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Graf HG, Rudisch BM, Ude L, Müller L, Huhn C. Picomolar detection limits for glyphosate by two-dimensional column-coupled isotachophoresis/capillary zone electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3887-3899. [PMID: 35998068 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry often lacks sufficient limits of detection for trace substances in the environment due to its low loadability. To overcome this problem, we conducted a feasibility study for column-coupling isotachophoresis to capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. The first dimension isotachophoresis preconcentrated the analytes. The column-coupling of both dimensions was achieved by a hybrid capillary microfluidic chip setup. Reliable analyte transfer by voltage switching was enabled by an in-chip capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector placed around the channel of the common section between two T-shaped crossings in the chip connecting both dimensions. This eliminated the need to calculate the moment of analyte transfer. A commercial capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry instrument with easily installable adaptations operated the setup. Prior to coupling isotachophoresis with capillary zone electrophoresis-mass spectrometry, both dimensions were optimized individually by simulations and verified experimentally. Both dimensions were able to stack/separate all degradation products of glyphosate, the most important herbicide applied worldwide. The first dimension isotachophoresis also removed phosphate, which is a critical matrix component in many environmental samples. Enrichment and separation of glyphosate and its main degradation product aminomethylphosphonic acid by the 2D setup provided an excellent limit of detection of 150 pM (25 ng/L) for glyphosate. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Georg Graf
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Lukas Ude
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Linda Müller
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carolin Huhn
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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2
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Žabenský B, Bodor R, Makata D, Szucs R, Masár M. Trace determination of perchlorate in drinking water by capillary zone electrophoresis with isotachophoresis sample cleanup and conductivity detection. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3339-3347. [PMID: 35661409 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Branislav Žabenský
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Mlynská dolina CH2, Ilkovičova 6, Bratislava, 842 15, Slovakia
| | - Róbert Bodor
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Mlynská dolina CH2, Ilkovičova 6, Bratislava, 842 15, Slovakia
| | - Dávid Makata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Mlynská dolina CH2, Ilkovičova 6, Bratislava, 842 15, Slovakia
| | - Roman Szucs
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Mlynská dolina CH2, Ilkovičova 6, Bratislava, 842 15, Slovakia
| | - Marián Masár
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Mlynská dolina CH2, Ilkovičova 6, Bratislava, 842 15, Slovakia
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Troška P, Hradski J, Chropeňová L, Szucs R, Masár M. Potential of microchip electrophoresis in pharmaceutical analysis: Development of a universal method for frequently prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1654:462453. [PMID: 34392125 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel microchip electrophoresis method with conductivity detection for the determination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in several pharmaceutical formulations was developed. The three frequently used NSAIDs - acetylsalicylic acid, diclofenac and ibuprofen were baseline separated on a poly(methyl methacrylate) microchip with coupled separation channels. Elimination of matrix components such as excipients, was realized through online combination of isotachophoresis (ITP) with zone electrophoresis (ZE). ITP-ZE hyphenation can also facilitate preconcentration of target analytes. ITP was carried out in the first separation channel at pH 6.5, while the second channel of the microchip was used for ZE separation and detection of the analytes at pH 7.0. The developed ITP-ZE method was demonstrated to be applicable for direct and reliable determination of NSAIDs in eleven pharmaceutical formulations. The noticeable advantage of this approach is that only simple sample pretreatment (filtration and dilution) is necessary. The method performance parameters, such as linearity (20-250% of nominal concentration of studied NSAIDs in the test samples), accuracy (98-102%) and precision (less than 2% RSD) were obtained. This universal approach is suitable for the determination of frequently used NSAIDs in a single analysis in less than 15 min. In addition to simple sample pretreatment, low running costs and minimal environmental impact could make this method attractive for the analysis of pharmaceutical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Troška
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina CH2, Ilkovičova 6, SK-84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jasna Hradski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina CH2, Ilkovičova 6, SK-84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Chropeňová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina CH2, Ilkovičova 6, SK-84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Roman Szucs
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina CH2, Ilkovičova 6, SK-84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marián Masár
