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Meng Z, Bi J, Zhang Q, Ren H, Qin W. Recent advances in nanomaterial-assisted detection coupled with capillary and microchip electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:269-278. [PMID: 33159339 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have drawn much attention because of their unique properties enabling them to play important roles in various applications in different areas. This review covers literature data in the Web of Science from January 2017 to August 2020, focusing on the applications of nanomaterials (nanoparticles, quantum dots, nanotubes, and graphene) in CE and MCE to achieve enhanced sensitivity of several detection techniques: fluorescence, colorimetry, amperometry, and chemiluminescence /electrochemiluminescence. For the articles surveyed, the types of nanomaterials used, detection mechanisms, analytical performance, and applications are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Meng
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Junmin Bi
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hang Ren
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Weidong Qin
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
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2
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Mucha P, Ruczynski J, Dobkowski M, Backtrog E, Rekowski P. Capillary electrophoresis study of systemin peptides spreading in tomato plant. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:336-342. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Mucha
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdansk; Gdansk Poland
| | | | | | | | - Piotr Rekowski
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdansk; Gdansk Poland
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3
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Wang J, Zhu Z, Qiu L, Wang J, Wang X, Xiao Q, Xia J, Liu L, Liu X, Feng W, Wang J, Miao P, Gao L. A CE-FL based method for real-time detection of in-capillary self-assembly of the nanoconjugates of polycysteine ligand and quantum dots. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:274001. [PMID: 29658885 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aabe5d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules with free thiol groups always show high binding affinity to quantum dots (QDs). However, it is still highly challenging to detect the binding capacity between thiol-containing molecules and QDs inside a capillary. To conquer this limitation, a capillary electrophoresis with fluorescence detection (CE-FL) based assay was proposed and established to investigate the binding capacity between QDs and a poly-thiolated peptide (ATTO 590-DDSSGGCCPGCC, ATTO-C4). Interestingly, the results showed that interval time had a great influence on QDs and ATTO-C4 self-assembly, which can be attributed to longer interval time benefitting the binding of QDs to ATTO-C4. The stability assays on ATTO-C4-QD assembly indicated that high concentration of imidazole or GSH had a high capability of competing with the bound ATTO-C4, evidenced by dramatically dropping of S 625/S 565 ratio from 0.78 to 0.30 or 0.29. Therefore, all these results above suggested that this novel CE-FL based detection assay could be successfully applied to the binding studies between QDs and thiol-containing biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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4
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Adam V, Vaculovicova M. CE and nanomaterials - Part II: Nanomaterials in CE. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2405-2430. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Vaculovicova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
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5
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Wang J, Fan J, Li J, Liu L, Wang J, Jiang P, Liu X, Qiu L. In-capillary probing of quantum dots and fluorescent protein self-assembly and displacement using Förster resonance energy transfer. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:933-939. [PMID: 27935249 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a Förster resonance energy transfer system was designed, which consisted of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots donor and mCherry fluorescent protein acceptor. The quantum dots and the mCherry proteins were conjugated to permit Förster resonance energy transfer. Capillary electrophoresis with fluorescence detection was used for the analyses for the described system. The quantum dots and mCherry were sequentially injected into the capillary, while the real-time fluorescence signal of donor and acceptor was simultaneously monitored by two channels with fixed wavelength detectors. An effective separation of complexes from free donor and acceptor was achieved. Results showed quantum dots and hexahistidine tagged mCherry had high affinity and the assembly was affected by His6 -mCherry/quantum dot molar ratio. The kinetics of the self-assembly was calculated using the Hill equation. The microscopic dissociation constant values for out of- and in-capillary assays were 10.49 and 23.39 μM, respectively. The capillary electrophoresis with fluorescence detection that monitored ligands competition assay further delineated the different binding capacities of histidine containing peptide ligands for binding sites on quantum dots. This work demonstrated a novel approach for the improvement of Förster resonance energy transfer for higher efficiency, increased sensitivity, intuitionistic observation, and low sample requirements of the in-capillary probing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinchen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianpeng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengju Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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6
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Guo P, Fan J, Cheng Y, Wang J, Wang C. Characterization of the Self-Assembly of Glutathione Stabilized Cadmium Selenide–Zinc Sulfide Quantum Dots with a Cyanine5-Labeled Peptide by Capillary Electrophoresis and Fluorescence. ANAL LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2016.1171328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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7
