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Eie LV, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Hansen FA. Electromembrane extraction of polar substances - Status and perspectives. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114407. [PMID: 34634529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the scientific literature on electromembrane extraction (EME) of polar substances (log P < 2) is reviewed. EME is an extraction technique based on electrokinetic migration of analyte ions from an aqueous sample, across an organic supported liquid membrane (SLM), and into an aqueous acceptor solution. Because extraction is based on voltage-assisted partitioning, EME is fundamentally suitable for extraction of polar and ionizable substances that are challenging in many other extraction techniques. The article provides an exhaustive overview of papers on EME of polar substances. From this, different strategies to improve the mass transfer of polar substances are reviewed and critically discussed. These strategies include different SLM chemistries, modification of supporting membranes, sorbent additives, aqueous solution chemistry, and voltage/current related strategies. Finally, the future applicability of EME for polar substances is discussed. We expect EME in the coming years to be developed towards both very selective targeted analysis, as well as untargeted analysis of polar substances in biomedical applications such as metabolomics and peptidomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Vårdal Eie
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik André Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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2
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Hansen FA, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction of streptomycin from biological fluids. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1639:461915. [PMID: 33535115 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this fundamental study, streptomycin was extracted successfully from urine and plasma using electromembrane extraction (EME). Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside with log P -7.6 and was selected as an extremely polar model analyte. EME is a microextraction technique, where charged analytes are extracted under the influence of an electrical field, from sample, through a supported liquid membrane (SLM), and into an acceptor solution. The SLM comprised 2-nitrophenyl pentyl ether (NPPE) mixed with bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (DEHP). DEHP served as ionic carrier and facilitated transfer of streptomycin across the SLM. For EME from urine and protein precipitated plasma, the optimal DEHP content in the SLM was 45-50% w/w. From untreated plasma, the content of DEHP was increased to 75% w/w in order to suppress interference from plasma proteins. Most endogenous substances with UV absorbance were not extracted into the acceptor. Proteins and phospholipids were also discriminated, with <0.6% of proteins and <0.02% of phospholipids found in the acceptor after EME. Thus, despite the fact that the SLM was permeable to more polar molecules, the EME still provided very efficient sample cleanup. Extraction process efficiencies of 98% and 61% were achieved from urine and plasma, respectively, with linear calibration (R2 > 0.9929), absence of significant matrix effects (94-112%), accuracy of 94-125%, and RSD ≤ 15% except at LLOQ. The average current during extractions was 67 µA or less. The findings of this paper demonstrated that EME is feasible for extraction of basic analytes of extreme polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik André Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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3
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Electromembrane extraction of phenytoin from biological fluids: A survey on the effects of molecularly imprinted polymer and carbon nanotubes on extraction efficiency. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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Hansen FA, Kubáň P, Øiestad EL, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction of highly polar bases from biological samples – Deeper insight into bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate as ionic carrier. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1115:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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5
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Restan MS, Skottvoll FS, Jensen H, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction of sodium dodecyl sulfate from highly concentrated solutions. Analyst 2020; 145:4957-4963. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00622j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This fundamental work investigated the removal of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) from highly concentrated samples by electromembrane extraction (EME).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henrik Jensen
- Department of Pharmacy
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
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6
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Tahmasebi Z, Davarani SSH, Ebrahimzadeh H, Asgharinezhad AA. Ultra-trace determination of Cr (VI) ions in real water samples after electromembrane extraction through novel nanostructured polyaniline reinforced hollow fibers followed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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7
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On-chip pulsed electromembrane extraction as a new concept for analysis of biological fluids in a small device. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1527:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Oliveira AM, Loureiro HC, de Jesus FFS, de Jesus DP. Electromembrane extraction and preconcentration of carbendazim and thiabendazole in water samples before capillary electrophoresis analysis. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1532-1539. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dosil Pereira de Jesus
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas; UNICAMP; Campinas, SP Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica; Campinas, SP Brazil
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9
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Fashi A, Khanban F, Yaftian MR, Zamani A. The cooperative effect of reduced graphene oxide and Triton X-114 on the electromembrane microextraction efficiency of Pramipexole as a model analyte in urine samples. Talanta 2017; 162:210-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Huang C, Seip KF, Gjelstad A, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction of polar basic drugs from plasma with pure bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphite as supported liquid membrane. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 934:80-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Yaripour S, Mohammadi A, Nojavan S. Electromembrane extraction of tartrazine from food samples: Effects of nano-sorbents on membrane performance. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:2642-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Yaripour
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Saeed Nojavan
- Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; Evin Tehran Iran
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12
