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Jin HF, Shi Y, Jiao YH, Cao J. Separation and determination of phenolic compounds using novel deep eutectic solvent-in-water microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1297:342359. [PMID: 38438236 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) is a mode of capillary electrophoresis with a wide range of applications in which microemulsion is utilized as background electrolyte to achieve the separation of analytes. Microemulsions are composed of oil droplets, aqueous buffer, surfactant, and co-surfactant. Currently, conventional organic reagents act as the most commonly used oil phase in microemulsions, which are unfriendly to the environment. Recently, deep eutectic solvent (DES) has become a new type of eco-friendly solvent due to its non-toxicity. Therefore, it is of great value to establish a new MEEKC method by replacing conventional organic reagents as the oil phase with DES. RESULTS The novel DES/W MEEKC method was established for phenolic compounds in Senecio scandens samples. Single-factor experiments and response surface methodology were performed to systematically optimize the crucial parameters for the method, including the type and content of the oil phase, surfactant content, concentration of borax buffer, and pH of the background solution. Under the optimized conditions, satisfactory regression curves were established for all standard analytes with correlation coefficients ≥0.9990. The method featured high sensitivity and favorable accuracy, with the instrumental detection limit in the range of 0.22-1.04 μg/mL, and intraday and interday precision for migration time expressed as relative standard deviations of 0.18-0.82% and 1.25-2.50%, respectively. The DES/W MEEKC method was successfully applied to Senecio scandens with good recoveries of 87.72-106.99%. In conclusion, the newly established DES/W MEEKC method is highly efficient, green and environmentally friendly. SIGNIFICANCE DES is considered a green and efficient solvent. The DES/W MEEKC method is highly efficient and environmentally friendly. Actually, the method provides a novel and effective analytical tool for the simultaneous separation and determination of multiple phenolic compounds, especially in complex plant matrices. In the future, the DES/W MEEKC method still has the prospect of being widely used in the separation of other complex phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang-Fei Jin
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Ying Shi
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Yan-Hua Jiao
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Jun Cao
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
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2
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Jeong S, Noulorsaytour X, Valdez JE, Chung DS. Single bubble in-tube microextraction coupled with capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:456-463. [PMID: 34661921 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Headspace (HS) extraction is a sample pretreatment technique for volatile and semivolatile organic compounds in a complex matrix. Recently, in-tube microextraction (ITME) coupled with CE using an acceptor plug placed in the capillary inlet was developed as a simple but powerful HS extraction method. Here, we present single bubble (SB) ITME using a bubble hanging to the capillary inlet immersed in a sample donor solution as a HS of submicroliter volume (∼200 nL). The analytes evaporated to the bubble were extracted into the acceptor phase through the capillary opening, then electrophoresis of the enriched extract was carried out. Since the bubble volume was much smaller than a conventional HS volume (∼1 mL), it was filled with the evaporated analytes rapidly and the analytes could be enriched much faster compared to conventional HS-ITME. Owing to the high surface-to-volume ratio of the SB, 5 min SB-ITME yielded the enrichment factor values similar to those of 10 min HS-ITME. When 5 min SB-ITME at room temperature was applied to a tap water sample, the enrichment factors of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP), 2,3,6-TCP, and 2,6-dichlorophenol were 53, 41, and 60, respectively, and the LOQs obtained by monitoring the absorbance at 214 nm were 5.6-8.3 ppb, much lower than 200 ppb, the World Health Organization guideline for the maximum permissible concentration of 2,4,6-TCP in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunkyung Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Joseph E Valdez
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Natural Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Nueva Vizcaya State University, Bayombong, Philippines
| | - Doo Soo Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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3
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Gubin A, Sukhanov P, Kushnir A, Sannikova N, Konopleva V, Nikulina A. Determination of phenols in natural and waste waters by capillary electrophoresis after preconcentration on magnetic nanoparticles coated with aminated hypercrosslinked polystyrene. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:1978-1988. [PMID: 33605527 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202001177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An efficient sorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction was developed from Fe3 O4 nanoparticles covered with aminated hypercrosslinked polystyrene. The sorbent has a saturation magnetization of 47 emu/g and a surface area of 509 mg/g and was tested for the extraction of 11 phenols from aqueous media. The optimum conditions were as follows: pH 3; adsorbent mass, 20.0 mg; adsorption time, 30 min; eluent (acetone) volume, 0.5 mL; and desorption time, 5 min. The enrichment factor after desorption reached 1595-1716 and the maximum adsorption capacity was 501-909 mg/g. Capillary electrophoresis was applied successively to separate 11 phenols after solid-phase extraction. The best separation was achieved using a fused silica capillary and borate buffer (pH 10.7) as a supporting electrolyte. After optimization, the linearity range was from 0.2 to 950 μg/L, and the limits of detection were 0.05-0.2 μg/L. The relative standard deviation varied from 6.1 to 8.7% (C = 1 μg/L) and from 2.9 to 3.5% (C = 500 μg/L). The determination of phenols is complicated in eutrophic water and spring water with a high content of humic and fulvic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gubin
