1
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Thoben C, Stadtler JJ, Simon PR, Raddatz CR, Sehlmeyer M, Zimmermann S. Coated Blade Spray Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3593-3599. [PMID: 38347729 PMCID: PMC10902811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Coated blade spray (CBS) is a microextraction technology with blades that serve as both the extraction device and the electrospray ionization (ESI) emitter. CBS is designed for easy and rapid extraction of analytes in complex matrices as well as ESI directly from the blade. The technology selectively enriches the components of interest on a coated metal blade. The coating consists of a selective polymer. So far, CBS has only been coupled with mass spectrometry but never with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), where ions are separated and detected based on their ion mobility in a drift gas under the influence of an electric field, while instrumentation is compact and easy to operate so that the advantages of CBS can be particularly well exploited. Therefore, this work focuses on coupling CBS with our previously described ESI-IMS. The ion mobility spectrometer has a drift length of only 75 mm and provides a high resolving power of RP = 100. In this work, preliminary measurements of CBS-IMS are presented. In particular, the detection of benzodiazepines and ketamine in drinks and the pesticide isoproturon in water samples is shown to demonstrate the feasibility of CBS-IMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Thoben
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jannie J. Stadtler
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul R. Simon
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian-Robert Raddatz
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Merle Sehlmeyer
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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2
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Tuo S, Liu C, Wang C, Kong B, Lu H, Zhong K, Li Y, Liu W, Yu J. Evaluation of Fourier deconvolution ion mobility spectrometer as high-performance gas chromatography detector for the analysis of plant extract flavors. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1714:464560. [PMID: 38070304 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The Fourier deconvolution ion mobility spectrometer (FDIMS) offers multiplexing and improves the resolving power and signal-to-noise ratio. To evaluate the FDIMS as a detector for gas chromatography for the analysis of complex samples, we connected a drift tube ion mobility spectrometer to a commercial gas chromatograph and compared the performance including resolving power, sensitivity, and linear range using 2,6-di‑tert-butylpyridine. Mixed standards were also injected into the tandem system to evaluate the performance under optimized conditions. A complex plant extract sample used as natural flavoring was investigated using the resulting system. The results show that the instrument implemented with the Fourier deconvolution multiplexing method demonstrated higher performance over the traditional signal averaging method including higher resolving power, better limit of detection, and wider linear range for a variety of compounds and natural plant extract flavorings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suxing Tuo
- Center of Technology, China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd., Changsha, 410007, China.
| | - Can Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Bo Kong
- Center of Technology, China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd., Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Hongbin Lu
- Center of Technology, China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd., Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Kejun Zhong
- Center of Technology, China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd., Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Yuqiao Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Jianna Yu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China.
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3
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Thoben C, Schlottmann F, Kobelt T, Nitschke A, Gloeden GL, Naylor CN, Kirk AT, Zimmermann S. Ultra-Fast Ion Mobility Spectrometer for High-Throughput Chromatography. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17073-17081. [PMID: 37953497 PMCID: PMC10666085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Fast chromatography systems especially developed for high sample throughput applications require sensitive detectors with a high repetition rate. These high throughput techniques, including various chip-based microfluidic designs, often benefit from detectors providing subsequent separation in another dimension, such as mass spectrometry or ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), giving additional information about the analytes or monitoring reaction kinetics. However, subsequent separation is required at a high repetition rate. Here, we therefore present an ultra-fast drift tube IMS operating at ambient pressure. Short drift times while maintaining high resolving power are reached by several key instrumental design features: short length of the drift tube, resistor network of the drift tube, tristate ion shutter, and improved data acquisition electronics. With these design improvements, even slow ions with a reduced mobility of just 0.94 cm2/(V s) have a drift time below 1.6 ms. Such short drift times allow for a significantly increased repetition rate of 600 Hz compared with previously reported values. To further reduce drift times and thus increase the repetition rate, helium can be used as the drift gas, which allows repetition rates of up to 2 kHz. Finally, these significant improvements enable IMS to be used as a detector following ultra-fast separation including chip-based chromatographic systems or droplet microfluidic applications requiring high repetition rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Thoben
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Schlottmann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tim Kobelt
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Nitschke
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gian-Luca Gloeden
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Cameron N. Naylor
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ansgar T. Kirk
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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4
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Hartner NT, Raddatz CR, Thoben C, Piendl SK, Zimmermann S, Belder D. On-Line Coupling of Chip-Electrochromatography and Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15129-15136. [PMID: 33143411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report the first hyphenation of chip-electrochromatography (ChEC) with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). This approach combines the separation power of two electrokinetically driven separation techniques, the first in liquid phase and the second in gas phase, with a label-free detection of the analytes. For achieving this, a microfluidic glass chip incorporating a monolithic separation column, a nanofluidic liquid junction for providing post-column electrical contact, and a monolithically integrated electrospray emitter was developed. This device was successfully coupled to a custom-built high-resolution drift tube IMS with shifted potentials. After proof-of-concept studies in which a mixture of five model compounds was analyzed in less than 80 s, this first ChEC-IMS system was applied to a more complex sample, the analysis of herbicides spiked in the wine matrix. The use of ChEC before IMS detection not only facilitated the peak allocation and increased the peak capacity but also enabled analyte quantification. As both, ChEC and IMS work at ambient conditions and are driven by high voltages, no bulky pumping systems are needed, neither for the hydrodynamic pumping of the mobile phase as in high-performance liquid chromatography nor for generating a vacuum system as in mass spectrometry. Accordingly, the approach has great potential as a portable analytical system for field analysis of complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora T Hartner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian-Robert Raddatz
