen NJ, Kutter JP. A thiol-ene microfluidic device enabling continuous enzymatic digestion and electrophoretic separation as front-end to mass spectrometric peptide analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3559-3571. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02609-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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4
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Capillary isoelectric focusing with free or immobilized pH gradient in silica particles packed column. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1079:230-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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5
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Liu R, Pan H, Zheng Y, Hu J, Cheddah S, Wang W, Wang Y, Yan C. Preparation of a capillary isoelectric focusing column with monolithic immobilized pH gradient and its application on protein separation based on an online capillary isoelectric focusing platform. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1722-1730. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rangdong Liu
- School of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Hong Pan
- School of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yiting Zheng
- School of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Jing Hu
- School of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Soumia Cheddah
- School of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- School of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Chao Yan
- School of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P. R. China
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6
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Schejbal J, Šefraná Š, Řemínek R, Glatz Z. Capillary electrophoresis integrated immobilized enzyme reactor for kinetic and inhibition assays of β-secretase as the Alzheimer's disease drug target. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:1067-1076. [PMID: 30663871 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis integrated immobilized enzyme reactors are becoming an increasingly popular alternative for enzyme kinetic and inhibition assays thanks to their unique set of features including cost effectiveness, repeated use of the enzyme, minuscule sample consumption, rapid analysis time and easy automation. In this work we present the development and application of a capillary electrophoresis integrated immobilized enzyme reactor based on magnetic particles for kinetic and inhibition studies of β-secretase, a key enzyme in the development of Alzheimer's disease and a promising drug target. We document the optimization of the immobilization procedure, characterization of immobilized β-secretase, optimization of a mutually compatible incubation protocol and separation method as well as the production of the capillary electrophoresis integrated immobilized enzyme reactor. The applicability of the capillary electrophoresis integrated immobilized enzyme reactor was demonstrated by kinetic assay with an unlabelled substrate and by inhibition assays using three structurally different reference inhibitors. The resulting kinetic and inhibition parameters clearly support the applicability of the herein presented method as well as document the fundamental phenomena which need to be taken in account when comparing the results to other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schejbal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Šefraná
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Řemínek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Glatz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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7
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A porous layer open-tubular capillary column with immobilized pH gradient (PLOT-IPG) for isoelectric focusing of amino acids and proteins. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1048:204-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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8
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Chai M, Chen Y, Xuan R, Ma J, Wang T, Qiu D, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Preparation of attapulgite nanoparticles-based hybrid monolithic column with covalent bond for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. Talanta 2018; 189:397-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Shen X, Sun L. Systematic Evaluation of Immobilized Trypsin-Based Fast Protein Digestion for Deep and High-Throughput Bottom-Up Proteomics. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1700432. [PMID: 29577644 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Immobilized trypsin (IM) has been recognized as an alternative to free trypsin (FT) for accelerating protein digestion 30 years ago. However, some questions of IM still need to be answered. How does the solid matrix of IM influence its preference for protein cleavage and how well can IM perform for deep bottom-up proteomics compared to FT? By analyzing Escherichia coli proteome samples digested with amine or carboxyl functionalized magnetic bead-based IM (IM-N or IM-C) or FT, it is observed that IM-N with the nearly neutral solid matrix, IM-C with the negatively charged solid matrix, and FT have similar cleavage preference considering the microenvironment surrounding the cleavage sites. IM-N (15 min) and FT (12 h) both approach 9000 protein identifications (IDs) from a mouse brain proteome. Compared to FT, IM-N has no bias in the digestion of proteins that are involved in various biological processes, are located in different components of cells, have diverse functions, and are expressed in varying abundance. A high-throughput bottom-up proteomics workflow comprising IM-N-based rapid protein cleavage and fast CZE-MS/MS enables the completion of protein sample preparation, CZE-MS/MS analysis, and data analysis in only 3 h, resulting in 1000 protein IDs from the mouse brain proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Liangliang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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10
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Meller K, Pomastowski P, Szumski M, Buszewski B. Preparation of an improved hydrophilic monolith to make trypsin-immobilized microreactors. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1043:128-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Pergande MR, Cologna SM. Isoelectric Point Separations of Peptides and Proteins. Proteomes 2017; 5:proteomes5010004. [PMID: 28248255 PMCID: PMC5372225 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes5010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The separation of ampholytic components according to isoelectric point has played an important role in isolating, reducing complexity and improving peptide and protein detection. This brief review outlines the basics of isoelectric focusing, including a summary of the historical achievements and considerations in experimental design. Derivative methodologies of isoelectric focusing are also discussed including common detection methods used. Applications in a variety of fields using isoelectric point based separations are provided as well as an outlook on the field for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Pergande
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Stephanie M Cologna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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12
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13
