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Kannouma RE, Hammad MA, Kamal AH, Mansour FR. Miniaturization of Liquid-Liquid extraction; the barriers and the enablers. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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2
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Determination of Ochratoxin A and Its Metabolite Ochratoxin Alpha in Different Food Matrices After Enzymatic Biotransformation. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02349-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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3
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Katsumata H, Kawanishi T, Furukawa M, Tateishi I, Kaneco S. Mixed Hemimicelles Solid phase Extraction of Atrazine and Simazine from Environmental Water Samples Using Alumina-Coated Magnetite Composite Material. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934822050045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Yıldız E, Çabuk H. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method combined with sugaring-out homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction for the determination of some pesticides in molasses samples. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:4151-4166. [PMID: 34510755 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a sensitive analytical method was developed to determine some pesticides (cyprodinil, trifloxystrobin, prometryn, propachlor, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos, profenofos, and phosalone) in molasses samples. Pesticides were extracted from samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method combined with sugaring-out homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction and determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. In this method, pesticides in molasses samples were first extracted using a water-miscible solvent (acetonitrile) in the sugaring-out homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction stage. The sugar in the ratio of 84-88% naturally contained in the molasses sample enabled phase separation in the acetonitrile-water homogeneous mixture. Then acetonitrile phase containing pesticides was used as dispersing solvent in the second step of the process. Under the specified optimum conditions, the limit of detection was calculated between 0.8-6.1 ng/g and the limit of quantification was in the range of 2.5-20 ng/g. The relative standard deviation values of molasses samples containing 150 ng/g of each analyte were found to be lower than 4.9% intra-day and 5.6% for inter-day. This validated method has been successfully applied to different types of molasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Yıldız
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Hasan Çabuk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
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Tolcha T, Gemechu T, Al-Hamimi S, Megersa N, Turner C. Multivariate optimization of a combined static and dynamic supercritical fluid extraction method for trace analysis of pesticides pollutants in organic honey. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:1716-1726. [PMID: 33655627 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The intensive application of pesticides to increase crop production has resulted in contamination of the agricultural products. Due to their occurrence at trace levels and the complexity of food samples, analysis of pesticide residues requires selective and efficient sample preparation methods. For this purpose, an extraction method based on supercritical carbon dioxide and acetonitrile as entrainer solvent was developed for trace analysis of atrazine, diazinon, chlorothalonil, and deltamethrin pesticides in honey samples. A Box-Behnken experimental design was applied to optimize extraction variables including static extraction time (5-15 min), pressure (200-700 bar), and temperature (45-70°C). The optimum extraction conditions were found to be 11.5 min static extraction time, 252 bar, and 70°C. The proposed analytical method showed a good linearity (≥0.998), low limit of detection (0.005-0.009 mg/kg), and good extraction recovery (74-111%). The precision study of the proposed method at two concentration levels of each pesticides, 0.25 and 1.0 mg/kg was found to be in the ranges of 2.3-4.21% for intraday (n = 3) and 3.93-8.02% for interday precisions (n = 3). The developed method is promising for use in trace analysis of pesticides in complex food samples including honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teshome Tolcha
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, P. O. Box 124, Lund, SE-22100, Sweden.,Addis Ababa University, Department of Chemistry, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tura Gemechu
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, P. O. Box 124, Lund, SE-22100, Sweden.,Addis Ababa University, Department of Chemistry, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Said Al-Hamimi
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, P. O. Box 124, Lund, SE-22100, Sweden.,OQ, SablaX, P.O box 261, Muscat, P.C 118, Oman
| | - Negussie Megersa
- Addis Ababa University, Department of Chemistry, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Charlotta Turner
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, P. O. Box 124, Lund, SE-22100, Sweden