- Faculty of Ecology and Chemical Technology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, Voronezh, 394036, Russia
| | - Pavel Sukhanov
- Faculty of Ecology and Chemical Technology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, Voronezh, 394036, Russia
| | - Aleksei Kushnir
- Faculty of Ecology and Chemical Technology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, Voronezh, 394036, Russia
| | - Natalia Sannikova
- Faculty of Ecology and Chemical Technology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, Voronezh, 394036, Russia
| | - Victoria Konopleva
- Faculty of Ecology and Chemical Technology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, Voronezh, 394036, Russia
| | - Alla Nikulina
- Faculty of Ecology and Chemical Technology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, Voronezh, 394036, Russia
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4
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Kartsova LA, Makeeva DV, Bessonova EA. Current Status of Capillary Electrophoresis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820120084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Afsharsaveh Z, Sereshti H, Nodeh HR. Monitoring of priority pollutants chlorophenols in water and milk by headspace solid-phase microextraction based on electrospun polycaprolactam nanofibers decorated with cadmium oxide-carbon nanotubes. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:4216-4224. [PMID: 32964564 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Priority pollutants chlorophenols are broadly used chemicals that are persistent in the environment and causing serious human health hazards. The current study introduces a novel adsorbent for the extraction of chlorophenols from river water, surface water, and milk by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography. The adsorbent composite was prepared by blending polycaprolactam (nylon-6) mat and newly synthesized carbon nanotubes decorated with cadmium oxide nanoparticles followed by electrospinning technique to produce based nanofiber. The proposed nanofiber was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques. The main parameters that affect extraction efficiency, including ionic strength, extraction time, desorption time, and extraction temperature, were investigated and optimized. The linear range was 0.05-5 ng/mL; the limits of detection (signal/noise=3) were 0.02-0.04 ng/mL. The relative recoveries for real samples (river water, surface water, and milk) were in the range of 84-114%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Afsharsaveh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Sereshti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Rashidi Nodeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Food Industry and Agricultural Products Research Centre, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj, Iran
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6
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Molecular complex based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for simultaneous HPLC determination of eight phenolic compounds in water samples. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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7
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Spin-column micro-solid phase extraction of chlorophenols using MFU-4l metal-organic framework. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 187:39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-4023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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8
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Gao F, Chen X, Li X, Li J, Liu H, Chen L. Field-amplified sample injection combined with capillary electrophoresis for the simultaneous determination of five chlorophenols in water samples. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1771-1778. [PMID: 31090073 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive method of CZE-ultraviolet (UV) detection based on the on-line preconcentration strategy of field-amplified sample injection (FASI) was developed for the simultaneous determination of five kinds of chlorophenols (CPs) namely 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), and 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP) in water samples. Several parameters affecting CZE and FASI conditions were systematically investigated. Under the optimal conditions, sensitivity enhancement factors for 4-CP, 2-CP, 2,4-DCP, 2,4,6-TCP, and 2,6-DCP were 9, 27, 35, 43, and 43 folds, respectively, compared with the direct CZE, and the baseline separation was achieved within 5 min. Then, the developed FASI-CZE-UV method was applied to tap and lake water samples for the five CPs determination. The LODs (S/N = 3) were 0.0018-0.019 µg/mL and 0.0089-0.029 µg/mL in tap water and lake water, respectively. The values of LOQs in tap water (0.006-0.0074 µg/mL) were much lower than the maximum permissible concentrations of 2,4,6-TCP, 2,4-DCP, and 2-CP in drinking water stipulated by World Health Organization (WHO) namely 0.3, 0.04, and 0.01 µg/mL, respectively, and thereby the method was suitable to detect the CPs according to WHO guidelines. Furthermore, the method attained high recoveries in the range of 83.0-119.0% at three spiking levels of five CPs in the two types of water samples, with relative standard deviations of 0.37-8.58%. The developed method was proved to be a simple, sensitive, highly automated, and efficient alternative to CPs determination in real water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Chen
