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Vera P, Canellas E, Nerín C. Designing safe recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) for child toys. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 478:135482. [PMID: 39137551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
New high-density polyethylene (HDPE) manufactured from different percentage of post-consumer recycled HDPE milk bottles was studied through two static and dynamic migration tests using saliva simulant to assess the potential hazard to children. Sixty-nine compounds were identified, including several additives used in PE synthesis such as alkanes, alkenes, antioxidants and plasticizers as well as non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) like degradation products such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, phenol, 2,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyacetophenone, or various residues from flavoring agents, cleaning products and essential oils. Some of these compounds as the isomers p and o t-butylcyclohexyl acetate, 3-Octanol, 3,7-dimethyl- and thujanol acetate (3-) pose a potential risk to children, as their concentrations exceed the recommended Cramer values for high percentages of recycling. This suggests improving recycling processes by incorporating advanced cleaning to remove residual products and contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Vera
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Mª de Luna 3, Zaragoza 50018, Spain.
| | - Elena Canellas
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Mª de Luna 3, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Mª de Luna 3, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
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2
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Mercan S, Kilic MD, Zengin S, Yayla M. Experimental study for inorganic and organic profiling of toy makeup products: Estimating the potential threat to child health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:33975-33992. [PMID: 38696006 PMCID: PMC11136717 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Inorganic elements are added to toys as impurities to give desired stability, brightness, flexibility, and color; however, these elements may cause numerous health issues after acute or chronic exposure. In this study, the inorganic profile of 14 elements (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Se, Sb, Pb, and Zn) in 63 toy makeup products was identified by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry after microwave acid digestion method. Additionally, organic allergen fragrance was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The systemic exposure dosage (SED), margin of safety (MoS), lifetime cancer risk (LCR), hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard indices were used to assess the safety evaluation. Then, 57 out of 63 samples (90.48%) exceeded the limits at least for one toxic element with descending order Ni > Cr > Co > Pb > Sb > Cd > As > Hg. The SED values were compared with tolerable daily intake values and remarkably differences were found for Al and Pb. The MoS values for 57.15% of samples exceeded the limit value for Al, As, Cd, Co, Hg, Mn, Sb, and Zn elements. The LCR values were observed at 100% (n = 63), 79.37% (n = 50), 85.71% (n = 54), 77.78% (n = 49), and 18.87% (n = 10) for Cr, Ni, As, Pb, and Cd, respectively. Also, the skin sensitization risks were obtained for Cr and Ni at 26.980% (n = 17) and 9.52% (n = 6), respectively. The HQ values for 80% of samples were found to be ≥ 1 at least for one parameter. The investigation of fragrance allergens in samples did not show any significant ingredients. As a result, toy makeup products marketed in local stores were found to be predominantly unsafe. Children should be protected from harmful chemicals by regular monitoring and strict measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selda Mercan
- Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Science, Istanbul University- Cerrahpasa, 34500, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mihriban Dilan Kilic
- Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Science, Istanbul University- Cerrahpasa, 34500, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Simge Zengin
- Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Science, Istanbul University- Cerrahpasa, 34500, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Yayla
- Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Science, Istanbul University- Cerrahpasa, 34500, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Yan M, Zhang N, Li X, Xu J, Lei H, Ma Q. Integrating Post-Ionization Separation via Differential Mobility Spectrometry into Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry for Toy Safety Screening. Anal Chem 2024; 96:265-271. [PMID: 38153235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Direct analysis in real time (DART) enables direct desorption and ionization of analytes, bypassing the time-consuming chromatographic separation traditionally required for mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. However, DART-MS suffers from matrix interference of complex samples, resulting in compromised detection sensitivity and quantitation accuracy. In this study, DART-MS was combined with differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) to provide an additional dimension of post-ionization ion mobility separation within a millisecond time scale, compensating for the lack of separation in DART-MS analysis. As proof-of-concept, primary aromatic amines (PAAs), a class of potentially hazardous chemicals, were analyzed in various toy products, including bubble solutions, finger paints, and plush toys. In addition to commercial Dip-it glass rod and metal mesh sampling tools, a customized rapid extractive evaporation device was designed for the accelerated extraction and sensitive analysis of solid toy samples. The incorporation of DMS in DART-MS analysis enabled the rapid separation and differentiation of isomeric analytes, leading to improved accuracy and reliability. The developed protocols were optimized and validated, achieving good linearity with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99 and acceptable repeatability with relative standard deviations less than 10%. Moreover, satisfactory sensitivity was realized with limits of detection and quantitation ranges of 0.2-5 and 1-20 μg/kg (μg/L) for the 11 PAA analytes. The established methodology was applied for the analysis of real toy samples (n = 18), which confirmed its appealing potential for toy safety screening and consumer health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