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina CH2, Ilkovičova 6, SK-84215 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Knoll S, Rösch T, Huhn C. Trends in sample preparation and separation methods for the analysis of very polar and ionic compounds in environmental water and biota samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6149-6165. [PMID: 32710277 PMCID: PMC7442764 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02811-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent years showed a boost in knowledge about the presence and fate of micropollutants in the environment. Instrumental and methodological developments mainly in liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry hold a large share in this success story. These techniques soon complemented gas chromatography and enabled the analysis of more polar compounds including pesticides but also household chemicals, food additives, and pharmaceuticals often present as traces in surface waters. In parallel, sample preparation techniques evolved to extract and enrich these compounds from biota and water samples. This review article looks at very polar and ionic compounds using the criterion log P ≤ 1. Considering about 240 compounds, we show that (simulated) log D values are often even lower than the corresponding log P values due to ionization of the compounds at our reference pH of 7.4. High polarity and charge are still challenging characteristics in the analysis of micropollutants and these compounds are hardly covered in current monitoring strategies of water samples. The situation is even more challenging in biota analysis given the large number of matrix constituents with similar properties. Currently, a large number of sample preparation and separation approaches are developed to meet the challenges of the analysis of very polar and ionic compounds. In addition to reviewing them, we discuss some trends: for sample preparation, preconcentration and purification efforts by SPE will continue, possibly using upcoming mixed-mode stationary phases and mixed beds in order to increase comprehensiveness in monitoring applications. For biota analysis, miniaturization and parallelization are aspects of future research. For ionic or ionizable compounds, we see electromembrane extraction as a method of choice with a high potential to increase throughput by automation. For separation, predominantly coupled to mass spectrometry, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography applications will increase as the polarity range ideally complements reversed phase liquid chromatography, and instrumentation and expertise are available in most laboratories. Two-dimensional applications have not yet reached maturity in liquid-phase separations to be applied in higher throughput. Possibly, the development and commercial availability of mixed-mode stationary phases make 2D applications obsolete in semi-targeted applications. An interesting alternative will enter routine analysis soon: supercritical fluid chromatography demonstrated an impressive analyte coverage but also the possibility to tailor selectivity for targeted approaches. For ionic and ionizable micropollutants, ion chromatography and capillary electrophoresis are amenable but may be used only for specialized applications such as the analysis of halogenated acids when aspects like desalting and preconcentration are solved and the key advantages are fully elaborated by further research. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Knoll
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Rösch
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carolin Huhn
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, Germany.
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Wimmer B, Pattky M, Zada LG, Meixner M, Haderlein SB, Zimmermann HP, Huhn C. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for the direct analysis of glyphosate: method development and application to beer beverages and environmental studies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4967-4983. [PMID: 32524371 PMCID: PMC7334262 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02751-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed and validated a CE-TOF-MS method for the quantification of glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) and its major degradation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in different samples including beer, media from toxicological analysis with Daphnia magna, and sorption experiments. Using a background electrolyte (BGE) of very low pH, where glyphosate is still negatively charged but many matrix components become neutral or protonated, a very high separation selectivity was reached. The presence of inorganic salts in the sample was advantageous with regard to preconcentration via transient isotachophoresis. The advantages of our new method are the following: no derivatization is needed, high separation selectivity and thus matrix tolerance, speed of analysis, limits of detection suitable for many applications in food and environmental science, negligible disturbance by metal chelation. LODs for glyphosate were < 5 μg/L for both aqueous and beer samples, the linear range in aqueous samples was 5-3000 μg/L, for beer samples 10-3000 μg/L. For AMPA, LODs were 3.3 and 30.6 μg/L, and the linear range 10-3000 μg/L and 50-3000 μg/L, for aqueous and beer samples, respectively. Recoveries in beer samples for glyphosate were 94.3-110.7% and for AMPA 80.2-100.4%. We analyzed 12 German and 2 Danish beer samples. Quantification of glyphosate and AMPA was possible using isotopically labeled standards without enrichment, purification, or dilution, only degassing and filtration were required for sample preparation. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of the method for other strong acids, relevant in food and environmental sciences such as N-acetyl glyphosate, N-acetyl AMPA (present in some glyphosate resistant crop), trifluoroacetic acid, 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, glufosinate and its degradation product 3-(methylphosphinico)propionic acid, oxamic acid, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Wimmer
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Pattky
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leyla Gulu Zada
