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Li Y, Guo J, Sun S. Decreasing acid value of fatty acid ethyl ester products using complex enzymes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1355009. [PMID: 38390361 PMCID: PMC10882546 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1355009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, enzymatic method has been used to prepare biodiesel using various oils. But the high acid value of the biodiesel product using enzyme as a catalyst has been one issue. In this work, an attempt to reduce the acid value of fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) product to satisfy the specified requirement (AV ≤ 0.5 mgKOH/g), a complex enzyme-catalyzed method was used for the ethanolysis of Semen Abutili seed oil (SASO) (AV = 5.5 ± 0.3 mgKOH/g). The effects of various variables (constituents of complex enzyme, type and addition of water removal agent, time, temperature, enzyme addition load, substrate ratio) on the enzymatic reaction were investigated. The optimal reaction conditions were: 1% addition of liquid lipase Eversa® Transform 2.0% and 0.8% of enzyme dry powder CALB, reaction temperature 35°C, alcohol-oil ratio 9:1 (mol/mol), 0.8 g/g of 4A-MS and reaction time 24 h. Under the optimal reaction conditions, the FAEE yield was 90.8% ± 1.5% and its acid value was decreased from 12.0 ± 0.2 mgKOH/g to 0.39 ± 0.10 mgKOH/g. In further evaluating the feasibility of preparing FAEE from SASO, the FAEE products obtained under the optimal reaction conditions were purified and evaluated with reference to the ASTM D6751 standard for the main physicochemical indexes. The results obtained were in accordance with the requirements except for the oxidative stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Li
- Lipid Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- Lipid Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shangde Sun
- Lipid Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
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Šánek L, Husár J, Pecha J. Comprehensive lipid hydrolysis observation in anaerobic digestion. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 394:130279. [PMID: 38176593 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Lipid hydrolysis monitoring, including especially glycerides, is necessary for comprehending the anaerobic digestion process in lipid-rich substrates processing. This reaction has not been investigated in such detail so far, despite its potential to be crucial in assuring a stable process. This study suggested and thoroughly validated an uncomplicated method of monitoring lipid hydrolysis during anaerobic digestion, achieving recovery values >95 % with an average relative standard deviation <5 %. Subsequently, the method was applied on the very first detailed observation of glyceride hydrolysis in the anaerobic sludge, tracking even changes in fatty acid profiles during anaerobic digestion. Results showed that lipid hydrolysis can take several days, thus likely affecting the whole anaerobic digestion of lipids. The method aims to provide answers to improve understanding of lipids' fate and their inhibition phenomena in anaerobic digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubomír Šánek
- Faculty of Applied Informatics, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Nad Stranemi 4511, Zlin 760 05, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Husár
- Faculty of Applied Informatics, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Nad Stranemi 4511, Zlin 760 05, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Pecha
- Faculty of Applied Informatics, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Nad Stranemi 4511, Zlin 760 05, Czech Republic.
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Mateos PS, Casella ML, Briand LE, Matkovic SR. Transesterification of waste cooking oil with a commercial liquid biocatalyst: Key information revised and new insights. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula S. Mateos
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas “Dr Jorge J. Ronco” CINDECA, CCT La Plata‐CONICET UNLP Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Mónica L. Casella
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas “Dr Jorge J. Ronco” CINDECA, CCT La Plata‐CONICET UNLP Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Laura E. Briand
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas “Dr Jorge J. Ronco” CINDECA, CCT La Plata‐CONICET UNLP Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Silvana R. Matkovic
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas “Dr Jorge J. Ronco” CINDECA, CCT La Plata‐CONICET UNLP Buenos Aires Argentina
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Development and validation of a simple and reliable alternative method for process monitoring and final product quality control during fatty acid ethyl esters production. Talanta 2021; 235:122752. [PMID: 34517620 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As the production of biofuels increase, there is an urgent need to easily analytically control their production at the plant level as well as to assess the quality of the final products. Especially method capable of determining fatty acid ethyl ester content of 96.5% is crucial for utilization in praxis. In this work, a refractive index method with required sensitivity was developed and validated by means of a standard reference gas chromatography method. Validation with a considerable set of real unique samples obtained at pilot scale was performed for both purposes - process monitoring at high conversions and final product quality control. The results confirmed a favourable degree of accuracy with a relative deviation lower than 3.5% from the reference value given by the gas chromatography. Moreover, application of the method for quality control of fresh and long-term stored samples revealed that the deterioration of final products during storage can be detected. The developed refractive index method is thus suitable for the simple and rapid evaluation of the quality of produced fatty acid ethyl esters and for analytical monitoring of their production process.