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Tolcha T, Gemechu T, Al-Hamimi S, Megersa N, Turner C. High Density Supercritical Carbon Dioxide for the Extraction of Pesticide Residues in Onion with Multivariate Response Surface Methodology. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25041012. [PMID: 32102410 PMCID: PMC7070919 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25041012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The excessive use of pesticides is a serious health problem due to their toxicity and bioaccumulation through the food chain. Due to the complexity of foods, the analysis of pesticides is challenging often giving large matrix effects and co-extracted compounds. To overcome this problem, a selective and “green” supercritical fluid extraction method was developed, using neat carbon dioxide as a solvent at pressures of up to 800 bars. A Box–Behnken response surface experimental design was used, with the independent variables of density (0.70−1.0 g mL−1), temperature (40−70 °C), and volume (10−40 mL) of solvent, and the dependent variable of extracted amount of pesticides. The optimum extraction condition was found at the use of 29 mL of supercritical CO2 at 0.90 g mL−1 and 53 °C (corresponding to 372 bars of pressure). It was observed that increasing the density of CO2 significantly increased the extraction recovery of endrin and 2,4′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane. Matrix-matched calibration curves showed satisfactory linearity (R2 ≥ 0.994), and LODs ranged from 0.2 to 2.0 ng g−1. Precision was lower than 11% and recoveries between 80%–103%. Thus, the developed method could efficiently be used for trace analysis of pesticides in complex food matrices without the use of organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teshome Tolcha
- Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; (T.T.); (T.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Tura Gemechu
- Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; (T.T.); (T.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Said Al-Hamimi
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, P. O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Negussie Megersa
- Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; (T.T.); (T.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Charlotta Turner
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, P. O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-46-222-8125
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7
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Azeem HA, Tolcha T, Hyberg PE, Essén S, Stenström K, Swietlicki E, Sandahl M. Extending the scope of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for trace analysis of 3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid in atmospheric aerosols leading to the discovery of iron(III) complexes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:2937-2944. [PMID: 30931501 PMCID: PMC6522453 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01741-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
3-Methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid (MBTCA) is a secondary organic aerosol and can be used as a unique emission marker of biogenic emissions of monoterpenes. Seasonal variations and differences in vegetation cover around the world may lead to low atmospheric MBTCA concentrations, in many cases too low to be measured. Hence, an important tool to quantify the contribution of terrestrial vegetation to the loading of secondary organic aerosol may be compromised. To meet this challenge, a dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) method, known for the extraction of hydrophobic compounds, was extended to the extraction of polar organic compounds like MBTCA without compromising the efficiency of the method. The extraction solvent was fine-tuned using tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide as additive. A multivariate experimental design was applied for deeper understanding of significant variables and interactions between them. The optimum extraction conditions included 1-octanol with 15% tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide (w/w) as extraction solvent, methanol as dispersive solvent, 25% NaCl dissolved in 5 mL sample (w/w) acidified to pH 2 using HNO3, and extraction time of 15 min. A limit of detection of 0.12 pg/m3 in air was achieved. Furthermore, unique complexation behavior of MBTCA with iron(III) was found when analyzed with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC–ESI–QToF). A comprehensive overview of this complexation behavior of MBTCA was examined with systematically designed experiments. This newly discovered behavior of MBTCA will be of interest for further research on organometallic photooxidation chemistry of atmospheric aerosols. a) Additive assisted DLLME and MBTCA complexes with Fe(III), b) A good quality figure is attached in ppt format to facilitate editable objects ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Abdul Azeem
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Teshome Tolcha
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, 1000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Petter Ekman Hyberg
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sofia Essén
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kristina Stenström
