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Carasek E, Morés L, Huelsmann RD. Disposable pipette extraction: A critical review of concepts, applications, and directions. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1192:339383. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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2
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Turoňová D, Kujovská Krčmová L, Švec F. Application of microextraction in pipette tips in clinical and forensic toxicology. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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3
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Alternative matrices in forensic toxicology: a critical review. Forensic Toxicol 2021; 40:1-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-021-00596-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
The use of alternative matrices in toxicological analyses has been on the rise in clinical and forensic settings. Specimens alternative to blood and urine are useful in providing additional information regarding drug exposure and analytical benefits. The goal of this paper is to present a critical review on the most recent literature regarding the application of six common alternative matrices, i.e., oral fluid, hair, sweat, meconium, breast milk and vitreous humor in forensic toxicology.
Methods
The recent literature have been searched and reviewed for the characteristics, advantages and limitations of oral fluid, hair, sweat, meconium, breast milk and vitreous humor and its applications in the analysis of traditional drugs of abuse and novel psychoactive substances (NPS).
Results
This paper outlines the properties of six biological matrices that have been used in forensic analyses, as alternatives to whole blood and urine specimens. Each of this matrix has benefits in regards to sampling, extraction, detection window, typical drug levels and other aspects. However, theses matrices have also limitations such as limited incorporation of drugs (according to physical–chemical properties), impossibility to correlate the concentrations for effects, low levels of xenobiotics and ultimately the need for more sensitive analysis. For more traditional drugs of abuse (e.g., cocaine and amphetamines), there are already data available on the detection in alternative matrices. However, data on the determination of emerging drugs such as the NPS in alternative biological matrices are more limited.
Conclusions
Alternative biological fluids are important specimens in forensic toxicology. These matrices have been increasingly reported over the years, and this dynamic will probably continue in the future, especially considering their inherent advantages and the possibility to be used when blood or urine are unavailable. However, one should be aware that these matrices have limitations and particular properties, and the findings obtained from the analysis of these specimens may vary according to the type of matrix. As a potential perspective in forensic toxicology, the topic of alternative matrices will be continuously explored, especially emphasizing NPS.
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4
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Determination of morphine and its metabolites in the biological samples: an updated review. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:1161-1194. [PMID: 32757855 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine (MO) as an opioid analgesic is used for the treatment of moderate-to-severe pains, particularly cancer-related pains. Pharmacologic studies on MO are complicated due to drugs binding to the protein or metabolization to active metabolites, and even inter-individual variability. This necessitates the selection of a reliable analytical method for monitoring MO and the concentrations of its metabolites in the biological samples for the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic investigations. Therefore, this study was conducted to review all the analytical research carried out on MO and its metabolites in the biological samples during 2007-2019 as an update to the study by Bosch et al. (2007).
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Wójtowicz A, Wietecha-Posłuszny R, Snamina M. Contemporary trends in drug analysis of vitreous humor: A critical review. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Brigante TAV, Miranda LFC, de Souza ID, Acquaro Junior VR, Queiroz MEC. Pipette tip dummy molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction of Bisphenol A from urine samples and analysis by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1067:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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7
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Molecularly imprinted polymers for bioanalytical sample preparation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1043:107-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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8
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Lotfi A, Karimi S, Hassanzadeh J. Preconcentration of codeine in pharmaceutical and human urine samples by multi-walled carbon nanotubes and its spectrophotometric determination. CAN J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2016-0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and efficient solid phase extraction method was established for the preconcentration of codeine prior to its simple determination by spectrophotometry. The extraction process is based on the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) containing –COOH functional groups. These CNTs showed a great affinity for the low quantities of codeine in certain condition. Various extraction factors including buffer type, concentration and its pH, ionic buffer, incubation time, and eluent were optimized to achieve high sensitivity. The calibration graph was linear in the codeine concentration range of 0.001–4 mg·L−1, with a detection limit (3s) of 0.4 μg·L−1. The relative standard deviation (RSD %) for the repetitive determination of 0.01, 0.5, and 2 mg·L−1 codeine (n = 5) were 1.56%, 2.01%, and 1.63%, respectively. Furthermore, comparison with other reported methods showed that the presented method has suitable characteristics. Finally the method was successfully used to accurately determine codeine in pharmaceutical and human urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Lotfi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Karimi
- Department of Chemistry, Varamin (Pishva) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran
| | - Javad Hassanzadeh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
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9
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Bordin DCM, Alves MNR, de Campos EG, De Martinis BS. Disposable pipette tips extraction: Fundamentals, applications and state of the art. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:1168-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dayanne Cristiane Mozaner Bordin
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; Brasil
| | - Marcela Nogueira Rabelo Alves
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; Brasil
| | - Eduardo Geraldo de Campos
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | - Bruno Spinosa De Martinis
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
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Mokhtari A, Jafari Delouei N, Keyvanfard M, Abdolhosseini M. Multiway analysis applied to time-resolved chemiluminescence for simultaneous determination of paracetamol and codeine in pharmaceuticals. LUMINESCENCE 2016; 31:1267-76. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.3100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mokhtari
- Department of Science; Golestan University; Gorgan Islamic Republic of Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Keyvanfard
- Department of Chemistry; Majlesi Branch, Islamic Azad University; Isfahan Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdolhosseini
