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Amziane A, Monteau F, El Djalil Lalaouna A, Alamir B, Le Bizec B, Dervilly G. Optimization and validation of a fast supercritical fluid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitative determination of a large set of PFASs in food matrices and human milk. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1210:123455. [PMID: 36115197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An Ultra-High Performance Supercritical Fluid Chromatography coupled with tandem Mass Spectrometry analytical method (UHPSFC-MS/MS) was developed for the determination of 34 perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) in food-related matrices. Two parameters (i.e. stationary phase and co-solvent) were selected and optimized using a step-by-step method, while a design of experiment (DoE) method using a central composite design (CCD) was implemented to optimize column temperature, mobile phase flow rate, co-solvent concentration and automated back pressure regulator (ABPR). The Torus 2-PIC column was selected along with ammonium acetate AcoNH4 as additive in the co-solvent. DoE optimization of both peak width and resolution enabled validating an optimized model (desirability 0.613) and setting column temperature at 38.7 °C, AcoNH4 concentration at 8 mM, mobile phase flow rate of 1.9 mL/min and ABPR at 1654 psi. The validated resulting method enabled reaching limits of quantification below 0.2 ng/g (w.w.) for 97 % PFASs in accordance with current EU requirements. The strategy was successfully applied to the characterization of a range (n > 30) of food-related matrices (red meat, poultry meat, eggs, fish and breast milk) collected in Algeria in 2019. PFOA and PFBA were observed as the most frequently detected PFASs, i.e. in 96.96 % and 90.9 % of the samples respectively. The highest concentrations were determined in fishery products up to 4.42 ng/g (w.w.) for PFTeDA and 0.75 ng/g (w.w.) for PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Amziane
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, F44300 Nantes, France; CNT, Centre National de Toxicologie, Alger, Algérie; Algiers University I Benyoucef Benkhedda, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Alger, Algeria
| | | | - Abd El Djalil Lalaouna
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Salah Boubnider University, Constantine 3, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Barkahom Alamir
- CNT, Centre National de Toxicologie, Alger, Algérie; Algiers University I Benyoucef Benkhedda, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Alger, Algeria
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Choodum A, Lamthornkit N, Boonkanon C, Taweekarn T, Phatthanawiwat K, Sriprom W, Limsakul W, Chuenchom L, Wongniramaikul W. Greener Monolithic Solid Phase Extraction Biosorbent Based on Calcium Cross-Linked Starch Cryogel Composite Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles for Benzo(a)pyrene Analysis. Molecules 2021; 26:6163. [PMID: 34684744 PMCID: PMC8539787 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) has been recognized as a marker for the detection of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In this work, a novel monolithic solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbent based on graphene oxide nanoparticles (GO) in starch-based cryogel composite (GO-Cry) was successfully prepared for BaP analysis. Rice flour and tapioca starch (gel precursors) were gelatinized in limewater (cross-linker) under alkaline conditions before addition of GO (filler) that can increase the ability to extract BaP up to 2.6-fold. BaP analysis had a linear range of 10 to 1000 µgL-1 with good linearity (R2 = 0.9971) and high sensitivity (4.1 ± 0.1 a.u./(µgL-1)). The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 4.21 ± 0.06 and 14.04 ± 0.19 µgL-1, respectively, with excellent precision (0.17 to 2.45%RSD). The accuracy in terms of recovery from spiked samples was in the range of 84 to 110% with no significant difference to a C18 cartridge. GO-Cry can be reproducibly prepared with 2.8%RSD from 4 lots and can be reused at least 10 times, which not only helps reduce the analysis costs (~0.41USD per analysis), but also reduces the resultant waste to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aree Choodum
- Integrated Science and Technology Research Center, Faculty of Technology and Environment, Phuket Campus, Prince of Songkla University, Kathu, Phuket 83120, Thailand; (N.L.); (C.B.); (T.T.); (K.P.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Nareumon Lamthornkit
- Integrated Science and Technology Research Center, Faculty of Technology and Environment, Phuket Campus, Prince of Songkla University, Kathu, Phuket 83120, Thailand; (N.L.); (C.B.); (T.T.); (K.P.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Chanita Boonkanon
- Integrated Science and Technology Research Center, Faculty of Technology and Environment, Phuket Campus, Prince of Songkla University, Kathu, Phuket 83120, Thailand; (N.L.); (C.B.); (T.T.); (K.P.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Tarawee Taweekarn
- Integrated Science and Technology Research Center, Faculty of Technology and Environment, Phuket Campus, Prince of Songkla University, Kathu, Phuket 83120, Thailand; (N.L.); (C.B.); (T.T.); (K.P.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Kharittha Phatthanawiwat
- Integrated Science and Technology Research Center, Faculty of Technology and Environment, Phuket Campus, Prince of Songkla University, Kathu, Phuket 83120, Thailand; (N.L.); (C.B.); (T.T.); (K.P.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Wilasinee Sriprom
- Integrated Science and Technology Research Center, Faculty of Technology and Environment, Phuket Campus, Prince of Songkla University, Kathu, Phuket 83120, Thailand; (N.L.); (C.B.); (T.T.); (K.P.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Wadcharawadee Limsakul
- Integrated Science and Technology Research Center, Faculty of Technology and Environment, Phuket Campus, Prince of Songkla University, Kathu, Phuket 83120, Thailand; (N.L.); (C.B.); (T.T.); (K.P.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Laemthong Chuenchom
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Hat Yai Campus, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
| | - Worawit Wongniramaikul
- Integrated Science and Technology Research Center, Faculty of Technology and Environment, Phuket Campus, Prince of Songkla University, Kathu, Phuket 83120, Thailand; (N.L.); (C.B.); (T.T.); (K.P.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (W.W.)