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Flanagan G, Andrianova AA, Casey J, Hellrung E, Diep BA, Seames WS, Kubátová A. Simultaneous high-temperature gas chromatography with flame ionization and mass spectrometric analysis of monocarboxylic acids and acylglycerols in biofuels and biofuel intermediate products. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1584:165-178. [PMID: 30551941 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Triacyl-, diacyl- and monoacylglycerols (TAGs, DAGs, MAGs) along with monocarboxylic acids (MCAs) are intermediate products in many triacylglycerol oil-to-biofuel conversion pathways. Accumulation of these compounds leads to poor biofuel characteristics and may result in fuel system damage. We developed a method for simultaneous identification and quantification of a wide range of MCAs (C4-C18), MAGs, DAGs, and TAGs. The method is based on trimethylsilylation followed by high temperature GC with programmed temperature vaporizer (PTV) injection coupled to parallel FID and MS detectors (HTGC-FID/MS). To minimize the discrimination of both low and high molecular weight species typically occurring on the injector, we optimized injection conditions using a central composite design. The critical variables were the time at initial temperature (40 °C), splitless time, and the interaction between these two parameters. Among three tested electron ionization source/quadrupole analyzer temperatures, a 350/200 °C setting provided the highest response and signal-to-noise ratio for TAGs and did not have an effect on MAGs and DAGs. Similar results were obtained when quantifying target analytes in intermediate products of soybean oil cracking with FID and MS (using specific acylglycerol fragmentation ions). The instrumental FID limits of detection (LODs) were 0.07-0.27 ng for most of the target analytes. Selected ion monitoring (SIM) LODs were 0.01-0.05 ng for MCAs and 0.03-0.14 ng for acylglycerols. For the total ion current (TIC), LODs observed increased with acyl chain length and degree of unsaturation, resulting in an increase from 0.05 to 0.18 ng for MCAs (C5 to C18) and from 0.03 to 1.8 ng for acylglycerols (TAGs C8 to C22). Deviations in the repeatability of sample preparation, intra- and inter-day analyses, including sample stability over an eight-day time period, did not exceed 10% variance. These results demonstrate that the developed method is accurate and robust for the determination of acylglycerols and MCAs produced during the processing of TAGs into biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Flanagan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St., Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9024, USA
| | - Anastasia A Andrianova
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St., Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9024, USA
| | - Jana Casey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St., Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9024, USA
| | - Eric Hellrung
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St., Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9024, USA
| | - Bonnie A Diep
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St., Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9024, USA
| | - Wayne S Seames
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of North Dakota, 241 Centennial Dr., Grand Forks, ND, 58202-7101, USA
| | - Alena Kubátová
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell St., Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9024, USA.
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Webster RL, Rawson PM, Evans DJ, Marriott PJ. Quantification of trace fatty acid methyl esters in diesel fuel by using multidimensional gas chromatography with electron and chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:2537-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. L. Webster
- Defence Science and Technology Group; Fishermans Bend, Victoria Australia
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry; Monash University; Clayton, Victoria Australia
| | - P. M. Rawson
- Defence Science and Technology Group; Fishermans Bend, Victoria Australia
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering; RMIT University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - D. J. Evans
- Defence Science and Technology Group; Fishermans Bend, Victoria Australia
| | - P. J. Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry; Monash University; Clayton, Victoria Australia
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Šánek L, Pecha J, Kolomazník K, Bařinová M. Pilot-scale production of biodiesel from waste fats and oils using tetramethylammonium hydroxide. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 48:630-637. [PMID: 26459188 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Annually, a great amount of waste fats and oils not suitable for human consumption or which cannot be further treated are produced around the world. A potential way of utilizing this low-cost feedstock is its conversion into biodiesel. The majority of biodiesel production processes today are based on the utilization of inorganic alkali catalysts. However, it has been proved that an organic base - tetramethylammonium hydroxide - can be used as a very efficient transesterification catalyst. Furthermore, it can be employed for the esterification of free fatty acids - reducing even high free fatty acid contents to the required level in just one step. The work presented herein, is focused on biodiesel production from waste frying oils and animal fats using tetramethylammonium hydroxide at the pilot-plant level. The results showed that the process performance in the pilot unit - using methanol and TMAH as a catalyst, is comparable to the laboratory procedure, even when the biodiesel is produced from waste vegetable oils or animal fats with high free fatty acid content. The reaction conditions were set at: 1.5% w/w of TMAH, reaction temperature 65°C, the feedstock to methanol molar ratio to 1:6, and the reaction time to 120min. The conversion of triglycerides to FAME was approximately 98%. The cloud point of the biodiesel obtained from waste animal fat was also determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubomír Šánek
- Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Faculty of Applied Informatics, nám. T.G. Masaryka 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Pecha
- Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Faculty of Applied Informatics, nám. T.G. Masaryka 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Kolomazník
- Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Faculty of Applied Informatics, nám. T.G. Masaryka 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
| | - Michaela Bařinová
- Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Faculty of Applied Informatics, nám. T.G. Masaryka 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
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