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Zhou Z, Hilder EF, Eeltink S. A protocol for fabrication of polymer monolithic capillary columns and tuning the morphology targeting high-resolution bioanalysis in gradient-elution liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300439. [PMID: 37515368 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Polymer monolithic stationary phases are designed as a continuous interconnected globular material perfused by macropores. Like packed column, where separation efficiency is related to particle diameter, the efficiency of monoliths can be enhanced by tuning the size of both the microglobules and macropores. This protocol described the synthesis of poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) monolithic stationary phases in capillary column formats. Moreover, guidelines are provided to tune the macropore structure targeting high-throughput and high-resolution monolith chromatography. The versatility of these columns is exemplified by their ability to separate tryptic digests, intact proteins, and oligonucleotides under a variety of chromatographic conditions. The repeatability of the presented column fabrication process is demonstrated by the successful creation of 12 columns in three different column batches, as evidenced by the consistency of retention times (coefficients of variance [c.v.] = 0.9%), peak widths (c.v. = 4.7%), and column pressures (c.v. = 3.1%) across the batches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoheng Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emily F Hilder
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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Rapid polymerization of polyhedral oligomeric siloxane-based zwitterionic sulfoalkylbetaine monolithic column in ionic liquid for hydrophilic interaction capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1659:462651. [PMID: 34749184 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel polyhedral oligomeric siloxane (POSS)-based zwitterionic monolithic capillary column was prepared via one-pot polymerization in ionic liquid porogen, using N,N-dimethyl-N-methacryloxyethyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium betaine (DMMSA) and methacrylic ethyl trimethylammonium chloride (META) as binary functional monomers, and methacryl substituted POSS as cross-linker. The pore structure, permeability and homogeneity were well tuned by optimizing the polymerization conditions. The resultant monolith was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The incorporation of zwitterionic ligand (DMMSA), quaternary amine group (META) and rigid POSS skeleton endows the hybrid organic-silica monolith with high hydrophilicity, electrostatic interaction and good mechanical stability, as well as a tunable electroosmotic flow over wide pH range. A close investigation of capillary electrochromatographic separations of different types of polar compounds such as bases, nucleosides and benzoic acids on such stationary phase exhibited a retention independent column efficiency up to 118,000 plates/m (thiourea), as well as a mixed-mode hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) retention mechanism including weak electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic interaction and anion exchange.
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Neequaye T, El Rassi Z. Poly(carboxyethyl acrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) precursor monolith with bonded octadecyl ligands for use in reversed-phase capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:2656-2663. [PMID: 34324209 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A carboxy precursor monolithic column, namely poly(carboxy ethyl acrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) was first produced in a 100 μm i.d. fused-silica capillary and subsequently surface bonded with n-octadecyl (C18 ) ligands by a post-polymerization functionalization process with octadecylamine in the presence of N,N´-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The bonding of octadecyl ligands was achieved via an amide linkage between the carboxy functions of the precursor monolith and the amino group of the octadecylamine compound. The resulting C18 monolith exhibited a very low electroosmotic flow (EOF), a fact that required the incorporation of small amounts of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) in the polymerization solution to produce a precursor monolith with fixed negative charges of sulfonate groups. This may indicate that the conjugation of the carboxy functions with octadecylamine occurred to a large extent so that the amount of residual carboxy functions was sparsely dispersed and not enough to produce a desirable EOF. The EOF velocity of the C18 column having fixed negative charges provided by the incorporated AMPS increased with increasing ACN content of the mobile phase signaling an increased binding of mobile phase ions to the polar amide linkages near the monolithic surface, and a decreased viscosity of the mobile phase, both of which would result in increased EOF velocity. The C18 monolithic column constituted a novel nonpolar sorbent for reversed-phase capillary electrochromatography for nonpolar solutes, e.g., alkylbenzenes, alkylphenyl ketones, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and slightly polar compounds including phenol and chlorophenols. The C18 monolithic column exhibited relatively high selectivity toward chlorophenols differing by one chloro substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theophilus Neequaye
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Ziad El Rassi
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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Dores-Sousa JL, Terryn H, Eeltink S. Morphology optimization and assessment of the performance limits of high-porosity nanostructured polymer monolithic capillary columns for proteomics analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1124:176-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Adamopoulou T, Deridder S, Bos TS, Nawada S, Desmet G, Schoenmakers PJ. Optimizing design and employing permeability differences to achieve flow confinement in devices for spatial multidimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1612:460665. [PMID: 31727357 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wouters B, Pirok BW, Soulis D, Garmendia Perticarini RC, Fokker S, van den Hurk RS, Skolimowski M, Peters RA, Schoenmakers PJ. On-line microfluidic immobilized-enzyme reactors: A new tool for characterizing synthetic polymers. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1053:62-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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7
