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Bokthier Rahman M, Hussain M, Probha Kabiraz M, Nordin N, Anusha Siddiqui S, Bhowmik S, Begum M. An update on formaldehyde adulteration in food: sources, detection, mechanisms, and risk assessment. Food Chem 2023; 427:136761. [PMID: 37406446 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is added illegally to food to extend its shelf life due to its antiseptic and preservation properties. Several research has been conducted to examine the consequences of adulteration with formaldehyde in food items. These findings suggest that adding formaldehyde to food is considered harmful as it accumulates in the body with long-term consumption. In this review includes study findings on food adulteration with formaldehyde and their assessment of food safety based on the analytical method applied to various geographical regions, food matrix types, and their sources in food items. Additionally, this review sought to assess the risk of formaldehyde-tainted food and the understanding of its development in food and its impacts on food safety in light of the widespread formaldehyde adulteration. Finally, the study would be useful as a manual for implementing adequate and successful risk assessment to increase food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Bokthier Rahman
- Department of Fisheries Technology, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali-8602, Bangladesh
| | - Monayem Hussain
- Department of Fish Biology and Genetics, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Meera Probha Kabiraz
- Department of Biotechnology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Noordiana Nordin
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shahida Anusha Siddiqui
- Technical University of Munich Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Essigberg 3, 94315 Straubing, Germany; German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Prof.-von-Klitzing-Str. 7, 49610, Quakenbrück, Germany.
| | - Shuva Bhowmik
- Centre for Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh.
| | - Mohajira Begum
- BCSIR Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi-6204, Bangladesh
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Fappiano L, Carriera F, Iannone A, Notardonato I, Avino P. A Review on Recent Sensing Methods for Determining Formaldehyde in Agri-Food Chain: A Comparison with the Conventional Analytical Approaches. Foods 2022; 11:1351. [PMID: 35564074 PMCID: PMC9102064 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde, the simplest molecule of the aldehyde group, is a gaseous compound at room temperature and pressure, is colorless, and has a strong, pungent odor. It is soluble in water, ethanol, and diethyl ether and is used in solution or polymerized form. Its maximum daily dosage established by the EPA is 0.2 μg g-1 of body weight whereas that established by the WHO is between 1.5 and 14 mg g-1: it is in category 1A of carcinogens by IARC. From an analytical point of view, formaldehyde is traditionally analyzed by HPLC with UV-Vis detection. Nowadays, the need to analyze this compound quickly and in situ is increasing. This work proposes a critical review of methods for analyzing formaldehyde in food using sensing methods. A search carried out on the Scopus database documented more than 50 papers published in the last 5 years. The increase in interest in the recognition of the presence of formaldehyde in food has occurred in recent years, above all due to an awareness of the damage it can cause to human health. This paper focuses on some new sensors by analyzing their performance and comparing them with various no-sensing methods but focusing on the determination of formaldehyde in food products. The sensors reported are of various types, but they all share a good LOD, good accuracy, and a reduced analysis time. Some of them are also biodegradable and others have a very low cost, many are portable and easy to use, therefore usable for the recognition of food adulterations on site.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pasquale Avino
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA), University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, I-86100 Campobasso, Italy; (L.F.); (F.C.); (A.I.); (I.N.)
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Pongkitdachoti U, Unob F. Silver-doped hydroxyapatite for formaldehyde determination by digital-image colorimetry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:926-934. [PMID: 35167629 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay02031e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Silver-hydroxyapatite material (Ag-HAP) was first proposed as material for trace-level formaldehyde detection based on Tollens' reaction on the material surface. By using this Ag-HAP material, the chemical reduction caused by formaldehyde occurred directly on the solid surface. The material color changed from off-white to the yellow or brown of silver nanoparticles depending on the formaldehyde concentration. The color intensity of the materials was measured from their smartphone digital images using Image-J software. The effect of silver ion concentration, sodium hydroxide concentration, contact time, and sample volume on formaldehyde detection were investigated. Under optimized conditions, the working range for formaldehyde detection was determined to be 15 to 200 μg L-1. The method was successfully applied to detect trace formaldehyde in water samples and a recovery of 86 to 111%, with an RSD of 3 to 8%, was observed. With a lowest concentration for the detection of 15 μg L-1 and good accuracy and precision, the method showed promise for formaldehyde determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Pongkitdachoti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Fuangfa Unob
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Lai H, Li G, Zhang Z. Advanced materials on sample preparation for safety analysis of aquatic products. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:1174-1194. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huasheng Lai
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Zhuomin Zhang
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