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Wang T, Chen Y, Ma J, Zhang X, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Ionic liquid-based zwitterionic organic polymer monolithic column for capillary hydrophilic interaction chromatography. Analyst 2015; 140:5585-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00662g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel ionic liquid-based zwitterionic organic polymer monolithic column was developed, by copolymerization in a quaternary porogenic solvent, for capillary hydrophilic interaction chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Ningbo University of Technology
- Ningbo 315016
- China
| | - Yihui Chen
- Xiangshan Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine
- Xiangshan 310014
- China
| | - Junfeng Ma
- Department of Biological Chemistry
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Baltimore
- USA
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry
- National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry
- National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
| | - Yukui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry
- National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
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14
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Xia L, Lin F, Wu X, Liu C, Wang J, Tang Q, Yu S, Huang K, Deng Y, Geng L. On-chip protein isoelectric focusing using a photoimmobilized pH gradient†. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:3174-80. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xia
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - FengMing Lin
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xin Wu
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Chuanli Liu
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Jianshe Wang
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Qi Tang
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Shiyong Yu
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Kunjie Huang
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Lina Geng
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
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15
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A novel ionic liquid-modified organic-polymer monolith as the sorbent for in-tube solid-phase microextraction of acidic food additives. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:4955-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7923-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Yin Z, Zhao W, Tian M, Zhang Q, Guo L, Yang L. A capillary electrophoresis-based immobilized enzyme reactor using graphene oxide as a support via layer by layer electrostatic assembly. Analyst 2014; 139:1973-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an02241b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Using graphene oxide as an enzyme support, we developed a novel CE-based microreactor via layer-by-layer electrostatic assembly, which can be used for accurate on-line analysis and characterization of peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengri Yin
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Wenwen Zhao
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Liping Guo
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun, P. R. China
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17
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Clinical applications of capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry in biomarker discovery: Focus on bladder cancer. Proteomics Clin Appl 2013; 7:779-93. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Lin P, Zhao S, Lu X, Ye F, Wang H. Preparation of a dual-enzyme co-immobilized capillary microreactor and simultaneous screening of multiple enzyme inhibitors by capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2538-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pingtan Lin
- Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education); College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Normal University; Guilin P. R. China
| | - Shulin Zhao
- Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education); College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Normal University; Guilin P. R. China
| | - Xin Lu
- Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education); College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Normal University; Guilin P. R. China
| | - Fanggui Ye
- Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education); College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Normal University; Guilin P. R. China
| | - Hengshan Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education); College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Normal University; Guilin P. R. China
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Guo CG, Li S, Wang HY, Zhang D, Li GQ, Zhang J, Fan LY, Cao CX. Study on stability mechanism of immobilized pH gradient in isoelectric focusing via the Svensson–Tiselius differential equation and moving reaction boundary. Talanta 2013; 111:20-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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20
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Capillary electrophoresis applied to screening of trypsin inhibitors using microreactor with trypsin immobilized by glutaraldehyde. Anal Biochem 2013; 438:32-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Righetti PG, Sebastiano R, Citterio A. Capillary electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing in peptide and protein analysis. Proteomics 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Sebastiano
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”; Politecnico di Milano; Milano; Italy
| | - Attilio Citterio
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”; Politecnico di Milano; Milano; Italy
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22
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Rigobello-Masini M, Penteado JCP, Masini JC. Monolithic columns in plant proteomics and metabolomics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:2107-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Zhang Z, Jia C, Li L. Neuropeptide analysis with liquid chromatography-capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometric imaging. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1779-84. [PMID: 22807360 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the first attempt of coupling multidimensional separations to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometric imaging detection. Complex neuropeptide mixtures extracted from crustaceans were first fractionated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), and then subjected to a capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometric imaging platform. With a specific focus on orcokinin family neuropeptides, we demonstrated that these trace-level analytes from complex neural tissue samples can be fully separated from chemical noise and interfering components and visualized as mass spectrometric imaging signals. A total of 19 putative orcokinins were detected, with highly efficient separations within the family being achieved for the first time. The results indicate that two-dimensional separation coupling to mass spectrometric imaging can serve as a novel and powerful tool in proteomics and peptidomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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24