- Department of Physics, Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik Swietlicki
- Department of Physics, Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Margareta Sandahl
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
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8
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Sample preparation combined with electroanalysis to improve simultaneous determination of antibiotics in animal derived food samples. Food Chem 2018; 250:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Zeeb M, Farahani H, Mirza B, Papan MK. Quantification of Meloxicam in Human Plasma Using Ionic Liquid-Based Ultrasound-Assisted In Situ Solvent Formation Microextraction Followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2018; 56:443-451. [PMID: 31986203 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmy012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A robust extraction method against the variations of sample ionic strength viz. ionic liquid-based ultrasound-assisted in situ solvent formation microextraction (IL-UA-ISFME) was coupled for the first time with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV), and successfully used as a more sustainable approach for the determination of meloxicam (MEL) in human plasma. Herein, a hydrophobic IL (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) was formed by adding a hydrophilic IL (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) to aqueous sample solution containing an ion-exchange reagent (sodium hexafluorophosphate). The target analyte was transferred into the IL medium while the extraction solvent was completely dispersed into the sample using ultrasonic irradiation and then, the settled enriched phase was injected to HPLC. Firstly, main factors affecting the microextraction performance were evaluated and optimized. The linearity was in the range of 5-1,500 ng mL-1 with regression coefficient corresponding to 0.997. Limits of detection (LOD; signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) = 3) and quantification (LOQ, S/N = 10) were 1 and 5 ng mL-1, respectively. An acceptable recovery range of 82.1-93.6% and satisfactory intra-assay (3.6-4.8%, n = 6) and inter-assay (3.3-5.1%, n = 9) precision as well as remarkable sample clean up exhibited good efficiency of the method. The freeze-thaw stability study was performed for samples and standard solutions. To study the applicability of the proposed method, it was employed for the determination of MEL in human plasma after oral administration of the drug and some pharmacokinetic data were achieved. The technique proved to be accurate and reliable for the screening intentions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Zeeb
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Pirouzi st., Dehhaghi st., PO Box 1777613651, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Farahani
- Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), West Blvd. of Azadi Sport Complex, PO Box 1485733111, Iran
| | - Behrooz Mirza
- Department of Chemistry, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Moazzen Blvd., PO Box 31485-313, Alborz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazem Papan
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Nakhl st., PO Box 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Solvent-terminated dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (ST-DLLME) is a special mode of DLLME in which a demulsifying solvent is injected into the cloudy mixture of sample/extractant to break the emulsion and induce phase separation. The demulsification process starts by flocculation of the dispersed microdroplets by Ostwald ripening or coalescence to form larger droplets. Then, the extractant either floats or sinks depending on its density as compared with that for the aqueous sample. The demulsifier should have high surface activity and low surface tension in order to be capable of inducing phase separation. The extraction efficiency in ST-DLLME is controlled by the same experimental variables of normal DLLME (n-DLLME) such as the type and volume of the extractant as well as the disperser. Other parameters such as pH and the temperature of the sample, the stirring rate, the time of extraction and the addition of salt are also important to consider. Along with these factors, the demulsifier type and volume and the demulsification time have to be optimized. By using solvents to terminate the dispersion step in DLLME, the centrifugation process is not necessary. This in turn improves precision, increases throughput, decreases the risk of contamination through human intervention and minimizes the overall analysis time. ST-DLLME has been successfully applied for determination of both inorganic and organic analytes including pesticides and pharmaceuticals in water and biological fluids. Demulsification via solvent injection rather than centrifugation saves energy and makes ST-DLLME easier to automate. These characteristics in addition to the low solvent consumption, the reduced organic waste and the possibility of using water in demulsification bestow green features on ST-DLLME. This tutorial discusses the principle, the practical aspects and the different applications of ST-DLLME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotouh R Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, 31111, Egypt.
