Development and validation of a generic high-performance liquid chromatography for the simultaneous separation and determination of six cough ingredients: Robustness study on core-shell particles

An integrated framework to develop an efficient valid green (EVG) HPLC method for the assessment of antimicrobial pollutants with potential threats to human health in aquatic systems

The persistence of antimicrobial drugs in aquatic environments has raised critical concerns about their possible impact on drinkable water quality and human health. The Nile River is experiencing water pollution owing to increasing discharges of highly contaminated home and industrial effluents and inadequate water management systems. Investigations of the presence of three antimicrobial agents, ciprofloxacin (CIP), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), and albendazole (ALB), in the Egyptian aquatic system are recommended using a chromatographic method because of their reported existence in the African aquatic environment. In this study, an integrated framework, Efficient Valid Green (EVG), for analytical techniques is proposed and displayed via its radar chart. The EVG framework is achieved through three main pillars: efficiency, validation, and greenness. The proposed EVG-HPLC method was developed and optimized using the AQbD methodology via a face-centered composite (FCC) design by identifying the proper critical method parameters (CMPs) that influence critical quality attributes (CQAs). The method was fully validated according to ICH guidelines, including a factorial robustness study within concentration ranges of 1-100 μg mL-1, 2-100 μg mL-1, and 10-100 μg mL-1 for CIP, SMZ, and ALB, respectively. The proposed method was evaluated in terms of greenness using AGREE (score 0.55) and ComplexGAPI metrics. The optimized chromatographic conditions included a C18 column and a mobile phase of water : acetonitrile : methanol in a ratio of 60 : 19 : 21, v/v/v, respectively, with an aqueous solution of pH 3.5 adjusted with phosphoric acid at a flow rate of 1.57 mL min-1 at 285 nm. The raw water samples collected from Nile River freshwater at different locations were treated using Oasis® PRiME HLB cartridges with satisfactory recoveries for the three analytes (>90%), and the three drugs were detected using the proposed EVG-HPLC method.

Resolving phenylephrine HCl and guaifenesin enantiomers on cellulose-based chiral stationary phases: Separation of four enantiomers on 50-mm column

Chiral high performance liquid chromatographic technique usually employs polysaccharide-based stationary phases in a normal phase mode. This frequently generates large waste of organic solvents. Using shorter columns of 50 mm length as well as a mobile phase with a high water percentage are common approaches for greening this analytical technique. In this context, a new chiral chromatographic technique was developed for simultaneous enantio-separation of phenylephrine HCl and guaifenesin racemates. Four 50 mm cellulose-based columns were experimented to separate the four enantiomers in a reversed phase mode. A face centered design was then employed to optimize the mobile phase acetonitrile% and flow rate on Lux Cellulose-1 (50 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm). The simultaneous resolution of the cited drugs enantiomers was achieved using acetonitrile-water (30:70, by volume), with a flow rate of 0.5 ml min-1 . These optimized chromatographic conditions separate the enantiomers in 7 min running time, generating about 1.0 ml acetonitrile per run. The proposed method was favorably compared with other reported chiral ones in terms of waste volume generated and analysis time required.

Application of Chemometrics-assisted HPLC-DAD Strategies for Simultaneous Determination of Paracetamol, Pseudoephedrine HCl, Dextromethorphan HBr, Doxylamine Succinate and Saccharin in Syrup Formulation

Introduction:

This study introduces an effective strategy, which combines high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) with multivariate calibration methods for the simultaneous determination of paracetamol (PAR), pseudoephedrine HCl (PSE), dextromethorphan HBr (DEX) and doxylamine succinate (DOX) along with sweetener saccharin (SAC) in syrup formulation.

Methods:

PLS-2 and PCR calibration algorithms were selected for data processing. Based on the strategy, all target analytes were rapidly quantified within 5.3 min under the simple isocratic elution (water: methanol, 20/80, v/v) without a complete separation. The performances of the proposed methods were confirmed by analyzing a series of synthetic solutions including different concentrations of analytes.

Results:

The average recovery values were in the range of 100.33 to 103.70%, and the REP (relative error of prediction) values ranged from 1.96 to 4.36% showed that these methods could provide satisfactory predictions.