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Koshel BM, Wirth MJ. Trajectory of isoelectric focusing from gels to capillaries to immobilized gradients in capillaries. Proteomics 2012; 12:2918-26. [PMID: 22930445 PMCID: PMC3799802 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the need for replacing gels in 2D separations for proteomics, where speed, high-throughput, and the ability to characterize trace level proteins or small samples are the current desires. The theme of the review is isoelectric focusing, which is a valuable tool because it pre-concentrates proteins in addition to separating with high peak capacity. The review traces the technological progress from gel IEF to CIEF to packed capillaries with immobilized gradients for CIEF. Multiple capillary techniques are progressing toward meeting the current desires, providing extremely high sensitivity with regard to concentration and to small samples, integrated automation, and high peak capacity from multiple dimensions of separation. Capillaries with immobilized pH gradients for CIEF are emerging, which will alleviate interference from ampholytes and improve reproducibility in separation times when this valuable technique can be used as one of the dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke M. Koshel
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Mary J. Wirth
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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25
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Zhang Z, Ye H, Wang J, Hui L, Li L. Pressure-assisted capillary electrophoresis coupling with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometric imaging for quantitative analysis of complex peptide mixtures. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7684-91. [PMID: 22891936 DOI: 10.1021/ac300628s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a pressure-assisted capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometric imaging (PACE-MSI) platform for peptide analysis. This new platform has addressed the sample diffusion and peak splitting problems that appeared in our previous groove design, and it enables homogeneous deposition of the CE trace for high-throughput MALDI imaging. In the coupling of CE to MSI, individual peaks (m/z) can be visualized as discrete colored image regions and extracted from the MS imaging data, thus eliminating issues with peak overlapping and reducing reliance on an ultrahigh mass resolution mass spectrometer. Through a PACE separation, 46 tryptic peptides from bovine serum albumin and 150 putative neuropeptides from the pericardial organs of a model organism blue crab Callinectes sapidus were detected from the MALDI MS imaging traces, enabling a 4- to 6-fold increase of peptide coverage as compared with direct MALDI MS analysis. For the first time, quantitation with high accuracy was obtained using PACE-MSI for both digested tryptic peptides and endogenous neuropeptides from complex biological samples in combination with isotopic formaldehyde labeling. Although MSI is typically employed in tissue imaging, we show in this report that it offers a unique tool for quantitative analysis of complex trace-level analytes with CE separation. These results demonstrate a great potential of the PACE-MSI platform for enhanced quantitative proteomics and neuropeptidomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 53705, United States
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26
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Zhang Z, Wang J, Hui L, Li L. Poly(glycidyl methacrylate-divinylbenzene) based immobilized pH gradient capillary isoelectric focusing coupling with MALDI mass spectrometry for enhanced neuropeptide analysis. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:661-5. [PMID: 22451059 PMCID: PMC3417244 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report an immobilized pH gradient (IPG) capillary isoelectric focusing-matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (CIEF-MALDI MS) platform designed for the separation of complex neuropeptides. This platform features a poly(glycidyl methacrylate-divinylbenzene) (GMA-DVB)-based monolithic column for CIEF separation. Different from regular CIEF, carrier ampholytes are preimmobilized on the monolithic surface instead of being added to the sample. An off-line coupling of IPG-CIEF to MALDI MS has been established. Comparison with regular CIEF and optimizations are performed with bovine serum albumin tryptic peptides and extracted neuropeptide mixtures from crustacean Callinectes sapidus. It has been demonstrated that the separation of complex peptide mixtures in neutral and basic pH ranges can be achieved in less than 10 min with comparable separation efficiency with regular CIEF, while the MS signal is significantly enhanced when employing IPG-CIEF. Enhanced neuropeptide detection is also observed after coupling IPG-CIEF with MALDI MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Junhua Wang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Limei Hui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
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27
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Kašička V. Recent developments in CE and CEC of peptides (2009-2011). Electrophoresis 2011; 33:48-73. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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Liang Y, Zhu G, Wang T, Zhang X, Liang Z, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Fast preparation of monolithic immobilized pH gradient column by photopolymerization and photografting techniques for isoelectric focusing separation of proteins. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2911-4. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Wang T, Ma J, Wu S, Yuan H, Zhang L, Liang Z, Zhang Y. Integrated platform of capillary isoelectric focusing, trypsin immobilized enzyme microreactor and nanoreversed-phase liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for online protein profiling. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2848-56. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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30
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Wang T, Ma J, Wu S, Sun L, Yuan H, Zhang L, Liang Z, Zhang Y. On-line combination of monolithic immobilized pH gradient-based capillary isoelectric focusing and capillary zone electrophoresis via a partially etched porous interface for protein analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:804-10. [PMID: 21397573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
An integrated platform consisting of monolithic immobilized pH gradient-based capillary isoelectric focusing (M-IPG CIEF) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) coupled by a partially etched porous interface was established. Since carrier ampholytes (CAs) were immobilized on monolith in M-IPG CIEF to form a stable pH gradient, subsequent depletion of CAs at the interface to prevent the interference on CZE separation and detection were avoided. Moreover, a partially etched porous capillary column, which was facile for fabrication and durable for operation, was exploited as the interface to combine M-IPG CIEF and CZE. The RSD values in terms of the migration time for M-IPG CIEF separation, transfer protein from the first dimension to the second dimension, and CZE separation, were 2.4%, 3.9% and 2.3%, respectively. With a 6-protein mixture as the sample, two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis (2D-CE) separation was successfully completed within 116 min, yielding a peak capacity of ∼200 even with minute sample amount down to 5.0 μg/mL. The limit of detection was 0.2 μg/mL. In addition, proteins extracted from milk were used to test the performance of such a 2D-CE separation platform. We expect that such a novel 2D-CE system would provide a promising tool for protein separation with high throughput and high peak capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
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31
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Wang T, Fekete A, Gaspar A, Ma J, Liang Z, Yuan H, Zhang L, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Zhang Y. Analysis of low molecular weight acids by monolithic immobilized pH gradient-based capillary isoelectric focusing coupled with mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:422-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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