| | - Neil D Danielson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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Suárez R, Clavijo S, González A, Cerdà V. Determination of herbicides in environmental water samples by simultaneous in-syringe magnetic stirring-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and silylation followed by GC-MS. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:1096-1103. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Suárez
- Group of Analytical Chemistry; Automation and Environment; University of the Balearic Islands; Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - Sabrina Clavijo
- Sciware Systems; S.L.; spin-off of the University of the Balearic Islands; Bunyola Spain
| | - Alba González
- Sciware Systems; S.L.; spin-off of the University of the Balearic Islands; Bunyola Spain
| | - Víctor Cerdà
- Group of Analytical Chemistry; Automation and Environment; University of the Balearic Islands; Palma de Mallorca Spain
- Sciware Systems; S.L.; spin-off of the University of the Balearic Islands; Bunyola Spain
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12
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Mansour FR, Khairy MA. Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1061-1062:382-391. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Tian H, Bai X, Xu J. Simultaneous determination of simazine, cyanazine, and atrazine in honey samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3882-3888. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhe Tian
- Plant Protection College; Shenyang Agricultural University; Shenyang China
| | - Xuesong Bai
- Plant Protection College; Shenyang Agricultural University; Shenyang China
| | - Jing Xu
- Liaoning entry-exit inspection and quarantine bureau; Dalian China
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de Oliveira LH, Trindade MAG. Baseline-Corrected Second-Order Derivative Electroanalysis Combined With Ultrasound-Assisted Liquid–Liquid Microextraction: Simultaneous Quantification of Fluoroquinolones at Low Levels. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6554-62. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Henrique de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências
Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Rodovia
Dourados-Itahum, km 12, Dourados-MS, 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Magno Aparecido Gonçalves Trindade
- Faculdade de Ciências
Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Rodovia
Dourados-Itahum, km 12, Dourados-MS, 79804-970, Brazil
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Zeeb M, Farahani H, Papan MK. Determination of atenolol in human plasma using ionic-liquid-based ultrasound-assisted in situ solvent formation microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:2138-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Zeeb
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch; Tehran Iran
| | - Hadi Farahani
- Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI); Tehran Iran
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Bedassa T, Gure A, Megersa N. Low density solvent based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and preconcentration of multiresidue pesticides in environmental waters for liquid chromatographic analysis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934815100184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Caldas SS, Rombaldi C, Arias JLDO, Marube LC, Primel EG. Multi-residue method for determination of 58 pesticides, pharmaceuticals and personal care products in water using solvent demulsification dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2015; 146:676-88. [PMID: 26695317 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and efficient sample pretreatment using solvent-based de-emulsification dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (SD-DLLME) coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was studied for the extraction of 58 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and pesticides from water samples. Type and volume of extraction and disperser solvents, pH, salt addition, amount of salt and type of demulsification solvent were evaluated. Limits of quantification (LOQ) in the range from 0.0125 to 1.25 µg L(-1) were reached, and linearity was in the range from the LOQ of each compound to 25 μg L(-1). Recoveries ranged from 60% to 120% for 84% of the compounds, with relative standard deviations lower than 29%. The proposed method demonstrated, for the first time, that sample preparation by SD-DLLME with determination by LC-MS/MS can be successfully used for the simultaneous extraction of 32 pesticides and 26 PPCPs from water samples. The entire procedure, including the extraction of 58 organic compounds from the aqueous sample solution and the breaking up of the emulsion after extraction with water, rather than with an organic solvent, was environmentally friendly. In addition, this technique was less expensive and faster than traditional techniques. Finally, the analytical method under study was successfully applied to the analysis of all 58 pesticides and PPCPs in surface water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiane Souza Caldas
- Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Rombaldi
- Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Liziane Cardoso Marube
- Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Ednei Gilberto Primel
- Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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Padrón MET, Afonso-Olivares C, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Santana-Rodríguez JJ. Microextraction techniques coupled to liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for the determination of organic micropollutants in environmental water samples. Molecules 2014; 19:10320-49. [PMID: 25033059 PMCID: PMC6272018 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190710320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, sample preparation was carried out using traditional techniques, such as liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), that use large volumes of organic solvents. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) uses much less solvent than LLE, although the volume can still be significant. These preparation methods are expensive, time-consuming and environmentally unfriendly. Recently, a great effort has been made to develop new analytical methodologies able to perform direct analyses using miniaturised equipment, thereby achieving high enrichment factors, minimising solvent consumption and reducing waste. These microextraction techniques improve the performance during sample preparation, particularly in complex water environmental samples, such as wastewaters, surface and ground waters, tap waters, sea and river waters. Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and time-of-flight mass spectrometric (TOF/MS) techniques can be used when analysing a broad range of organic micropollutants. Before separating and detecting these compounds in environmental samples, the target analytes must be extracted and pre-concentrated to make them detectable. In this work, we review the most recent applications of microextraction preparation techniques in different water environmental matrices to determine organic micropollutants: solid-phase microextraction SPME, in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME), stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and liquid-phase microextraction (LPME). Several groups of compounds are considered organic micropollutants because these are being released continuously into the environment. Many of these compounds are considered emerging contaminants. These analytes are generally compounds that are not covered by the existing regulations and are now detected more frequently in different environmental compartments. Pharmaceuticals, surfactants, personal care products and other chemicals are considered micropollutants. These compounds must be monitored because, although they are detected in low concentrations, they might be harmful toward ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Esther Torres Padrón
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - Cristina Afonso-Olivares
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - Zoraida Sosa-Ferrera
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - José Juan Santana-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
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Teju E, Tadesse B, Megersa N. Trace level enrichment of lead from environmental water samples utilizing dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and quantitative determination by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2014; 49:833-842. [PMID: 24679091 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2014.882649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was developed and successfully applied, as a sample preconcentration and extraction method, for the determination of trace quantities of lead (Pb) in environmental water samples utilizing graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (GFAAS). Experimental parameters optimized include; extraction and disperser solvent types and their volumes, pH, extraction period, effect of the co-existing ions and the amount of chelating agent, ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC). Under the optimized conditions, enrichment factor of 195 at 5 μg L(-1) level and detection limit of 0.16 μg L(-1) were obtained. Linearity from 25-75 μg L(-1) with R(2) of 0.995 was achieved. The procedure was validated utilizing four environmental water samples at the spiking levels of 10 and 20 μg L(-1) and the corresponding recoveries ranged from 89.6 to 95.1% and 91.6 to 97.1%, respectively, indicating the reliability and applicability of the method for selective extraction of trace level lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endale Teju
- a Department of Chemistry , Addis Ababa University , Addis Ababa , Ethiopia
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Recent developments in dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:2027-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7467-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Surfactant–Solvent-Based Quaternary Component Emulsification Microextraction Followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Simultaneous Analysis of Benzimidazole Anthelmintics in Milk Samples. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-013-9738-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gure A, Lara FJ, Megersa N, García-Campaña AM, del Olmo-Iruela M. Hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction combined with capillary HPLC for the selective determination of six sulfonylurea herbicides in environmental waters. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3395-401. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abera Gure
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; University of Granada; Granada Spain
- Department of Chemistry; Addis Ababa University; Addis Ababa Ethiopia
| | - Francisco J. Lara
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Negussie Megersa
- Department of Chemistry; Addis Ababa University; Addis Ababa Ethiopia
| | - Ana M. García-Campaña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; University of Granada; Granada Spain
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Hernández-Mesa M, Cruces-Blanco C, García-Campaña AM. Green methodology based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and micellar electrokinetic chromatography for 5-nitroimidazole analysis in water samples. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3050-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maykel Hernández-Mesa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Carmen Cruces-Blanco
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Ana M. García-Campaña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; University of Granada; Granada Spain
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Zhang Y, Jiao B. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with online preconcentration MEKC for the determination of some phenoxyacetic acids in drinking water. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3067-74. [PMID: 23897833 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A fast and simple technique composed of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) and online preconcentration MEKC with diode array detection was developed for the determination of four phenoxyacetic acids, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,6-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, in drinking water. The four phenoxyacetic acids were separated in reversed-migration MEKC to the baseline. About 145-fold increases in detection sensitivity were observed with online concentration strategy, compared with standard hydrodynamic injection (5 s at 25 mbar pressure). LODs ranged from 0.002 to 0.005 mg/L using only the online preconcentration procedures without any offline concentration of the extract. A DLLME procedure was used in combination with the proposed online preconcentration strategies, which achieved the determination of analytes at limits of quantification ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 μg/kg, which is far lower than the maximum residue limits established by China. The satisfactory recoveries obtained by DLMME spiked at two levels ranged from 67.2 to 99.4% with RSD <15%, making this proposed method suitable for the determination of phenoxyacetic acids in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohai Zhang
- Citrus Research Institute Southwest University/Laboratory of Citrus Quality and Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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