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Babič K, Strojnik L, Ćirić A, Ogrinc N. Optimization and validation of an HS-SPME/GC-MS method for determining volatile organic compounds in dry-cured ham. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1342417. [PMID: 38362102 PMCID: PMC10867123 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1342417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The formation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in dry-cured ham is a result of different biochemical and enzymatic processes. Moreover, accurately quantifying these VOCs is challenging since ham is a complex matrix, which contains compounds from various chemical families and a wide range of volatilities of different molecular masses. In this study, we systematically optimized and validated an analytical method for quantifying VOCs in dry-cured ham using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Optimal SPME conditions were determined through both an experimental procedure (one-factor-at-a-time) and response surface methodology (RSM), revealing that a 60-min equilibration at 70°C, a 60-min extraction at the same temperature, and a 4-min desorption time at 250°C provided the most favorable results. To enhance quantitation, twelve multiple internal standards (ISTDs) were employed to address and improve the quantitation of the 12 VOCs. Method validation covered aspects of linearity, limits of detection (LOD: 0.03-1.13 mg kg-1), limits of quantitation (LOQ: 0.09-3.41 mg kg-1), and working ranges (0.01-19.1 mg kg-1). The practical application of this optimized method was demonstrated by analyzing dry-cured ham samples (n = 4), sourced from the Slovenian market. The initial statistical evaluation indicates that different types of dry-cured hams can be differentiated (with an 83.1% of accuracy) according to their aromatic profile. However, a larger sample size would be required to provide a more comprehensive assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Babič
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lidija Strojnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrija Ćirić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nives Ogrinc
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Optimization of Lipid Extraction from Spirulina spp. by Ultrasound Application and Mechanical Stirring Using the Taguchi Method of Experimental Design. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206794. [PMID: 36296385 PMCID: PMC9608605 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study uses the Taguchi method of experimental design to optimize lipid extraction from Spirulina spp. by ultrasound application and mechanical stirring. A Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was used to optimize various parameters, such as methanol: chloroform (M:C) ratio, biomass: solvent ratio, and extraction time for lipid extraction. The results were analyzed using the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The biomass: solvent ratio significantly influenced lipid content (p < 0.05) with 92.1% and 92.3% contributions to the lipid and S/N ratio data, respectively. The extraction time presented a contribution value of 5.0%, while the M:C ratio presented the most negligible contribution of 0.4% for S/N data. The optimum extraction conditions were: M:C ratio of 1:1, biomass: solvent ratio of 1:60, and extraction time of 30 min. The predominant fatty acids were palmitic acid (44.5%), linoleic acid (14.9%), and gamma-linolenic acid (13.4%). The confirmation experiments indicated a lipid content of 8.7%, within a 95% confidence interval, proving the Taguchi method’s effectiveness in optimizing the process parameters for lipid extraction.
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Kong J, Han M, Liu Y, He H, Gao Z, Xian Q, Yang S, Sun C, Li S, Zhang L. Analysis of trace-level nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples by solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:2681-2687. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jijie Kong
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse; School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Mengshu Han
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse; School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Ying Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse; School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment; Nanjing Normal University; Nanjing China
| | - Zhanqi Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Analysis for Organic pollutants in Surface Water; Environment Monitoring Center of Jiangsu Province; Nanjing China
| | - Qiming Xian
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse; School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of Environment; Nanjing Normal University; Nanjing China
| | - Cheng Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse; School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment; Nanjing Normal University; Nanjing China
| | - Limin Zhang
- School of Environment; Nanjing Normal University; Nanjing China
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Fernández-Amado M, Prieto-Blanco M, López-Mahía P, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Prada-Rodríguez D. A novel and cost-effective method for the determination of fifteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in low volume rainwater samples. Talanta 2016; 155:175-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hecht ES, Oberg AL, Muddiman DC. Optimizing Mass Spectrometry Analyses: A Tailored Review on the Utility of Design of Experiments. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:767-85. [PMID: 26951559 PMCID: PMC4841694 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1344-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as a tool that can analyze nearly all classes of molecules, with its scope rapidly expanding in the areas of post-translational modifications, MS instrumentation, and many others. Yet integration of novel analyte preparatory and purification methods with existing or novel mass spectrometers can introduce new challenges for MS sensitivity. The mechanisms that govern detection by MS are particularly complex and interdependent, including ionization efficiency, ion suppression, and transmission. Performance of both off-line and MS methods can be optimized separately or, when appropriate, simultaneously through statistical designs, broadly referred to as "design of experiments" (DOE). The following review provides a tutorial-like guide into the selection of DOE for MS experiments, the practices for modeling and optimization of response variables, and the available software tools that support DOE implementation in any laboratory. This review comes 3 years after the latest DOE review (Hibbert DB, 2012), which provided a comprehensive overview on the types of designs available and their statistical construction. Since that time, new classes of DOE, such as the definitive screening design, have emerged and new calls have been made for mass spectrometrists to adopt the practice. Rather than exhaustively cover all possible designs, we have highlighted the three most practical DOE classes available to mass spectrometrists. This review further differentiates itself by providing expert recommendations for experimental setup and defining DOE entirely in the context of three case-studies that highlight the utility of different designs to achieve different goals. A step-by-step tutorial is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Hecht