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Asl YA, Yamini Y, Seidi S. A novel approach to the consecutive extraction of drugs with different properties via on chip electromembrane extraction. Analyst 2016; 141:311-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an02019k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lab on chip electromembrane extraction coupled with HPLC was introduced for analysis of betaxolol, naltrexone and nalmefene in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shahram Seidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- K.N. Toosi University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
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13
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Suh JH, Lee HY, Kim U, Eom HY, Kim J, Cho HD, Han SB. Simultaneous determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene metabolites in human urine using electromembrane extraction combined with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:4276-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joon Hyuk Suh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Hye Yeon Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Unyong Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Han Young Eom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Junghyun Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Hyun-Deok Cho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Sang Beom Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University; Seoul South Korea
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14
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Huang C, Jensen H, Seip KF, Gjelstad A, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Mass transfer in electromembrane extraction-The link between theory and experiments. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:188-97. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuixiu Huang
- School of Pharmacy; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- G&T Septech AS; Ytre Enebakk Norway
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | | | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- School of Pharmacy; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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15
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Asl YA, Yamini Y, Seidi S, Amanzadeh H. Dynamic electromembrane extraction: Automated movement of donor and acceptor phases to improve extraction efficiency. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1419:10-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Suh JH, Eom HY, Kim U, Kim J, Cho HD, Kang W, Kim DS, Han SB. Highly sensitive electromembrane extraction for the determination of volatile organic compound metabolites in dried urine spot. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1416:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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The effect of electric field geometry on the performance of electromembrane extraction systems: Footprints of a third driving force along with migration and diffusion. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 891:151-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Huang C, Seip KF, Gjelstad A, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction for pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis – Quo vadis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 113:97-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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19
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Rezazadeh M, Yamini Y, Seidi S, Aghaei A. Pulsed electromembrane extraction for analysis of derivatized amino acids: A powerful technique for determination of animal source of gelatin samples. Talanta 2015; 136:190-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Modern requirements in the field of bioanalysis often involve miniaturized, high-throughput sample preparation techniques that consume low amounts of both sample and potentially hazardous organic solvents. Electromembrane extraction is one technique that meets several of these requirements. In this principle analytes are selectively extracted from a biological matrix, through a supported liquid membrane and into an aqueous acceptor solution. The whole extraction process is facilitated by an electric field across the supported liquid membrane, which greatly reduces the extraction time. This review will give a thorough overview of recent advances in bioanalytical applications involving electromembrane extraction, and discuss both possibilities and challenges of the technique in a bioanalytical setting.
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21
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Sun JN, Shi YP, Chen J. Development of ionic liquid based electromembrane extraction and its application to the enrichment of acidic compounds in pig kidney tissues. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01029b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An ionic liquid based electromembrane extraction (IL-EME) method, in which electrokinetic migration served as the main driving force, was developed for the determination of acidic compounds for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Nan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources
- Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
| | - Yan-Ping Shi
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources
- Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources
- Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
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22
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Yan Y, Chen X, Hu S, Bai X. Applications of liquid-phase microextraction techniques in natural product analysis: A review. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1368:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Arjomandi-Behzad L, Yamini Y, Rezazadeh M. Extraction of pyridine derivatives from human urine using electromembrane extraction coupled to dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography determination. Talanta 2014; 126:73-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Electrical field-stimulated liquid-phase microextraction for trace analysis of pyridine and its derivatives in cigarette extract. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-014-0507-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Gjelstad A, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction--three-phase electrophoresis for future preparative applications. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2421-8. [PMID: 24810105 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to discuss the principle and the future potential for electromembrane extraction (EME). EME was presented in 2006 as a totally new sample preparation technique for ionized target analytes, based on electrokinetic migration across a supported liquid membrane under the influence of an external electrical field. The principle of EME is presented, and typical performance data for EME are discussed. Most work with EME up to date has been performed with low-molecular weight pharmaceutical substances as model analytes, but the principles of EME should be developed in other directions in the future to fully explore the potential. Recent research in new directions is critically reviewed, with focus on extraction of different types of chemical and biochemical substances, new separation possibilities, new approaches, and challenges related to mass transfer and background current. The intention of this critical review is to give a flavor of EME and to stimulate into more research in the area of EME. Unlike other review articles, the current one is less comprehensive, but put more emphasis on new directions for EME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Gjelstad