- Center for Applied Geosciences, Environmental Mineralogy and Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Meixner
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan B Haderlein
- Center for Applied Geosciences, Environmental Mineralogy and Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Carolin Huhn
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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6
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More and enhanced glyphosate analysis is needed. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:3041-3045. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1000-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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7
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Feng D, Xia Y. Comparisons of glyphosate adsorption properties of different functional Cr-based metal-organic frameworks. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:732-739. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition; College of Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Nankai University; Tianjin China
| | - Yan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition; College of Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Nankai University; Tianjin China
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8
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Glyphosate analysis using sensors and electromigration separation techniques as alternatives to gas or liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:725-746. [PMID: 29098335 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0679-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Since its introduction in 1974, the herbicide glyphosate has experienced a tremendous increase in use, with about one million tons used annually today. This review focuses on sensors and electromigration separation techniques as alternatives to chromatographic methods for the analysis of glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethyl phosphonic acid. Even with the large number of studies published, glyphosate analysis remains challenging. With its polar and depending on pH even ionic functional groups lacking a chromophore, it is difficult to analyze with chromatographic techniques. Its analysis is mostly achieved after derivatization. Its purification from food and environmental samples inevitably results incoextraction of ionic matrix components, with a further impact on analysis derivatization. Its purification from food and environmental samples inevitably results in coextraction of ionic matrix components, with a further impact on analysis and also derivatization reactions. Its ability to form chelates with metal cations is another obstacle for precise quantification. Lastly, the low limits of detection required by legislation have to be met. These challenges preclude glyphosate from being analyzed together with many other pesticides in common multiresidue (chromatographic) methods. For better monitoring of glyphosate in environmental and food samples, further fast and robust methods are required. In this review, analytical methods are summarized and discussed from the perspective of biosensors and various formats of electromigration separation techniques, including modes such as capillary electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography, combined with various detection techniques. These methods are critically discussed with regard to matrix tolerance, limits of detection reached, and selectivity.
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9
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Wuethrich A, Quirino JP. Sensitivity enhancing injection from a sample reservoir and channel interface in microchip electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:927-932. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Wuethrich
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS) School of Physical Sciences‐Chemistry University of Tasmania Hobart TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Joselito P. Quirino
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS) School of Physical Sciences‐Chemistry University of Tasmania Hobart TAS 7001 Australia
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10
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Chang PL, Hsieh MM, Chiu TC. Recent Advances in the Determination of Pesticides in Environmental Samples by Capillary Electrophoresis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:409. [PMID: 27070634 PMCID: PMC4847071 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13040409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, owing to the increasing population and the attempts to satisfy its needs, pesticides are widely applied to control the quantity and quality of agricultural products. However, the presence of pesticide residues and their metabolites in environmental samples is hazardous to the health of humans and all other living organisms. Thus, monitoring these compounds is extremely important to ensure that only permitted levels of pesticide are consumed. To this end, fast, reliable, and environmentally friendly methods that can accurately analyze dilute, complex samples containing both parent substances and their metabolites are required. Focusing primarily on research published since 2010, this review summarizes the use of various sample pretreatment techniques to extract pesticides from various matrices, combined with on-line preconcentration strategies for sensitivity improvement, and subsequent capillary electrophoresis analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Ling Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Mu Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, National Kaohsiung Normal University, 62, Shenjhong Road, Yanchao District, Kaohsiung 82446, Taiwan.
| | - Tai-Chia Chiu
- Department of Applied Science, National Taitung University, 369, Section 2, University Road, Taitung 95092, Taiwan.