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Yuan G, Ding H, Peng L, Zhou L, Lin Q. A novel fluorescent probe for ratiometric detection of formaldehyde in real food samples, living tissues and zebrafish. Food Chem 2020; 331:127221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Hou A, Chen H, Zheng C, Xie K, Gao A. Assembly of a Fluorescent Chiral Photonic Crystal Membrane and Its Sensitive Responses to Multiple Signals Induced by Small Molecules. ACS NANO 2020; 14:7380-7388. [PMID: 32484339 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Chiral liquid crystal materials that are responsive to environmental stimuli are in demand. A chiral photonic crystal membrane based on cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) was prepared by molecule assembly in the present work. A fluorescent molecule containing a cationic group, [N-(3-N-benzyl-N,N-dimethylpropyl ammonium chloride)-1,8-naphthalimide]hydrazine, was assembled on the surface of the CNCs. The new chiral photonic crystal membrane possesses supersensitive multiresponses to small molecules, such as water and formaldehyde molecules. The appearance, liquid crystal texture, fluorescence, and color of the chiral membrane have sensitive changes induced by small molecules. By increasing RH from 30 to 100%, the reflectance peak of the membrane red-shifted from 498 to 736 nm. In particular, the iridescent texture and fingerprint structure of the membrane could change markedly under trace amounts of formaldehyde, and the chiral membrane can form an extremely sensitive off-on fluorescence switch. The relationship between the fluorescence intensity and the trace concentration of formaldehyde satisfied the linear equation with the association coefficient of 0.9997. The changes in fluorescence and color are visible to the naked eye, and the membrane can quantitatively recognize trace formaldehyde at a molecular level in a humid environment. The mechanism by which the fluorescence switch operates was investigated using density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level. The membrane has potential for use in the fields of advanced functional materials and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqin Hou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Huanghuang Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Changwu Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Kongliang Xie
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Aiqin Gao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
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Ding H, Yuan G, Peng L, Zhou L, Lin Q. TP-FRET-Based Fluorescent Sensor for Ratiometric Detection of Formaldehyde in Real Food Samples, Living Cells, Tissues, and Zebrafish. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3670-3677. [PMID: 32077697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b08114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA, HCHO) is a highly reactive carbonyl species, which is very harmful to humans and the environment as a tissue fixative and preservative. Therefore, developing some highly sensitive, selective, and rapid detection methods is significant for human health in food safety and environmental protection. Herein, a two-photon (TP) ratiometric sensor, CmNp-CHO, has been constructed by conjugating a TP donor (Π-push-pull-structure) with a FA off-on acceptor (functioned with hydrazide moiety) via a nonconjugated linker through the fluorescence resonance energy transfer mechanism. Such a scaffold affords CmNp-CHO a reliable and specific probe for detecting FA with two well-resolved emission peaks separated by 124 nm. Also, it responds to FA rapidly with high selectivity and sensitivity during 1.0 min and a large ratio enhancement at I550/I426 with addition of 0-20μM FA, exhibiting ∼4-fold ratio increase and a fairly low LOD of 8.3 ± 0.3 nM. Moreover, CmNp-CHO has been successfully employed for detecting FA in live cells, onion tissues, and zebrafish, exhibiting that CmNp-CHO can serve as a useful tool for investigating FA in real food application and offering strong theoretical support and technical means for investigation of physiological and pathological functions of FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyuan Ding
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Gangqiang Yuan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Longpeng Peng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Liyi Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Qinlu Lin
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
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Lin F, Cai J, Li Y, Yu H, Li S. Constituting fully integrated colorimetric analysis system for Fe(III) on multifunctional nitrogen-doped MoO3/cellulose paper. Talanta 2018; 180:352-357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yilmaz B, Asci A, Kucukoglu K, Albayrak M. Simple high-performance liquid chromatography method for formaldehyde determination in human tissue through derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:2963-9. [PMID: 27291155 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A simple high-performance liquid chromatography method has been developed for the determination of formaldehyde in human tissue. FA Formaldehyde was derivatized with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. It was extracted from human tissue with ethyl acetate by liquid-liquid extraction and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The calibration curve was linear in the concentration range of 5.0-200 μg/mL. Intra- and interday precision values for formaldehyde in tissue were <6.9%, and accuracy (relative error) was better than 6.5%. The extraction recoveries of formaldehyde from human tissue were between 88 and 98%. The limits of detection and quantification of formaldehyde were 1.5 and 5.0 μg/mL, respectively. Also, this assay was applied to liver samples taken from a biopsy material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Yilmaz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ali Asci
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Kaan Kucukoglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mevlut Albayrak
- Erzurum High Vocational School of Health, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Zhang X, Hui Y, Cai Y, Huang D. The Research Progress of Endogenous Formaldehyde in Aquatic Products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/wjet.2015.33c040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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