1
|
Cutillas V, García-Gallego G, Murcia-Morales M, Ferrer C, Fernández-Alba AR. Beyond helium: hydrogen as a carrier gas in multiresidue pesticide analysis in fruits and vegetables by GC-MS/MS. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:1564-1569. [PMID: 38406836 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay02119j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
In this comprehensive study, we evaluated the feasibility of using hydrogen instead of helium as a carrier gas in a GC-MS/MS system for pesticide residue analysis, spanning three matrices: pepper, tomato, and zucchini. Initial assessments focused on the ion source's chemical inertness, employing nitrobenzene as a benchmark to monitor the hydrogenation process. A method with a duration of less than 12 minutes was developed, achieving good chromatographic peak resolution attributable to the enhanced chromatographic performance of hydrogen as a carrier gas. The study emphasized the optimization of system parameters, testing various ion source temperatures, detector voltages, and injection volumes. Sensitivity assessments, based on the DG-SANTE criteria, indicated that the majority of compounds were identifiable at a concentration of 5 μg kg-1 (81% in tomato, 84% in pepper and 73% in zucchini). Detailed validation for reproducibility, matrix effects, and linearity across 150 pesticides unveiled generally favorable outcomes, with a notable majority of compounds displaying low matrix effects, satisfactory linearity ranges and good reproducibility with most compounds returning a relative standard deviation (RSD) below 10%. When applied to 15 real samples, the hydrogen-based system's performance was juxtaposed against a helium-based counterpart, revealing that results are very comparable between both systems. This comparative approach highlights hydrogen's potential as a reliable and efficient carrier gas in pesticide residue analysis for routine food control laboratories, overcoming difficulties resulting from the lack of helium supplies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Cutillas
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruit & Vegetables, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almeria, Ctra. Sacramento S/N, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain.
| | - Guillermo García-Gallego
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruit & Vegetables, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almeria, Ctra. Sacramento S/N, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain.
| | - María Murcia-Morales
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruit & Vegetables, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almeria, Ctra. Sacramento S/N, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain.
| | - Carmen Ferrer
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruit & Vegetables, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almeria, Ctra. Sacramento S/N, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain.
| | - Amadeo R Fernández-Alba
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruit & Vegetables, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almeria, Ctra. Sacramento S/N, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cerasa M, Guerriero E, Balducci C, Bacaloni A, Ciccioli P, Mosca S. Particle and gas phase sampling of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs by activated carbon fiber and GC/MS analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:65192-65203. [PMID: 37079234 PMCID: PMC10182933 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) are semi-volatile compounds and can be partitioned in the atmosphere between the gas and particulate phase, due to their physicochemical properties. For this reason, the reference standard methods for air sampling include a quartz fiber filter (QFF) for the particulate and a polyurethane foam (PUF) cartridge for the vapor phase, and it is the classical and most popular sampling method in the air. Despite the presence of the two adsorbing media, this method cannot be used for the study of the gas-particulate distribution, but only for a total quantification. This study presents the results and the performance aim to validate an activated carbon fiber (ACF) filter for the sampling of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) using laboratory and field tests. The specificity, precision, and accuracy of the ACF in relation to the QFF + PUF were evaluated through the isotopic dilution technique, the recovery rates, and the standard deviations. Then the ACF performance was assessed on real samples, in a naturally contaminated area, through parallel sampling with the reference method (QFF + PUF). The QA/QC was defined according to the standard methods ISO 16000-13 and -14 and EPA TO4A and 9A. Data confirmed that ACF meets the requirements for the quantification of native POPs compounds in atmospheric and indoor samples. In addition, ACF provided accuracy and precision comparable to those offered by standard reference methods using QFF + PUF, but with significant savings in terms of time and costs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Cerasa
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Area Della Ricerca Di Roma 1, 00010, Montelibretti (RM), Italy
| | - Ettore Guerriero
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Area Della Ricerca Di Roma 1, 00010, Montelibretti (RM), Italy
| | - Catia Balducci
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Area Della Ricerca Di Roma 1, 00010, Montelibretti (RM), Italy
| | - Alessandro Bacaloni
- Chemistry Department, Mathematics, Physics and Natural Sciences Faculty, Sapienza University Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Piero Ciccioli
- Italian National Research Council, Institute for Biological Systems, Area Della Ricerca Di Roma 1, 00010, Montelibretti (RM), Italy
| | - Silvia Mosca
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Area Della Ricerca Di Roma 1, 00010, Montelibretti (RM), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tian Y, Cheng J, Li S, Geng H, Huang C, Zhou Q, Liu W, Ma J. Recent Progress in the Determination of Polychlorodibenzo- p-Dioxins and Polychlorodibenzofurans by Mass Spectrometry: A Minireview. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2112046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Tian