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11
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Koskinen WC, Marek LJ, Hall KE. Analysis of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in water, plant materials and soil. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:423-32. [PMID: 26454260 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for simple, fast, efficient and sensitive methods of analysis for glyphosate and its degradate aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in diverse matrices such as water, plant materials and soil to facilitate environmental research needed to address the continuing concerns related to increasing glyphosate use. A variety of water-based solutions have been used to extract the chemicals from different matrices. Many methods require extensive sample preparation, including derivatization and clean-up, prior to analysis by a variety of detection techniques. This review summarizes methods used during the past 15 years for analysis of glyphosate and AMPA in water, plant materials and soil. The simplest methods use aqueous extraction of glyphosate and AMPA from plant materials and soil, no derivatization, solid-phase extraction (SPE) columns for clean-up, guard columns for separation and confirmation of the analytes by mass spectrometry and quantitation using isotope-labeled internal standards. They have levels of detection (LODs) below the regulatory limits in North America. These methods are discussed in more detail in the review.
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12
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Sánchez-López E, Marina ML, Crego AL. Improving the sensitivity in chiral capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:19-34. [PMID: 26434566 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CE is known for being one of the most powerful analytical techniques when performing enantioseparations due to its numerous advantages such as excellent separation efficiency and extremely low solvents and reagents consumption, all of them derived from the capillary small dimensions. Moreover, it is worth highlighting that unlike in chromatographic techniques, in CE the chiral selector is generally within the separation medium instead of being attached to the separation column which makes the method optimization a more versatile task. Despite its numerous advantages, when using UV-Vis detection, CE lacks of sensitivity detection due to its short optical path length derived from the narrow separation capillary. This issue can be overcome by means of different approaches, either by sample treatment procedures or by in-capillary preconcentration techniques or even by employing detection systems more sensitive than UV-Vis, such as LIF or MS. The present review assembles the latest contributions regarding improvements of sensitivity in chiral CE published from June 2013 until May 2015, which follows the works included in a previous review reported by Sánchez-Hernández et al. [Electrophoresis 2014, 35, 12-27].
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sánchez-López
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio L Crego
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Luo X, Chen L, Zhao Y. Simultaneous determination of three chloroacetic acids, three herbicides, and 12 anions in water by ion chromatography. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3096-102. [PMID: 26147076 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An ion chromatography method was developed for the simultaneous detection of three soluble herbicides (glyphosate, bentazone and picloram), three chlorine disinfection byproducts (monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid) and 12 anions in water (Cl(-), Br(-), SO4(2-), CO3(2-), ClO3(-), ClO4(-), BrO3(-), PO4(3-), NO2(-), NO3(-), CH3COO(-) and COO(-)). High linearity (r(2) > 0.996) was observed for all target analytes for each respective concentration range. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were between 0.21-0.85 and 0.06-25.46 μg/L, respectively. However, the interference effect of Cl(-), NO3(-) , SO4 (2-) and CO3(2-) on some target analytes must be considered during the analysis. Sample pre-treatment by a hydrogen column (H-column) required to reduce the negative effect of CO3(2-). Additionally, sample pre-treatment by a sliver-hydrogen column (Ag-H-column) is required when Cl(-) > 100 mg/L and SO4(2-) < 50 mg/L, and pre-treatment by both a barium column (Ba-column) and an H-column is required when Cl(-) > 100 mg/L and SO4(2-) > 50 mg/L. When Cl(-) > 100 mg/L, SO4(2-) > 50 mg/L and CO3(2-) > 20 mg/L, the sample pre-treatment by either an Ag-H-Ba-column or an Ag-H-column and Ba-column is required to minimize interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximing Luo
- School of Marine, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yanqing Zhao
- School of Marine, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, PR China
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14
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Breadmore MC, Tubaon RM, Shallan AI, Phung SC, Abdul Keyon AS, Gstoettenmayr D, Prapatpong P, Alhusban AA, Ranjbar L, See HH, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2012-2014). Electrophoresis 2015; 36:36-61. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Breadmore
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Ria Marni Tubaon
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Aliaa I. Shallan
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Sui Ching Phung
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Aemi S. Abdul Keyon
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
- Faculty of Science; Department of Chemistry, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Daniel Gstoettenmayr
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Pornpan Prapatpong
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Mahidol University; Rajathevee Bangkok Thailand
| | - Ala A. Alhusban
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Leila Ranjbar
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Hong Heng See
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
- Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Dawod
- Department of Chemistry; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Al-Azhar University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Joselito P. Quirino