- Beijing Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Haimin Lei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
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Chen J, Yi Z, Yin J, Dong S, Wang L, Li Y. Determination of Fragrance Allergens in Paper Personal Care Products by Headspace (HS) Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Optimization. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2149769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu China
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zonghui Yi
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu China
| | - Jiangwei Yin
- Baoan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Simin Dong
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu China
| | - Lian Wang
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongxin Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu China
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5
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Haug H, Klein L, Sauerwald T, Poelke B, Beauchamp J, Roloff A. Sampling Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Consumer Products: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-22. [PMID: 36306209 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2136484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are common constituents of many consumer products. Although many VOCs are generally considered harmless at low concentrations, some compound classes represent substances of concern in relation to human (inhalation) exposure and can elicit adverse health effects, especially when concentrations build up, such as in indoor settings. Determining VOC emissions from consumer products, such as toys, utensils or decorative articles, is of utmost importance to enable the assessment of inhalation exposure under real-world scenarios with respect to consumer safety. Due to the diverse sizes and shapes of such products, as well as their differing uses, a one-size-fits-all approach for measuring VOC emissions is not possible, thus, sampling procedures must be chosen carefully to best suit the sample under investigation. This review outlines the different sampling approaches for characterizing VOC emissions from consumer products, including headspace and emission test chamber methods. The advantages and disadvantages of each sampling technique are discussed in relation to their time and cost efficiency, as well as their suitability to realistically assess VOC inhalation exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Haug
- Department of Sensory Analytics and Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luise Klein
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tilman Sauerwald
- Department of Sensory Analytics and Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
| | - Birte Poelke
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Beauchamp
- Department of Sensory Analytics and Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
| | - Alexander Roloff
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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6
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Kang S, Lee K, Lim M. Estimation of multi-route exposures to various chemicals during Children's clay toy use. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113500. [PMID: 35594962 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Clay toys have been used as play materials and educational tools for children. Clay toys exhibit adherent properties, and may facilitate chemical ingestion via dermal absorption and oral (hand-to-mouth, HTM) exposures. Inhalation exposure also be considered when contain volatile chemicals. The purpose of this study was to estimate the exposure dose for chemicals in clay toys via three exposure routes, and to evaluate the relationship between the exposure contribution of each route considering both the chemical properties and children's age. Chemical analysis was conducted for 9 semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), 17 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and 7 metal elements in clay toys (n = 66) purchased from Korean market. Exposure factors for usage pattern of clay toys were conducted based on a nationally representative survey in Korea. A total of 12,144 (60.7%) children responded positively to playing with clay toys. Exposure to SVOCs and VOCs in clay toys via HTM, inhalation, and dermal absorption were estimated. The exposure level was the highest in styrene with 5.2 × 10-3 mg/kg-bw/day (95th percentile population), which was approximately 13% of the acceptable daily dose for styrene. In 3-year-old children, dermal absorption route contributed the highest at 59.2-100%. Chemicals with higher octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) had the greater the contribution of the dermal absorption route and the weaker the contribution of the HTM route. In infants (0-2 years), the contribution via HTM exposure was higher than that in the other age groups. The contribution of inhalation exposure differed depending on the volatility of the chemicals. Furthermore, the exposure route contribution significantly differed due to age-dependent behavioral changes in children. These results suggest that the exposure assessments for children could be considered with multiple exposure routes related to chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyun Kang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kiyoung Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University. Seoul, South Korea
| | - Miyoung Lim
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University. Seoul, South Korea.