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiawen Cheng
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongshuai Geng
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Chaonan Huang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Environmental Technical Research Institute of Everbright Technology (Qingdao) Co., Ltd, Qingdao, China
| | - Weixun Liu
- Environmental Technical Research Institute of Everbright Technology (Qingdao) Co., Ltd, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiping Ma
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Saito-Shida S, Nagata M, Nemoto S, Akiyama H. Multi-residue determination of pesticides in green tea by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation using nitrogen as the carrier gas. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 38:125-135. [PMID: 33232630 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1846082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Helium is commonly used as a carrier gas in gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS); however, there are growing concerns regarding its global shortage and the resulting limited supply and high cost. Using nitrogen as an alternative carrier gas in GC-MS/MS with the widely used electron ionisation (EI) technique leads to a significantly lower sensitivity; thus, in this study, we explored the use of atmospheric-pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) as the ionisation method and examined the applicability of GC-(APCI)MS/MS with nitrogen gas for the determination of pesticide residues. GC-(APCI)MS/MS using nitrogen provided slightly wider peaks, and poorer isomeric separation compared to those using helium under identical conditions; however, the peak intensities were comparable. GC-(APCI)MS/MS using nitrogen was validated for 166 pesticides in green tea at a spiking level of 0.01 mg/kg and was compared with the conventional GC-(EI)MS/MS using helium gas. Except dimethomorph and resmethrin, GC-(APCI)MS/MS showed satisfactory results that were comparable to those of GC-(EI)MS/MS for most compounds, with trueness in the range of 73%-95% and relative standard deviations of <11%. The sensitivity and selectivity of GC-(APCI)MS/MS with nitrogen were superior to those of GC-(EI)MS/MS with helium. Therefore, GC-(APCI)MS/MS using nitrogen as the carrier gas, which has minimal concerns related to availability, could be a promising alternative to the conventional GC-(EI)MS/MS technique that employs helium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mari Nagata
- Application Laboratory, Nihon Waters K.K., Waters Corporation , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Nemoto
- Division of Foods, National Institute of Health Sciences , Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akiyama
- Division of Foods, National Institute of Health Sciences , Kanagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cerasa M, Benedetti P, De Stefanis A, Guerriero E, Mosca S, Bacaloni A, Rotatori M. Validation studies on activated carbon fiber passive sampler for PCDD/Fs and PCBs in water. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 239:124666. [PMID: 31479911 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) is well known, and for this reason studying and monitoring these chemicals is fundamental. Activated carbon fibers (ACFs) are made of an adsorbent material widely used in the industrial field for the removal of micropollutants. The first step in this work was to perform a physico-chemical characterization of the adsorbent, focused on the analytical use of it. In particular, its specific surface area was defined around 2500 m2/g consisting in a homogeneous microporosity distribution and the characterization of ACF surface functional groups pointed out a balance between basic and acidic group. The validity of using the ACF as solid phase extraction and as passive sampler for PCDD/Fs and PCBs in water, has been evaluated by the percentage recovery (R %) of 13C12-labeled standards of PCDD/Fs and PCBs added in a known volume of water. The results were compared to the R% of Liquid-Liquid Extraction which showed a better reproducibility of the results and the proposed method satisfy completely the requirements of US EPA reference methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Cerasa
- National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, 00015, Monterotondo (RM), Italy; Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy.
| | - Paolo Benedetti
- National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, 00015, Monterotondo (RM), Italy
| | - Adriana De Stefanis
- National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Structure of Matter (CNR - ISM), Via Salaria km 29.3, 00015, Monterotondo (RM), Italy
| | - Ettore Guerriero
- National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, 00015, Monterotondo (RM), Italy
| | - Silvia Mosca
- National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, 00015, Monterotondo (RM), Italy
| | | | - Mauro Rotatori
- National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, 00015, Monterotondo (RM), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kwon YS, Choi SG, Lee SM, Kim JH, Seo JS. Gas chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry analysis of dioxins in soil. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2019.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Sang Kwon
- Environmental Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 52834, Korea
| | - Sung-Gil Choi
- Environmental Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 52834, Korea
| | - Seung-Min Lee
- Environmental Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 52834, Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Kim
- Environmental Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 52834, Korea
| | - Jong-Su Seo
- Environmental Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 52834, Korea
| |
Collapse
|