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
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15
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Malá Z, Gebauer P, Boček P. Recent progress in analytical capillary isotachophoresis. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:2-14. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zdena Malá
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Petr Gebauer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Petr Boček
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
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Rojano-Delgado AM, Luque de Castro MD. Capillary electrophoresis and herbicide analysis: Present and future perspectives. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2509-19. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia María Rojano-Delgado
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science; Córdoba Spain
- Campus of Rabanales, and Agroalimentary Excellence Campus; ceiA3, University of Córdoba; Córdoba Spain
| | - María D. Luque de Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Córdoba Spain
- Campus of Rabanales, and Agroalimentary Excellence Campus; ceiA3, University of Córdoba; Córdoba Spain
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Liu B, Cong Y, Ivory CF. Counterflow isotachophoresis in a monolithic column. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2395-402. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingwen Liu
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering; Washington State University; Pullman WA USA
| | - Yongzheng Cong
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering; Washington State University; Pullman WA USA
| | - Cornelius F. Ivory
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering; Washington State University; Pullman WA USA
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Marek LJ, Koskinen WC. Simplified analysis of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in water, vegetation and soil by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2014; 70:1158-64. [PMID: 24254420 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need for a simple, fast, efficient and sensitive method for analysis of glyphosate and its degradate aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in diverse matrices such as water, vegetation and soil. RESULTS Aqueous extracts from water, vegetation and soil were passed through reverse-phase and cation-exchange columns and directly injected into a tandem mass spectrometer using only a guard column for separation. Extraction efficiencies from the three matrices were >80% for both glyphosate and AMPA. The method reporting levels (MRLs) for glyphosate in water, vegetation and soil were 3.04 µg L(-1) , 0.05 mg kg(-1) and 0.37 mg kg(-1) respectively. AMPA MRLs were 5.06 µg L(-1) for water, 0.08 mg kg(-1) for vegetation and 0.61 mg kg(-1) for soil. CONCLUSIONS A validated, simple and efficient liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for routine analysis of glyphosate and AMPA in water, vegetation and soil that uses minimal sample handling and clean-up will facilitate the additional environmental research needed to address the continuing concerns related to increasing glyphosate use.
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Knob R, Petr J, Ševčík J, Maier V. Enantioseparation of tartaric acid by ligand-exchange capillary electrophoresis using contactless conductivity detection. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3426-31. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Radim Knob
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials; Faculty of Science; Palacky University in Olomouc; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petr
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials; Faculty of Science; Palacky University in Olomouc; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Ševčík
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials; Faculty of Science; Palacky University in Olomouc; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Maier
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials; Faculty of Science; Palacky University in Olomouc; Olomouc Czech Republic
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Troška P, Chudoba R, Danč L, Bodor R, Horčičiak M, Tesařová E, Masár M. Determination of nitrite and nitrate in cerebrospinal fluid by microchip electrophoresis with microsolid phase extraction pre-treatment. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 930:41-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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da Silva ER, Segato TP, Coltro WKT, Lima RS, Carrilho E, Mazo LH. Determination of glyphosate and AMPA on polyester-toner electrophoresis microchip with contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2107-11. [PMID: 23595638 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports a method for rapid, simple, direct, and reproducible determination of glyphosate and its major metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). The platform described herein uses polyester-toner microchips incorporating capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection and electrophoresis separation of the analytes. The polyester-toner microchip presented 150 μm-wide and 12 μm-deep microchannels, with injection and separation lengths of 10 and 40 mm long, respectively. The best results were obtained with 320 kHz frequency, 4.5 Vpp excitation voltage, 80 mmol/L CHES/Tris buffer at pH 8.8, injection in -1.0 kV for 7 s, and separation in -1.5 kV. RSD values related to the peak areas for glyphosate and AMPA were 1.5 and 3.3% and 10.1 and 8.6% for intra- and interchip assays, respectively. The detection limits were 45.1 and 70.5 μmol/L, respectively, without any attempt of preconcentration of the analytes. Finally, the method was applied to river water samples in which glyphosate and AMPA (1.0 mmol/L each) were added. The recovery results were 87.4 and 83.7% for glyphosate and AMPA, respectively. The recovery percentages and LOD values obtained here were similar to others reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R da Silva
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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