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Thoben
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian K Piendl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Villatoro J, Zühlke M, Riebe D, Beitz T, Weber M, Löhmannsröben HG. Sub-ambient pressure IR-MALDI ion mobility spectrometer for the determination of low and high field mobilities. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:5247-5260. [PMID: 32488389 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02735-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A new ion mobility (IM) spectrometer, enabling mobility measurements in the pressure range between 5 and 500 mbar and in the reduced field strength range E/N of 5-90 Td, was developed and characterized. Reduced mobility (K0) values were studied under low E/N (constant value) as well as high E/N (deviation from low field K0) for a series of molecular ions in nitrogen. Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (IR-MALDI) was used in two configurations: a source working at atmospheric pressure (AP) and, for the first time, an IR-MALDI source working with a liquid (aqueous) matrix at sub-ambient/reduced pressure (RP). The influence of RP on IR-MALDI was examined and new insights into the dispersion process were gained. This enabled the optimization of the IM spectrometer for best analytical performance. While ion desolvation is less efficient at RP, the transport of ions is more efficient, leading to intensity enhancement and an increased number of oligomer ions. When deciding between AP and RP IR-MALDI, a trade-off between intensity and resolving power has to be considered. Here, the low field mobility of peptide ions was first measured and compared with reference values from ESI-IM spectrometry (at AP) as well as collision cross sections obtained from molecular dynamics simulations. The second application was the determination of the reduced mobility of various substituted ammonium ions as a function of E/N in nitrogen. The mobility is constant up to a threshold at high E/N. Beyond this threshold, mobility increases were observed. This behavior can be explained by the loss of hydrated water molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Villatoro
- Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany. .,Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum für Informationstechnik Berlin, Takustraße 7, 14195, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany.
| | - Martin Zühlke
- Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Daniel Riebe
- Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Toralf Beitz
- Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marcus Weber
- Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum für Informationstechnik Berlin, Takustraße 7, 14195, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany
| | - Hans-Gerd Löhmannsröben
- Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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6
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Michalik-Onichimowska A, Beitz T, Panne U, Löhmannsröben HG, Riedel J. Laser ionization ion mobility spectrometric interrogation of acoustically levitated droplets. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:8053-8061. [PMID: 31741006 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acoustically levitated droplets have been suggested as compartmentalized, yet wall-less microreactors for high-throughput reaction optimization purposes. The absence of walls is envisioned to simplify up-scaling of the optimized reaction conditions found in the microliter volumes. A consequent pursuance of high-throughput chemistry calls for a fast, robust and sensitive analysis suited for online interrogation. For reaction optimization, targeted analysis with relatively low sensitivity suffices, while a fast, robust and automated sampling is paramount. To follow this approach, in this contribution, a direct coupling of levitated droplets to a homebuilt ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) is presented. The sampling, transfer to the gas phase, as well as the ionization are all performed by a single exposure of the sampling volume to the resonant output of a mid-IR laser. Once formed, the nascent spatially and temporally evolving analyte ion cloud needs to be guided out of the acoustically confined trap into the inlet of the ion mobility spectrometer. Since the IMS is operated at ambient pressure, no fluid dynamic along a pressure gradient can be employed. Instead, the transfer is achieved by the electrostatic potential gradient inside a dual ring electrode ion optics, guiding the analyte ion cloud into the first stage of the IMS linear drift tube accelerator. The design of the appropriate atmospheric pressure ion optics is based on the original vacuum ion optics design of Wiley and McLaren. The obtained experimental results nicely coincide with ion trajectory calculations based on a collisional model. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Michalik-Onichimowska
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Großen Windkanal 6, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Toralf Beitz
- Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ulrich Panne
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Großen Windkanal 6, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Gerd Löhmannsröben
- Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jens Riedel
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Großen Windkanal 6, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
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7
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Piendl SK, Raddatz CR, Hartner NT, Thoben C, Warias R, Zimmermann S, Belder D. 2D in Seconds: Coupling of Chip-HPLC with Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7613-7620. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian K. Piendl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian-Robert Raddatz
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nora T. Hartner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Thoben
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Rico Warias
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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8
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Zühlke M, Sass S, Riebe D, Beitz T, Löhmannsröben HG. Real-Time Reaction Monitoring of an Organic Multistep Reaction by Electrospray Ionization-Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Chempluschem 2017; 82:1266-1273. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201700296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Zühlke
- University of Potsdam; Physical Chemistry; Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25 14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
| | - Stephan Sass
- University of Potsdam; Physical Chemistry; Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25 14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
| | - Daniel Riebe
- University of Potsdam; Physical Chemistry; Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25 14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
| | - Toralf Beitz
- University of Potsdam; Physical Chemistry; Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25 14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
| | - Hans-Gerd Löhmannsröben
- University of Potsdam; Physical Chemistry; Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25 14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
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