- Hebei Research Centre of Analysis and Testing, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobin Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Huitao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai, P. R. China
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9
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Tabaraki R, Heidarizadi E. Spectrophotometric determination of phenol and chlorophenols by salting out assisted liquid-liquid extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 215:405-409. [PMID: 30870682 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, salting out liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was developed as a novel extraction method for extraction and preconcentration of phenol and chlorophenols (CPs) in environmental water samples. The analytes were derivatized with 4-aminoantipyrineand determined by spectrophotometry. Experimental parameters such as type and volume of the organic solvent, type and amount of salt, pH and vortex time were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, calibration curves were linear in the range of 1-300 μg L-1 and limit of detections (LODs) were in the range of 0.15-0.22 μg L-1. The extraction recoveries and enrichment factors ranged from 94.80% to 106.1% and 78.12 to 82.53, respectively. Repeatability of method based on five replicate measurements of phenols was in the range of 4.8-7.2%. The results obtained in this study showed that the proposed method is simple, rapid and environmentally friendly with high extraction efficiency for preconcentration and determination of phenol and CPs in real samples. The proposed method was also compared with the reference method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Tabaraki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran.
| | - Elham Heidarizadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
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10
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Ma S, Gao F, Lu W, Zhou N, You H, Li J, Chen L. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with pressure-assisted electrokinetic injection for simultaneous enrichment of seven phenolic compounds in water samples followed by determination using capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2263-2271. [PMID: 30997953 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Offline dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with online pressure-assisted electrokinetic injection was developed to simultaneously enrich seven phenolic compounds in water samples, followed by determination using capillary electrophoresis, namely phenol, 4-chlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2-chlorophenol, and 2,6-dichlorophenol. Several parameters affecting separation performance of capillary electrophoresis and the enrichment efficiency of pressure-assisted electrokinetic injection and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction were systematically investigated. Under the optimal conditions, seven phenolic compounds were completely separated within 14 min and good enrichment factors were obtained of 61, 236, 3705, 3288, 920, 86, and 1807 for phenol, 4-chlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2-chlorophenol, and 2,6-dichlorophenol, respectively. Good linearity was attained in the range of 0.1-200 μg/L for 2,4-dichlorophenol, 0.5-200 μg/L for 4-chlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2-chlorophenol, and 2,6-dichlorophenol, as well as 1-200 μg/L for phenol, with correlation coefficients (r) over 0.9905. The limits of detection and quantification ranging from 0.03-0.28 and 0.07-0.94 μg/L were attained. This two step enrichment method was potentially applicable for the rapid and simultaneous determination of phenolic compounds in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suya Ma
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian, P. R. China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Wenhui Lu
- School of Light Industry and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Na Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Huiyan You
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai, P. R. China
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11
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Breadmore MC, Grochocki W, Kalsoom U, Alves MN, Phung SC, Rokh MT, Cabot JM, Ghiasvand A, Li F, Shallan AI, Keyon ASA, Alhusban AA, See HH, Wuethrich A, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2016-2018). Electrophoresis 2018; 40:17-39. [PMID: 30362581 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the most cited limitations of capillary and microchip electrophoresis is the poor sensitivity. This review continues to update this series of biannual reviews, first published in Electrophoresis in 2007, on developments in the field of online/in-line concentration methods in capillaries and microchips, covering the period July 2016-June 2018. It includes developments in the field of stacking, covering all methods from field-amplified sample stacking and large-volume sample stacking, through to isotachophoresis, dynamic pH junction, and sweeping. Attention is also given to online or in-line extraction methods that have been used for electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Wojciech Grochocki
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Umme Kalsoom
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, College of Science and Technology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Mónica N Alves
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Sui Ching Phung
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Joan M Cabot
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, College of Science and Technology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Alireza Ghiasvand
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Department of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