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Qin Y, Qiu L, Qin H, Ding S, Liu L, Teng Y, Chen Y, Wang C, Li J, Wang J, Jiang P. In-capillary detection of fast antibody-peptide binding using fluorescence coupled capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:233-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Qin
- School of Petrochemical Engineering; Changzhou University; Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Lin Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science; Changzhou University; Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Haifang Qin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Engineering; Changzhou Vocational Institute of Engineering; Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Shumin Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science; Changzhou University; Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science; Changzhou University; Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Yiwan Teng
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science; Changzhou University; Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science; Changzhou University; Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Cheli Wang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering; Changzhou University; Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Jinchen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science; Changzhou University; Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Jianhao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science; Changzhou University; Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Pengju Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science; Changzhou University; Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
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Wang J, Li J, Zhang C, Fan J, Yang L, Gu Y, Liu F, Wang C, Dong B, Qiu L, Jiang P. In-capillary probing QDs and HAT tag self-assembly and displacement using Förster resonance energy transfer. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2636-2641. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science; Changzhou University; Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Jinchen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science; Changzhou University; Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Chencheng Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science; Changzhou University; Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Jie Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science; Changzhou University; Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science; Changzhou University; Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Yaqin Gu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science; Changzhou University; Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Feifei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science; Changzhou University; Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Cheli Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science; Changzhou University; Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Bingyu Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science; Changzhou University; Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Lin Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science; Changzhou University; Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Pengju Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science; Changzhou University; Changzhou Jiangsu P. R. China
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9
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Wang J, Li J, Li J, Qin Y, Wang C, Qiu L, Jiang P. In-capillary self-assembly study of quantum dots and protein using fluorescence coupled capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1523-8. [PMID: 25809142 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As a vast number of novel materials in particular inorganic nanoparticles have been invented and introduced to all aspects of life, public concerns about how they might affect our ecosystem and human life continue to arise. Such incertitude roots at a fundamental question of how inorganic nanoparticles self-assemble with biomolecules in solution. Various techniques have been developed to probe the interaction between particles and biomolecules, but very few if any can provide advantages of both rapid and convenient. Herein, we report a systematic investigation on quantum dots (QDs) and protein self-assembly inside a capillary. QDs and protein were injected to a capillary one after another. They were mixed inside the capillary when a high voltage was applied. Online separation and detection were then achieved. This new method can also be used to study the self-assembly kinetics of QDs and protein using the Hill equation, the KD value for the self-assembly of QDs and protein was calculated to be 8.8 μM. The obtained results were compared with the previous out of-capillary method and confirmed the effectiveness of the present method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jingyan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jinchen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yuqin Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Cheli Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Lin Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Pengju Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,State key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
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10