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7
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Yi Z, Chen J, Yong L, Zhou C, Yuan Y, Li Y. Determination of 19 Fragrance Allergens in Paper Household Goods by Solid-Liquid Extraction-Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction-GC-MS. J AOAC Int 2022; 105:1576-1584. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsac093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Fragrance allergens (FAs) refer to these volatile or semi-volatile fragrance compounds that can induce sensitization, and they are widely used in household goods.
Objective
In this work, a method combining solid-liquid extraction (SLE) and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been developed and applied in the analysis of 19 FAs (including hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, and phenols) in paper household goods.
Method
The samples (infant or personal paper hygiene products) were cut into small pieces and underwent SLE with methanol as solvent. The supernatant was taken, and ultrapure water, sodium chloride, and trichloromethane (extractant) were added, which was mixed with vortex. After centrifugation, the bottom chloroform layer was taken for GC-MS detection.
Results
Under optimized conditions, a good linearity was achieved (r ≥ 0.9985) in the range of 0.01–128.0 mg/kg with relative standard deviations lower than 15%. The method showed limits of detection (LODs) within the range of 0.96–12.0 µg/kg and recoveries from 70.6% to 128.9%, except furfuryl alcohol with low recoveries (53.8–64.6%). Twenty kinds of paper household goods samples were analyzed by this method; nine FAs were detected. The linalool detected in one sample was more than 10 mg/kg, and the contents of other analytes in this sample and all analytes in other samples were less than 10 mg/kg.
Conclusions
The performance evaluation of the method met the requirements of the analysis of trace components. The established method was successfully applied to the detection of FAs in paper household goods samples. The proposed method could provide a basis for the establishment of relevant detection standards in the future.
Highlights
The LODs were found between 0.96 and 12.0 µg/kg. A simple, economical, and sensitive method was established for the determination of 19 FAs in paper household goods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghui Yi
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing Chen
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Hangzhou 310057, China
| | - Li Yong
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yongxin Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041, China
- Research Center for Nutrition, Metabolism, and Food Safety, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041, China
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8
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Aurisano N, Fantke P, Huang L, Jolliet O. Estimating mouthing exposure to chemicals in children's products. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 32:94-102. [PMID: 34188178 PMCID: PMC8770116 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing models for estimating children's exposure to chemicals through mouthing currently depends on the availability of chemical- and material-specific experimental migration rates, only covering a few dozen chemicals. OBJECTIVE This study objective is hence to develop a mouthing exposure model to predict migration into saliva, mouthing exposure, and related health risk from a wide range of chemical-material combinations in children's products. METHODS We collected experimental data on chemical migration from different products into saliva for multiple substance groups and materials, identifying chemical concentration and diffusion coefficient as main properties of influence. To predict migration rates into saliva, we adapted a previously developed migration model for chemicals in food packaging materials. We also developed a regression model based on identified chemical and material properties. RESULTS Our migration predictions correlate well with experimental data (R2 = 0.85) and vary widely from 8 × 10-7 to 32.7 µg/10 cm2/min, with plasticizers in PVC showing the highest values. Related mouthing exposure doses vary across chemicals and materials from a median of 0.005 to 253 µg/kgBW/d. Finally, we combined exposure estimates with toxicity information to yield hazard quotients and identify chemicals of concern for average and upper bound mouthing behavior scenarios. SIGNIFICANCE The proposed model can be applied for predicting migration rates for hundreds of chemical-material combinations to support high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Aurisano
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 424, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 424, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Olivier Jolliet
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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9
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Chen J, Yi Z, Sun R, Ning W, Zhou C, Tian Z, Sun C, Li Y. Analysis of Fragrance Allergens in Personal Care Products, Toys, and Water Samples: A Review. J AOAC Int 2021; 105:396-412. [PMID: 34951644 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsab156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Fragrance allergens (FAs) refer to these volatile or semi-volatile fragrance compounds that can cause irritation and negative reactions. A large number of emerging FAs are widely used in household goods, and cause contact allergy or allergic contact dermatitis in eczema population and the general population. It shows an increasing prevalence and is regarded as a concern to public health. Recently, more and more studies have focused on the analytical methods of FAs in a variety of samples with different matrices. Therefore, a systematic and comprehensive overview of recent progress of analysis of FAs in various samples is needed. In this review, the physical and chemical properties, applications, hazards, and the recent advances of sample preparation and determination methods of common FAs in personal care products, toys, and water samples are systematically and comprehensively summarized. Meanwhile, this review also discusses the advantages and limitations of different sample pretreatment and detection methods, thus offering a deep-going discussion of the development and future trends in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China.,Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310057 China
| | - Zonghui Yi
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Rui Sun
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Wei Ning
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Chen Zhou