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Facile Synthesis of Mixed-Mode Weak Anion-Exchange Microspheres via One-Step Pickering Emulsion Polymerization for Efficient Simultaneous Extraction of Strongly and Weakly Acidic Drugs from Reservoir Water. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12092089. [PMID: 32937903 PMCID: PMC7570143 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate-co-divinylbenzene) (poly(DEAEMA-co-DVB)) microspheres with mixed-mode weak anion-exchange (WAX) character were successfully fabricated for the first time via facile one-step Pickering emulsion polymerization. The obtained poly(DEAEMA-co-DVB) particles had good spherical geometry, uniform particle size in the range of 30-40 µm, a large specific surface area of 575 m2/g, and a pore size range of 5-30 nm, according to the SEM and nitrogen adsorption-desorption results. Using these mixed-mode WAX microspheres as packing material, a reliable and robust analytical method based on solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (SPE-HPLC-UV) was developed for simultaneous determination of six strongly and weakly acidic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, niflumic acid, diflunisal, naproxen, ketoprofen, mefenamic acid, and diclofenac) in reservoir water. Under optimized conditions, it was applicable to preconcentrate up to 500 mL of reservoir water samples on the WAX cartridges with satisfying recoveries (88-96%) for all the NSAIDs tested. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.002-0.025 μg L-1, respectively. Our results showed that the developed mixed-mode WAX poly(DEAEMA-co-DVB) phase containing a tertiary amine with a pKa value of approximately 10.7 could be used for simultaneous clean-up and preconcentration of strongly and weakly acidic organic pollutants in real environmental water, which could not be achieved by single use of quaternary ammonium strong anion-exchange phase or weaker primary and secondary amine anion-exchange.
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Tang Y, Pan J, Sun T, Hu Y, Du Z. Ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography combined with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the characterization of pentaerythritol fatty acid esters. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8664. [PMID: 31800119 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pentaerythritol fatty acid esters are an excellent lubricant oil additive, due to their good biodegradability, thermal ability, anti-wear, and friction properties. However, to meet the application requirements, fatty acids with different alkyl chain lengths are reacted with pentaerythritol, resulting in complex ester compositions. To reveal the relation between the functionalities and the composition of esters, it is important to develop a method for their analysis. METHODS We developed a method using ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography combined with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPSFC/QTOF-MS) to separate and characterize pentaerythritol fatty acid esters. This method has the advantages such as short analysis time and high separation efficiency for such weakly polar compounds; high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) provides exact mass information, enabling the identification of the structure of the pentaerythritol fatty acid esters. RESULTS Based on the exact masses and characteristic ions, the pentaerythritol fatty acid esters and their main fragmentation pathways were identified; the fatty acid composition was also deduced from characteristic product ions. A dihydrogen rearrangement reaction caused the neutral loss of fatty acid fragment; [M + Na-FA]+ product ions (a stable six-member ring structure) were produced due to the absence of a γ hydrogen in pentaerythritol fatty acid esters. CONCLUSIONS A UHPSFC/QTOF-MS method was successfully employed for the separation of pentaerythritol fatty acid esters. Exact masses and product ion information were determined using HRMS. The composition of the fatty acids was effectively deduced by characteristic ions and their relative abundances. This method is an effective means for the quality control and process optimization of this type of product, serving as a positive reference for further study on pentaerythritol fatty acid esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jinheng Pan
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Tangqiang Sun
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yajing Hu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenxia Du
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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Reymond C, Le Masle A, Colas C, Charon N. Input of an Off-Line, Comprehensive, Three-Dimensional Method (CPC×SFC/HRMS) to Quantify Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vacuum Gas Oils. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6684-6692. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carole Reymond
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l’échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Agnès Le Masle
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l’échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Cyril Colas
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université d’Orléans, CNRS UMR 7311, Rue de Chartres, 45067 Orléans, France
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Université d’Orléans, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Nadège Charon
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l’échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
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Qiu Y, Ruan Y, Tan CL, Li GR, Long M, Xia ZN. Rapid analysis of 14 ultraviolet absorbents in plastic food contact materials by supercritical fluid chromatography on Sub-2-micron particles. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1746667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qiu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Ruan
- Chongqing Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao-Lan Tan
- Chongqing Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Chongqing, China
| | - Gen-Rong Li
- Chongqing Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Chongqing, China
| | - Mei Long
- Chongqing Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Ning Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Analysis of the Stereoisomers (cis, trans) of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Compounds by UHPSFC-QTof MS. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03859-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fate and Occurrence of Pharmaceutically Active Organic Compounds during Typical Pharmaceutical Wastewater Treatment. J CHEM-NY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/2674852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical composition, distribution, and fate of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) present in typical pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants were investigated with the aim of effectively removing these pollutants while minimizing waste of resources and energy. The results of this study indicate that the relative content of an organic compound class is unrelated to the number of organic compounds in the influent and effluent, yet it is directly proportional to the pollution contribution in pharmaceutical wastewater. In wastewater influent, the organic compound classes with the highest relative contents and pollution contributions were acids (relative content = 63.65%, contribution to pollution = 67.22%), esters (44.96%, 41.24%), and heterocyclic compounds (30.24%, 35.23%); in wastewater effluent, these classes were organic acids (62.54%, 65.13%), esters (52.66%, 59.02%), and organosilicon compounds (42.46%, 37.45%). The different physicochemical characteristics of these pollutants result in different removal efficiencies. For example, N,N-dimethylformamide, 4-methyloctane, N-ethylmorpholine, and 4-amino-N,N- and N,N-diethylbenzamide are refractory and are not degraded by microorganisms; thus, these compounds are discharged into the aquatic environment. Other organic compound classes including organosilicon compounds, acids, esters, heterocycles, and alcohols are mostly biodegraded, which leads to high concentrations of hydrocarbons in the wastewater effluent. The results of this study provide a foundation for the improvement of pharmaceutical wastewater treatment.