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Bai Y, Chang C, Du F, Tan Z, Bai Y, Liu H. Combination of dynamic pH junction with capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for the determination of systemins in plant samples. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:1984-8. [PMID: 24668451 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Systemin is an important group of plant peptide hormones participating in the regulation of plant defensive responses. An improved method, based on dynamic pH junction and capillary electrophoresis-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, was developed for online enrichment and sensitive determination of trace systemins in plants. After optimization, the online enrichment factors for six target systemins ranged from 90- to 127-fold. The detection limits reached lower than 0.5 nM, which were comparable with the sensitivity of LC-MS method. Satisfactory quantitative results were obtained in terms of linearity (R(2) ≥ 0.993), dynamic range (3-120 ng/mL), and reproducibility (≤6.7%). For the analysis of real plant samples, a rapid sample preparation method was developed, using two steps of SPE purification with different retention and separation mechanisms. Finally, this method realized the successful detection of tomato systemin and tobacco hydroxyproline-rich systemin I from plant leaves with shorter analysis time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China; Analytical & Characterization, Experiment Management Center, National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon Energy (NICE), Beijing, P. R. China
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11
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Dobkowski M, Szychowska A, Pieszko M, Miszka A, Wojciechowska M, Alenowicz M, Ruczyński J, Rekowski P, Celewicz L, Barciszewski J, Mucha P. ‘Click’ chemistry synthesis and capillary electrophoresis study of 1,4-linked 1,2,3-triazole AZT-systemin conjugate. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:696-703. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Dobkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; Wita Stwosza 63 Gdańsk 80-308 Poland
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology; University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
| | | | - Małgorzata Pieszko
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; Wita Stwosza 63 Gdańsk 80-308 Poland
| | - Anna Miszka
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; Wita Stwosza 63 Gdańsk 80-308 Poland
| | - Monika Wojciechowska
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; Wita Stwosza 63 Gdańsk 80-308 Poland
| | - Magdalena Alenowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; Wita Stwosza 63 Gdańsk 80-308 Poland
| | - Jarosław Ruczyński
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; Wita Stwosza 63 Gdańsk 80-308 Poland
| | - Piotr Rekowski
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; Wita Stwosza 63 Gdańsk 80-308 Poland
| | - Lech Celewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry; Adam Mickiewicz University; Poznań Poland
| | - Jan Barciszewski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Poznań Poland
| | - Piotr Mucha
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; Wita Stwosza 63 Gdańsk 80-308 Poland
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12
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Stanisavljevic M, Vaculovicova M, Kizek R, Adam V. Capillary electrophoresis of quantum dots: Minireview. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:1929-37. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Stanisavljevic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Vaculovicova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
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13
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Sang F, Huang X, Ren J. Characterization and separation of semiconductor quantum dots and their conjugates by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:793-803. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuming Sang
- School of Marine Science and Technology; Harbin Institute of Technology; Weihai P. R. China
| | - Xiangyi Huang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Jicun Ren
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai P. R. China
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Kašička V. Recent developments in capillary and microchip electroseparations of peptides (2011-2013). Electrophoresis 2013; 35:69-95. [PMID: 24255019 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The review presents a comprehensive survey of recent developments and applications of capillary and microchip electroseparation methods (zone electrophoresis, ITP, IEF, affinity electrophoresis, EKC, and electrochromatography) for analysis, isolation, purification, and physicochemical and biochemical characterization of peptides. Advances in the investigation of electromigration properties of peptides, in the methodology of their analysis, including sample preseparation, preconcentration and derivatization, adsorption suppression and EOF control, as well as in detection of peptides, are presented. New developments in particular CE and CEC modes are reported and several types of their applications to peptide analysis are described: conventional qualitative and quantitative analysis, determination in complex (bio)matrices, monitoring of chemical and enzymatical reactions and physical changes, amino acid, sequence and chiral analysis, and peptide mapping of proteins. Some micropreparative peptide separations are shown and capabilities of CE and CEC techniques to provide relevant physicochemical characteristics of peptides are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Analytical methods for tracing plant hormones. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:55-74. [PMID: 22215246 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5623-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant hormones play important roles in regulating numerous aspects of plant growth, development, and response to stress. In the past decade, more analytical methods for the accurate identification and quantitative determination of trace plant hormones have been developed to better our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of plant hormones. As sample preparation is often the bottleneck in analysis of plant hormones in biological samples, this review firstly discusses sample preparation techniques after a brief introduction to the classes, roles, and methods used in the analysis of plant hormones. The analytical methods, especially chromatographic techniques and immuno-based methods, are reviewed in detail, and their corresponding advantages, limitations, applications, and prospects are also discussed. This review mainly covers reports published from 2000 to the present on methods for the analysis of plant hormones.
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