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Ziyi Tian
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Sichuan, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Yongxin Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Sichuan, Chengdu, 610041 China
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10
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Zhang R, Wang P, Yu S, Hansbro P, Wang H. Computerized screening of G-protein coupled receptors to identify and characterize olfactory receptors. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2020; 83:9-19. [PMID: 32019429 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1709305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) are a group of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that initiate chemical odorant signals. Although ORs are predominantly located in nasal epithelia to detect smell, these receptors are also present in peripherally in non-nasal organs/tissues. Since the quality of life and cognitive and sensorial features of sense of smell are worsened in multiple chemical sensitivity due to the interaction of ORs with offending compounds, it is important to not only differentiate these receptors from other GPCRs but also characterize these organelles to understand the underlying mechanisms of smelling disorders. The aim of this study was develop computerized programs to differentiate ORs from GPCRs. The computer program was developed on the basis of widely accepted basic algorithms. It is noteworthy that an accuracy of 95.5% was attained, a level not achieved using other established techniques for screening of ORs from GPCRs. The high accuracy rate indicates that this method of differential identification appears reliable. Our findings indicate that this novel method may be considered as a tool for identification and characterization of receptors which might aid in therapeutic approaches to human chemical-mediated sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Minority Speech and Language Information Processing, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumchi, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pu Wang
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Shunbang Yu
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Philip Hansbro
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, HMRI, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Callaghan, Australia
| | - He Wang
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
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11
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Oleneva E, Kuchmenko T, Drozdova E, Legin A, Kirsanov D. Identification of plastic toys contaminated with volatile organic compounds using QCM gas sensor array. Talanta 2019; 211:120701. [PMID: 32070603 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a fast and easy-to-use analytical method to identify the children toys contaminated with potentially dangerous substances from the class of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It is shown that the use of cross-sensitive gas sensor array based on piezoelectric sensors, modified with different sorbents, allows reliable recognition of items with the elevated levels of VOCs. Applying chemometric methods for processing of the sensor array data, it is possible to classify the toys into clean and hazardous ones with sensitivity and accuracy around 96%. Taking into account the simplicity of the suggested procedure, it appears to be an attractive option for cost-effective pre-screening of potentially dangerous plastic toys in comparison with the expensive and time-consuming chromatographic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Oleneva
- Laboratory of Artificial Sensory Systems, ITMO University, Kronverksy Pr., 49, 197101, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.
| | - T Kuchmenko
- Department of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technology, 394000, Voronezh, Russian Federation
| | - E Drozdova
- Department of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technology, 394000, Voronezh, Russian Federation
| | - A Legin
- Laboratory of Artificial Sensory Systems, ITMO University, Kronverksy Pr., 49, 197101, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab., 7/9, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - D Kirsanov
- Laboratory of Artificial Sensory Systems, ITMO University, Kronverksy Pr., 49, 197101, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab., 7/9, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
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12
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Meng X, Zhang N, Sun X, Niu Z, Deng Y, Xu J, Bai H, Ma Q. Suspect screening of 200 hazardous substances in plastic toys using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1617:460830. [PMID: 31902577 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for the development of efficient and comprehensive analytical methods for organic chemical compounds due to their increasing number and diversity in children's toy products. The presence of these chemicals in toys poses an extreme risk for the health and development of children. In this study, an analytical methodology has been developed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS). This hybrid instrumentation together with an in-house accurate-mass database and a mass spectral library, allows for wide-scope screening and identification of hazardous substances in plastic toys. A total number of 200 compounds belonging to eight chemical families were investigated, such as coloring agents, plasticizers, fragrance allergens, nitrosamines, primary aromatic amines, flame retardants, perfluorinated compounds, and endocrine disruptors. Following a straightforward and efficient dissolution/precipitation method for sample preparation, chemical screening and confirmation were conducted by comparing the experimentally measured exact mass, retention time, and isotopic pattern with the accurate-mass database and by matching the acquired MS/MS spectra against the mass spectral library. The matrix effect, linearity, sensitivity, precision, and recovery of the proposed method were properly evaluated. The obtained limits of detection (LODs) and quantitation (LOQs) were in the range of 0.01-0.98 mg kg-1 and 0.03-2.99 mg kg-1, respectively. The applicability of the developed protocol was verified through the analysis of 55 real plastic toy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianshuang Meng
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China; School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- SCIEX (China) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100102, China
| | - Zengyuan Niu
- Technical Center of Qingdao Customs District, Qingdao 266002, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China.