| | - Feng Li
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Aliaa I Shallan
- Future Industries Institute (FII), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Australia.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aemi S Abdul Keyon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.,Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Ala A Alhusban
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Hong Heng See
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.,Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Alain Wuethrich
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mohamed Dawod
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joselito P Quirino
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Šlampová A, Malá Z, Gebauer P. Recent progress of sample stacking in capillary electrophoresis (2016-2018). Electrophoresis 2018; 40:40-54. [PMID: 30073675 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrophoretic sample stacking comprises a group of capillary electrophoretic techniques where trace analytes from the sample are concentrated into a short zone (stack). This paper is a continuation of our previous reviews on the topic and brings a survey of more than 120 papers published approximately since the second quarter of 2016 till the first quarter of 2018. It is organized according to the particular stacking principles and includes chapters on concentration adjustment (Kohlrausch) stacking, on stacking techniques based on pH changes, on stacking in electrokinetic chromatography and on other stacking techniques. Where available, explicit information is given about the procedure, electrolyte(s) used, detector employed and sensitivity reached. Not reviewed are papers on transient isotachophoresis which are covered by another review in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Šlampová
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdena Malá
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Gebauer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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13
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Gao F, Lu W, Liu H, Li J, Chen L. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of five chlorophenols in water samples followed by determination using capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2431-2438. [PMID: 30004131 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) coupled with CE was developed for simultaneous determination of five types of chlorophenols (CPs), namely 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP), and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) in water samples. Several parameters affecting DLLME and CE conditions were systematically investigated. Under the optimized DLLME-CE conditions, the five CPs were separated completely within 7.5 min and good enrichment factors were obtained of 40, 193, 102, 15, and 107 for 4-CP, 2,4,6-TCP, 2,4-DCP, 2-CP, and 2,6-DCP, respectively. Good linearity was attained in the range of 1-200 μg/L for 2,4,6-TCP, 2,4-DCP, 2-300 μg/L for 4-CP and 2-CP, and 1-300 μg/L for 2,6-DCP, with correlation coefficients (r) over 0.99. The LOD (S/N = 3) and the LOQ (S/N = 10) were 0.31-0.75 μg/L and 1.01-2.43 μg/L, respectively. Recoveries ranging from 60.85 to 112.36% were obtained with tap, lake, and river water spiked at three concentration levels and the RSDs (for n = 3) were 1.31-11.38%. With the characteristics of simplicity, cost-saving, and environmental friendliness, the developed DLLME-CE method proved to be potentially applicable for the rapid, sensitive, and simultaneous determination of trace CPs in complicated water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering Technology of Shandong Province, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Wenhui Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering Technology of Shandong Province, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Huitao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering Technology of Shandong Province, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering Technology of Shandong Province, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, P. R. China
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Wang Y, Li H, Yang Z, Zhang W, Hua J. Simultaneous determination of furfural and its degradation products, furoic acid and maleic acid, in transformer oil by the reversed-phase vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:4805-4812. [PMID: 29068516 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To explore why the use of furfural as a transformer oil-paper insulation aging characteristic is problematic in real world application, we developed a method for the simultaneous determination of furfural, furoic acid, and maleic acid in transformer oil by reversed-phase vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography. The conditions for the proposed method were optimized, and the obtained extract can be directly analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The detection limits (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) of the method ranged from 1.0 to 4.6 μg/L, the enrichment factors for furfural, furoic acid, maleic acid, and fumaric acid were 4.6, 25.1, 15.6, and 17.5, respectively, and the recovery rates for three analytes (fumaric acid was undetected) range from 82.1 to 106.2%. The contents of furfural, furoic acid, and maleic acid resulted from accelerated aging of transformer insulation oil-paper were measured using the present method for the first time, and the aging samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for the identification of furoic acid and maleic acid in the aging transformer oil samples. Using the optimal method, the target products of samples at different aging time were tracked and measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Jia Hua
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, P. R. China
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