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Dores-Sousa JL, Fernández-Pumarega A, De Vos J, Lämmerhofer M, Desmet G, Eeltink S. Guidelines for tuning the macropore structure of monolithic columns for high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:522-533. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Luís Dores-Sousa
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
| | - Alejandro Fernández-Pumarega
- Departament de Química Analítica and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB); Universitat de Barcelona, Facultat de Química; Barcelona Spain
| | - Jelle De Vos
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
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Preparation of Cationic Mixed-Mode Acrylamide-Based Monolithic Stationary Phases for Capillary Electrochromatography. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3564-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Eeltink S, Wouters S, Dores-Sousa JL, Svec F. Advances in organic polymer-based monolithic column technology for high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling of antibodies, intact proteins, oligonucleotides, and peptides. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1498:8-21. [PMID: 28069168 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the preparation of organic polymer-based monolithic stationary phases and their application in the separation of biomolecules, including antibodies, intact proteins and protein isoforms, oligonucleotides, and protein digests. Column and material properties, and the optimization of the macropore structure towards kinetic performance are also discussed. State-of-the-art liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry biomolecule separations are reviewed and practical aspects such as ion-pairing agent selection and carryover are presented. Finally, advances in comprehensive two-dimensional LC separations using monolithic columns, in particular ion-exchange×reversed-phase and reversed-phase×reversed-phase LC separations conducted at high and low pH, are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sam Wouters
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - José Luís Dores-Sousa
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frantisek Svec
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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Wouters S, Hauffman T, Mittelmeijer-Hazeleger MC, Rothenberg G, Desmet G, Baron GV, Eeltink S. Comprehensive study of the macropore and mesopore size distributions in polymer monoliths using complementary physical characterization techniques and liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:4492-4501. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Wouters
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Department of Chemical Engineering; Brussels Belgium
| | - Tom Hauffman
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Materials and Chemistry; Research group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering; Brussels Belgium
| | | | - Gadi Rothenberg
- University of Amsterdam; Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Department of Chemical Engineering; Brussels Belgium
| | - Gino V. Baron
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Department of Chemical Engineering; Brussels Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Department of Chemical Engineering; Brussels Belgium
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Urban J. Current trends in the development of porous polymer monoliths for the separation of small molecules. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:51-68. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Urban
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology; University of Pardubice; Pardubice Czech Republic
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Wang H, Ou J, Liu Z, Lin H, Peng X, Zou H. Chromatographic efficiency comparison of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes-containing hybrid monoliths via photo- and thermally-initiated free-radical polymerization in capillary liquid chromatography for small molecules. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1410:110-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Vaast A, Terryn H, Svec F, Eeltink S. Nanostructured porous polymer monolithic columns for capillary liquid chromatography of peptides. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1374:171-179. [PMID: 25498556 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The macroporous structure of poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) monolithic capillary columns has been optimized for the gradient separation of peptides. To exploit monolithic supports with porosity exceeding 70%, the thermodynamic properties of the polymerization mixture were carefully tailored to yield homogeneous monolithic materials featuring macropore and polymer microglobule sizes in the range of 50–200 nm. The effects of (i) initiator content, (ii) composition of porogenic mixture, comprising tetrahydrofuran and 1-decanol, (iii) percentage of divinylbenzene crosslinker, and (iv) monomers to porogen ratio on the morphology was investigated. The resulting column structures were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and the prepared monolithic columns were tested for the separation of a tryptic digest of cytochrome c while applying a fixed flow rate and gradient time. To obtain a better understanding of the effects of macropore and microglobule size, and structure homogeneity on the separation performance in gradient elution, both in terms of peak capacity and gradient plate height, separations were also carried out at different flow rates while maintaining a constant gradient steepness. Furthermore, performance limits were determined applying ultra-high pressure conditions up to the maximum system pressure of 80 MPa. The potential of monolithic nanostructured columns is demonstrated for the separation of tryptic digests of cytochrome c and bovine serum albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Vaast
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Herman Terryn
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frantisek Svec
- The Molecular Foundry, E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Brussels, Belgium.
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