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Yuan X, You F, Yong L, Yang C, Zhu L, Hu B, Liu T. Rapid determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 by microwave assisted extraction-high performance liquid chromatography. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Fan YL, Ma M, Cui HZ, Liu S, Yang ML, Hou XF. Simultaneous determination of 22 phthalate esters in polystyrene food-contact materials by ultra-performance convergence chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:2993-3002. [PMID: 29809316 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A method for the determination of 22 phthalate esters in polystyrene food-contact materials has been established using ultraperformance convergence chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. In this method, 22 phthalate esters were analyzed in <3.5 min on an ACQUITY Tours 1-AA column by gradient elution. The mobile phase, the compensation solvent, the flow rate of mobile phase, column temperature, and automatic back pressure regulator pressure were optimized, respectively. There was a good linearity of 20 phthalate esters with a range of 0.05-10 mg/L, diisodecyl phthalate and diisononyl phthalate were 0.25-10 mg/L, and the correlation coefficients of all phthalates were higher than 0.99 and those of 16 phthalates were higher than 0.999. The limits of detection and the limits of quantification of 15 phthalates were 0.02 and 0.05 mg/kg, meanwhile diallyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were 0.05 and 0.10 mg/kg, and diisodecyl phthalate and diisononyl phthalate were 0.10 and 0.25 mg/kg. The spiked recoveries were in the range of 76.26-107.76%, and the relative standard deviations were in the range of 1.78-12.10%. Results support this method as an efficient alternative to apply for the simultaneous determination of 22 phthalate esters in common polystyrene food-contact materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Li Fan
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Ma
- Technical Center for Industrial Product and Raw Material Inspection and Testing, Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, China
| | - He-Zhen Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Technical Center for Industrial Product and Raw Material Inspection and Testing, Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, China
| | - Min-Li Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiu-Feng Hou
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Ta C, Bones J. Development and validation of an ultra-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of bis(2,4-di- tert -butylphenyl)phosphate and related extractable compounds from single-use plastic films. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1492:49-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Liang X, Liu S, Zhu R, Xiao L, Yao S. Highly sensitive analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water with porous cellulose/zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 composite microspheres as a novel adsorbent coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:2806-14. [PMID: 27184400 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this work, novel cellulose/zeolitic imidazolate frameworks-8 composite microspheres have been successfully fabricated and utilized as sorbent for environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons efficient extraction and sensitive analysis. The composite microspheres were synthesized through the in situ hydrothermal growth of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks-8 on cellulose matrix, and exhibited favorable hierarchical structure with chemical composition as assumed through scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction patterns, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface areas characterization. A robust and highly efficient method was then successfully developed with as-prepared composite microspheres as novel solid-phase extraction sorbent with optimum extraction conditions, such as sorbent amount, sample volume, extraction time, desorption conditions, volume of organic modifier, and ionic strength. The method exhibited high sensitivity with low limit of detection down to 0.1-1.0 ng/L and satisfactory linearity with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9988 to 0.9999, as well as good recoveries of 66.7-121.2% with relative standard deviations less than 10% for environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons analysis. Thus, our method was convenient and efficient for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons extraction and detection, potential for future environmental water samples analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing & Chemometrics, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Shengquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing & Chemometrics, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing & Chemometrics, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Lixia Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing & Chemometrics, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Shouzhuo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing & Chemometrics, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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Xu T. Rapid determination of trace polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in particulate matter using accelerated solvent extraction followed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:1892-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianci Xu
- Liaoning Provincial Environmental Monitoring and Experiment Center; Shenyang China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring Technology; Shenyang China
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