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13
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Wang Z, Ma Q, Bai H, Zhang Q, Cai Y, Lv Q. Migration regularity of six preservatives from wooden children's products to saliva and sweat based on microstructure-related migration models. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 173:149-155. [PMID: 30771658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wood preservatives in wooden children's products (WCPs) may migrate into children's body through oral and dermal exposure, resulting in a potential health risk. In this paper, a systematic investigation on the migration regularity of lindane and five chlorophenols preservatives from WCPs to saliva and sweat was introduced. Migration models were established based on the abundant migration data among different time periods (2 min-96 h). Wood exhibited complex porosity for various species, resulting in the deviation of the migration of preservatives from different samples. By introducing a correction coefficient (f) calculated based on the sample microstructure (specific surface area and pore distribution), the predicted values of correcting migration model matched better with the experimental data. Migration data indicated that exposure risks should be noticed when children were in contact with WCPs because a considerable quantity of preservatives migrated into the body in a short time. This work is expected to play a role in the formulation of chemical limit standards to promote the safety of WCPs, and may serve ideas as basis for the migration research of chemicals in wooden products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Wang
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
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14
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Li M, Li R, Wang Z, Zhang Q, Bai H, Lv Q. Optimization of headspace for GC-MS analysis of fragrance allergens in wooden children's products using response surface methodology. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201800125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meiping Li
- College of Life Science; Shanxi University; Taiyuan Shanxi Province P. R. China
| | - Rong Li
- College of Life Science; Shanxi University; Taiyuan Shanxi Province P. R. China
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Zhijuan Wang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Hua Bai
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Qing Lv
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety; Beijing P. R. China
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15
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Soo Lim D, Min Choi S, Kim KB, Yoon K, Kacew S, Sik Kim H, Lee BM. Determination of fragrance allergens and their dermal sensitization quantitative risk assessment (QRA) in 107 spray perfumes. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:1173-1185. [PMID: 30415634 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1543232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous allergy occurs primarily as a result of using cosmetic, household, and laundry products available on the market that contain fragrances. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid and specific high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) method for quantification of 25 fragrance allergens (amyl cinnamyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, benzyl cinnamate, benzyl salicylate, citronellol, cinnamyl alcohol, citral, coumarin, eugenol, farnesol, geraniol, hydroxycitronellal, HICC (4-(4-hydroxy-4-methylpentyl)-3-cyclohexene-1-carboaldehyde), isoeugenol, isoeugenyl acetate, lilial (butyl phenyl methyl propional), limonene, linalool, methyl 2-octynoate, etc.). In addition, an exposure-based quantitative risk assessment (QRA) was performed to determine safe levels of fragrance ingredients in 107 perfumes. In 76 women's and 31 men's fragrances, 25 allergens were identified at concentrations ranging from undetectable (N.D.) to 8,997.68 mg/kg, and from N.D. to 17,352.34 mg/kg, respectively. An exposure-based sensitization QRA revealed that the ratios of acceptable exposure level (AEL) to consumer exposure level (CEL) of fragrance ingredients were greater than 1, suggesting an absence of skin sensitizing potential. However, the maximum level used in the exposure scenario was determined by the product purpose and application type, and AEL/CEL ratios of lilial, HICC, citral, isoeugenol, and methyl 2-octynoate analyzed in women's perfume were 0.53, 0.67 0.19, 0.13, and 0.57, respectively. As the ratios of AEL:CEL of these fragrance ingredients were below 1, the utilization of these potential skin sensitizers is not considered safe. Our findings indicate that the sensitization risk of allergens with AEL:CEL ratios below 1 detected in fragrances needs to be reduced to the appropriate human safety level for risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duck Soo Lim
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , South Korea
| | - Seul Min Choi
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , South Korea
| | - Kyu-Bong Kim
- b College of Pharmacy , Dankook University , Cheonan , South Korea
| | - Kyungsil Yoon
- c Lung Cancer Branch, Research Institute , National Cancer Center , Goyang , South Korea
| | - Sam Kacew
- d McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , South Korea
| | - Byung-Mu Lee
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , South Korea
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16
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Rapid identification of regulated organic chemical compounds in toys using ambient ionization and a miniature mass spectrometry system. Talanta 2018; 180:182-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Wang Z, Zhang Q, Li H, Lv Q, Wang W, Bai H. Rapid and green determination of 58 fragrance allergens in plush toys. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:657-668. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Wang