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
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Rezazadeh M, Yamini Y, Seidi S, Arjomandi-Behzad L. Voltage-step pulsed electromembrane as a novel view of electrical field-induced liquid-phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1324:21-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Yamini Y, Seidi S, Rezazadeh M. Electrical field-induced extraction and separation techniques: promising trends in analytical chemistry--a review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 814:1-22. [PMID: 24528839 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sample preparation is an important issue in analytical chemistry, and is often a bottleneck in chemical analysis. So, the major incentive for the recent research has been to attain faster, simpler, less expensive, and more environmentally friendly sample preparation methods. The use of auxiliary energies, such as heat, ultrasound, and microwave, is one of the strategies that have been employed in sample preparation to reach the above purposes. Application of electrical driving force is the current state-of-the-art, which presents new possibilities for simplifying and shortening the sample preparation process as well as enhancing its selectivity. The electrical driving force has scarcely been utilized in comparison with other auxiliary energies. In this review, the different roles of electrical driving force (as a powerful auxiliary energy) in various extraction techniques, including liquid-, solid-, and membrane-based methods, have been taken into consideration. Also, the references have been made available, relevant to the developments in separation techniques and Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) systems. All aspects of electrical driving force in extraction and separation methods are too specific to be treated in this contribution. However, the main aim of this review is to provide a brief knowledge about the different fields of analytical chemistry, with an emphasis on the latest efforts put into the electrically assisted membrane-based sample preparation systems. The advantages and disadvantages of these approaches as well as the new achievements in these areas have been discussed, which might be helpful for further progress in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadollah Yamini
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shahram Seidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Rezazadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
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28
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Ahmar H, Tabani H, Hossein Koruni M, Davarani SSH, Fakhari AR. A new platform for sensing urinary morphine based on carrier assisted electromembrane extraction followed by adsorptive stripping voltammetric detection on screen-printed electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 54:189-94. [PMID: 24280048 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Electromembrane extraction (EME) coupled with electrochemical detection on screen-printed carbon electrode has been developed for the quantification of morphine in urine samples. Charged morphine molecules were extracted from an aqueous sample by applying an electrical potential through a thin supported liquid membrane (SLM) into an acidic aqueous acceptor solution (20 µL) placed inside the lumen of a hollow fiber. Then, the acceptor solution was mixed with 20 µL of NaOH solution (0.1 M) and analyzed using screen printed electrochemical strip. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) peak current at 0.18 V was selected as the signal and the influences of experimental parameters were investigated and optimized using Box-behnken design and also one-variable-at-a-time methodology as follows: adsorptive accumulation time, 40 s; SLM, 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether+10% tris-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate+10% di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate; pH of the sample solution, 6.0; pH of the acceptor solution, 1.0; EME time, 24 min; EME potential, 90 V and stirring rate, 1000 rpm. The calibration curve which was plotted by the variation of DPV currents as a function of morphine concentration was linear within the range of 0.005-2.0 µg mL(-1). The limit of detection and the limit of quantification were 0.0015 (S/N=3) and 0.005 µg mL(-1), respectively. Finally, the proposed method was able to determine morphine simply and effectively at concentration levels encountered in toxicology and doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Ahmar
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P.O. Box 19839-4716, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Tabani
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P.O. Box 19839-4716, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Ali Reza Fakhari
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P.O. Box 19839-4716, Tehran, Iran.
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29
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Seip KF, Gjelstad A, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction from aqueous samples containing polar organic solvents. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1308:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Pulsed electromembrane method for simultaneous extraction of drugs with different properties. Anal Biochem 2013; 438:136-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Krishna Marothu V, Gorrepati M, Vusa R. Electromembrane extraction--a novel extraction technique for pharmaceutical, chemical, clinical and environmental analysis. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 51:619-31. [PMID: 23595685 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Electromembrane extraction (EME) is a novel sample preparation technique in pharmaceutical, chemical, clinical and environmental analysis. This technique uses electromigration across artificial liquid membranes for selective extraction of analytes and sample enrichment from complex matrices. This review focuses on the setup, general procedure and parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of EME. An overview of innovations in EME (on-chip EME, low voltage EME, drop-to-drop EME, pulsed EME and EME followed by low-density solvent based ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction) is also presented in this article and attention is focused on the use of EME for pharmaceutical, chemical, clinical and environmental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi Krishna Marothu
- Alliance Institute of Advanced Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Ameerpet, Hyderabad-500038, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Ahmar H, Fakhari AR, Tabani H, Shahsavani A. Optimization of electromembrane extraction combined with differential pulse voltammetry using modified screen-printed electrode for the determination of sufentanil. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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