Conclusion:

Novel HPLC methods coupled with PLS and PCR algorithm enable a simple, fast and low-cost analysis of similar pharmaceutical products for simultaneous determination of the target compounds.

Interpol review of controlled substances 2016-2019

This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in controlled substances from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20Papers%202019.pdf.

Generic anion-exchange chromatography method for analytical and preparative separation of nucleotides in the development and manufacture of drug substances

Nucleotides are among the most frequently used chemical building blocks in the research, development and manufacture of drug substances. They are composed of three highly polar subunit molecules (a nucleobase, a sugar, and at least one phosphate group), which makes their separation and analysis very challenging by conventional liquid chromatography techniques. Herein, we describe a simple, efficient, and cost-effective ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) method for the separation and purification of over 20 nucleotides. This method combines the use of a Tosoh TSKgel SuperQ-5P W resin in conjunction with a fully aqueous eluent profile (ammonium bicarbonate-based) that allows for a straightforward scale-up transition and convenient drying process with minimal environmental impact. This generic method was optimized using chromatography simulation software (ACD Labs/LC Simulator) and successfully applied to the preparative purification of multicomponent nucleotide mixtures using readily available Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC) instrumentation. These IEC method conditions can be effectively applied as the starting point for method development and isolation of other highly polar nucleotide species beyond those investigated in this study.

Green chromatographic method for analysis of some anti-cough drugs and their toxic impurities with comparison to conventional methods

Toxic solvents are widely used in chemical laboratories, which are dangerous on health, safety of workers, and environment. Green chemistry established different principles to keep safety of environment, one of these goals is to replace toxic solvents by greener alternatives or by minimizing the used volumes. Paracetamol (PAR), Guaifenesin (GUF), Oxomemazine (OX), and Sodium benzoate (SB) combination is a widely used cough preparation. 4- aminophenol (4-AP) is PAR poisonous impurity and related substance. Guiacol (GUC) is GUF impurity and related substance; its presence may lead to rejection of GUF sample. An eco-friendly HPTLC method was developed to quantify the studied drugs and their impurities. Chromatographic separation was achieved on HPTLC 60F254 plates using ethylacetate: methanol: 0.05 M ammonium chloride buffer (100: 2: 5, by volume) as a mobile phase and scanning at 225 nm. The linear ranges were 0.25-3.50, 0.50-8.00, 0.25-4.00, 0.20-8.00, 0.05-4.00, and 0.25-4.00 µg/band for PAR, GUF, OX and SB, 4-AP, and GUC. Method was successfully applied to available syrup and suppositories. It compared well with the reported method. It can be considered as an alternative green method for previously developed TLC method. Greenness profile of the method proved that it is greener than the reported methods being time and solvents saving.

Development and optimization of a generic HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of common ingredients in multi component cough and cold oral drug products using chemometrics

The aim of this work was to develop a single, generally applicable high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detector (HPLC/DAD) method for simultaneous determination of the most frequently used cough and cold active substances and their impurities that would be applicable for a number of possible formulation compositions of cough and cold medicines. The compounds that are separated by the method include eleven active substances: paracetamol, phenylephrine HCl, caffeine, ibuprofen, ascorbic acid, propiphenazone, pheniramine maleate, chlorphenamine maleate, pseudoephedrine HCl, dextromethorphan HBr and cetylpyridinium Cl; five of their impurities: 4-aminophenol, 4-nitrophenol, 4`-chloroacetanilide, chlorphenamine impurity C and ephedrine HCl; and two preservatives: sodium benzoate and propyl parahydroxybenzoate. All 18 compounds were successfully separated on a reversed phase (RP)-HPLC column with superficially porous particles using gradient elution with a very simple mobile phase in 14 minutes with excellent sensitivity and resolution. Method optimization was performed by the design of experiments approach. The proposed method has been validated according to ICH guidelines and proved to be suitable for the simultaneous qualitative and quantitative determination of the selected compounds in different cough and cold dosage forms. Keywords: cough and cold active substances and impurities, HPLC/DAD, superficially porous particles, core-shell particles, chemometrics, design of experiments