- Department of Water Engineering; Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources; Gorgan Islamic Republic of Iran
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Bévalot F, Cartiser N, Bottinelli C, Fanton L, Guitton J. Vitreous humor analysis for the detection of xenobiotics in forensic toxicology: a review. Forensic Toxicol 2015; 34:12-40. [PMID: 26793276 PMCID: PMC4705140 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-015-0294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Vitreous humor (VH) is a gelatinous substance contained in the posterior chamber of the eye, playing a mechanical role in the eyeball. It has been the subject of numerous studies in various forensic applications, primarily for the assessment of postmortem interval and for postmortem chemical analysis. Since most of the xenobiotics present in the bloodstream are detected in VH after crossing the selective blood-retinal barrier, VH is an alternative matrix useful for forensic toxicology. VH analysis offers particular advantages over other biological matrices: it is less prone to postmortem redistribution, is easy to collect, has relatively few interfering compounds for the analytical process, and shows sample stability over time after death. The present study is an overview of VH physiology, drug transport and elimination. Collection, storage, analytical techniques and interpretation of results from qualitative and quantitative points of view are dealt with. The distribution of xenobiotics in VH samples is thus discussed and illustrated by a table reporting the concentrations of 106 drugs from more than 300 case reports. For this purpose, a survey was conducted of publications found in the MEDLINE database from 1969 through April 30, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Bévalot
- Laboratoire LAT LUMTOX, 71 Avenue Rockefeller, 69003 Lyon, France.,Institut de Médecine Légale, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Nathalie Cartiser
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, ISPB-Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | | | - Laurent Fanton
- Département de Médecine Légale, Hôpital Edouard-Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Place D'Arsonval, 69437 Lyon Cedex 03, France.,CREATIS CNRS UMR 5220, INSERM U1044, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, 7 Avenue Jean Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Guitton
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, ISPB-Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France.,Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 165 Chemin Grand Revoyet, 69495 Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
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12
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Guan H, Stewart K. Determination of Explosives in Water Using Disposable Pipette Extraction and High Performance Liquid Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.869826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Multi-target screening of biological samples using LC–MS/MS: focus on chromatographic innovations. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:1255-73. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-target screening of biological fluids is a key tool in clinical and forensic toxicology. A complete toxicological analysis encompasses the sample preparation, the chromatographic separation and the detection. The present review briefly covers the new trends in sample preparation and detection and mainly focuses on the chromatographic stage, since a lot of technical improvements have been proposed over the last years. Among them, columns packed with sub-2 μm fully porous particles and sub-3 μm core-shell particles allow for significant improvements of resolution and higher throughput. Even if reversed-phase LC remains the most widely used chromatographic mode for toxicological screening, hydrophilic interaction chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography appear as promising alternatives for attaining orthogonal selectivity, retention of polar compounds, and enhanced MS sensitivity.
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Costa JL, Morrone AR, Resende RR, Chasin AADM, Tavares MFM. Development of a method for the analysis of drugs of abuse in vitreous humor by capillary electrophoresis with diode array detection (CE–DAD). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 945-946:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Peres MD, Pelição FS, Caleffi B, De Martinis BS. Simultaneous Quantification of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Opiates and Cannabinoids in Vitreous Humor. J Anal Toxicol 2013; 38:39-45. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkt093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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16
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Pena-Abaurrea M, García de la Torre V, Ramos L. Ultrasound-assisted extraction followed by disposable pipette purification for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in small-size biological tissue samples. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1317:223-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zhang X, Chen M, Cao G, Hu G. Determination of morphine and codeine in human urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2013; 2013:151934. [PMID: 24222889 PMCID: PMC3810378 DOI: 10.1155/2013/151934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of morphine and codeine in human urine. The GC-MS conditions were developed. The analysis was carried out on a HP-1MS column (30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 μ m) with temperature programming, and Helium was used as the carrier gas with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode was used to quantify morphine and codeine. The derivation solvent, temperature, and time were optimized. A mixed solvent of propionic anhydride and pyridine (5 : 2) was finally used for the derivation at 80°C for 3 min. Linear calibration curves were obtained in the concentration range of 25-2000.0 ng/mL, with a lower limit of quantification of 25 ng/mL. The intra- and interday precision (RSD) values were below 13%, and the accuracy was in the range 87.2-108.5%. This developed method was successfully used for the determination of morphine and codeine in human urine for forensic identification study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Mengchun Chen
- School of Pharmacy of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Gaozhong Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Guoxin Hu
- School of Pharmacy of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Disposable pipette extraction for the simultaneous determination of biperiden and three antipsychotic drugs in human urine by GC–nitrogen phosphorus detection. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:21-9. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Disposable pipette extraction with reversed-phase sorbent is proposed for the fast and simple GC determination of the antipsychotic drugs chlorpromazine, olanzapine, clozapine and biperiden – an anticholinergic drug – in human urine. The method was validated and successfully applied to postmortem urine samples. The analytical run was 11 min and lidocaine was used as the internal standard. Results: The developed method showed good linearity, over the range of 0.34 to 5 ng/µl, for all compounds. The within-day and between-day precision and accuracy assays revealed values ≤15%, while the recoveries ranged from 85 to 120%. LOD and LOQ ranged from 0.28 to 0.42 ng/µl and from 0.85 to 3.58 ng/µl, respectively. Conclusion: The developed method is a user-friendly technique, which is simple and fast.
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19
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Critical overview of selected contemporary sample preparation techniques. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1221:84-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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