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety; Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Beijing China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety; Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Beijing China
| | - Haiyu Li
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety; Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Beijing China
| | - Qing Lv
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety; Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Beijing China
| | - Wan Wang
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety; Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Beijing China
| | - Hua Bai
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety; Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Beijing China
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18
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Wang S, Xu H. Inorganic-organic hybrid coating material for the online in-tube solid-phase microextraction of monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:4610-4620. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ShuLing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan China
| | - Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan China
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19
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Maidatsi KV, Chatzimitakos TG, Sakkas VA, Stalikas CD. Octyl-modified magnetic graphene as a sorbent for the extraction and simultaneous determination of fragrance allergens, musks, and phthalates in aqueous samples by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3758-65. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina V. Maidatsi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Ioannina; Ioannina Greece
| | | | - Vassilios A. Sakkas
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Ioannina; Ioannina Greece
| | - Constantine D. Stalikas
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Ioannina; Ioannina Greece
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20
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21
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Zhu L, Xu H. Magnetic graphene oxide as adsorbent for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in human urine. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2591-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linli Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan China
| | - Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan China
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22
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Development of a multianalyte method based on micro-matrix-solid-phase dispersion for the analysis of fragrance allergens and preservatives in personal care products. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1344:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Schubert J, Luch A, Schulz TG. Waterpipe smoking: analysis of the aroma profile of flavored waterpipe tobaccos. Talanta 2013; 115:665-74. [PMID: 24054646 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the last years the habit of smoking waterpipes has spread worldwide, especially among young people and emerged as global health issue. Although research is now under way for no less than 40 years in the field of waterpipe smoking, in comparison to cigarette smoking there is still insufficient knowledge on the real composition and the toxicity of the smoke inhaled and the resulting levels of exposure against particular hazardous ingredients. In most cases for waterpipe smoking a highly flavored tobacco called "moassel" is used. However, the number, quantity and toxicity of the added flavorings are widely unknown. In this study the static headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SHS-GC-MS) was used to identify 79 volatile flavor compounds present in waterpipe tobacco. Among these eleven compounds were analyzed quantitatively. The results show that waterpipe tobacco contains high amounts of the fragrance benzyl alcohol as well as considerable levels of limonene, linalool and eugenol, all of which are known as being allergenic in human skin. The proposed SHS-GC-MS method has been validated and found to be accurate, simple and characterized by low limits of detection (LOD) in the range of 0.016 to 4.3 µg/g tobacco for benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol, respectively. The identification and characterization of waterpipe tobacco ingredients indeed reveals crucial for the assessment of potential health risks that may be posed by these additives in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Schubert
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
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24
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Lv Q, Zhang Q, Li W, Li H, Li P, Ma Q, Meng X, Qi M, Bai H. Determination of 48 fragrance allergens in toys using GC with ion trap MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3534-49. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lv
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety; Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Beijing P. R. China
- College of Chemistry; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety; Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Wentao Li
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety; Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Haiyu Li
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety; Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Pi Li
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety; Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety; Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xianshuang Meng
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety; Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Meiling Qi
- College of Chemistry; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Hua Bai
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety; Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Beijing P. R. China
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