- W. M. Keck FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Ann L Oberg
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - David C Muddiman
- W. M. Keck FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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Naing NN, Yau Li SF, Lee HK. Magnetic micro-solid-phase-extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1440:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Zhang Y, Xiao Z, Lv S, Du Z, Liu X. Simultaneous determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in reclaimed water using solid-phase extraction followed by ultra-performance convergence chromatography with photodiode array detection. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:993-9. [PMID: 26663357 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A new fast and effective analysis method has been developed to simultaneously determine 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in reclaimed water samples by ultra-performance convergence chromatography with photodiode array detection and solid-phase extraction. The parameters of ultra-performance convergence chromatography on the separation behaviors and the crucial condition of solid-phase extraction were investigated systematically. Under optimal conditions, the 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons could be separated within 4 min. The limits of detection and quantification were in the range of 0.4-4 and 1-10 μg/L in water, respectively. This approach has been applied to a real industrial wastewater treatment plant successfully. The results showed that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were dramatically decreased after chemical treatment procedure, and the oxidation procedure was effective to remove trace polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Xiao
- Beijing Agro-Monitoring Station, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Environmental Factors, Beijing, MOA, China
| | - Surong Lv
- College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenxia Du
- College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Beijing Agro-Monitoring Station, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Environmental Factors, Beijing, MOA, China
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Zhou S, Qiu J, Liang Y, Ma Y, Wang W, Zhou Q, Chen X, Shi P, Li A. Development of a magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry method for the analysis of semivolatile organic compounds. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3295-3303. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sicong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Jingfan Qiu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Ying Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Yan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Xun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Peng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing P.R. China
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Solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry determination of benzo(a)pyrene in microcrystalline waxes used as food additives. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:1749-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Liu L, Zhou X, Wang C, Wu Q, Wang Z. Extraction and enrichment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by ordered mesoporous carbon reinforced hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:683-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science; Agricultural University of Hebei; Baoding China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science; Agricultural University of Hebei; Baoding China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science; Agricultural University of Hebei; Baoding China
| | - Qiuhua Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science; Agricultural University of Hebei; Baoding China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science; Agricultural University of Hebei; Baoding China
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Jiang Y, Ni Y. Automated headspace solid-phase microextraction and on-fiber derivatization for the determination of clenbuterol in meat products by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2014; 38:418-25. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jiang
- School of Life Science; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang P. R. China
| | - Yongnian Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Nanchang University; Nanchang P. R. China
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12
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Arceusz A, Occhipinti A, Capuzzo A, Maffei ME. Comparison of different extraction methods for the determination of α- and β-thujone in sage (Salvia officinalis
L.) herbal tea. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3130-4. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Arceusz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdansk; Gdansk Poland
| | - Andrea Occhipinti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology; Innovation Centre; University of Turin; Turin Italy
- Biosfered s.r.l; Innovation Centre; Turin Italy
| | - Andrea Capuzzo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology; Innovation Centre; University of Turin; Turin Italy
- Biosfered s.r.l; Innovation Centre; Turin Italy
| | - Massimo E. Maffei
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology; Innovation Centre; University of Turin; Turin Italy
- Biosfered s.r.l; Innovation Centre; Turin Italy
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