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Xing L, Liu Y, Li W, Zou L, Wang Y, Luo R. Simultaneous determination of triazole fungicides in animal-origin food by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem X 2023; 20:100956. [PMID: 38144806 PMCID: PMC10740030 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A method for the simultaneous determination of 21 triazole fungicides in animal-origin foods was established by using UPLC-MS/MS. The dilution solvent, extraction solvent, and QuEChERS purification adsorbent composition, were optimized. The response value of the target compound was the highest and the chromatographic peak shape was optimal under the following conditions: water-acetonitrile as the mobile phase, acetonitrile to extract the target compound, C18 (100 mg) as the adsorbent, and water-acetonitrile as the diluent. Our method was validated under electrospray ionization (ESI) + conditions with six animal-origin foods. The 21 triazole fungicides showed good linear relationships (0.1-20 μg∙L-1, R2 > 0.99). The limits of detection and quantitation ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 μg∙kg-1 and 0.3 to 0.9 μg∙kg-1, respectively. The average recoveries ranged from 72.0% to 114.8% with RSDs < 9.9%. Therefore, our method was suitable for the determination of pesticide residues in commercially available animal-origin samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Xing
- Analysis and Testing Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agriculture and Reclamation Science, Shihezi 832000, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Food Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, PR China
| | - Wenqi Li
- College of Food Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, PR China
| | - Liangjun Zou
- Analysis and Testing Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agriculture and Reclamation Science, Shihezi 832000, PR China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Analysis and Testing Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agriculture and Reclamation Science, Shihezi 832000, PR China
- College of Food Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, PR China
| | - Ruifeng Luo
- Analysis and Testing Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agriculture and Reclamation Science, Shihezi 832000, PR China
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2
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Shahsavani A, Aladaghlo Z, Fakhari AR. Dispersive magnetic solid phase extraction of triazole fungicides based on polybenzidine/magnetic nanoparticles in environmental samples. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:377. [PMID: 37661209 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05948-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
A polybenzidine-modified Fe3O4@SiO2 nanocomposite was successfully synthesized through a chemical oxidation method and employed as a novel sorbent in dispersive magnetic solid phase extraction (DMSPE) for the preconcentration and determination of three triazole fungicides (TFs), namely diniconazole, tebuconazole, and triticonazole in river water, rice paddy soil, and grape samples. The synthesis method involved a polybenzidine self-assembly coating on Fe3O4@SiO2 magnetic composite. Characterization techniques such as FT-IR, XRD, FESEM, EDX, and VSM were used to confirm the correctness of the synthesized nano-sorbent. The target TFs were determined in actual samples using the synthesized nanocomposite sorbent in combination with gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (FID). Several variables were carefully optimized , including the sample pH, sorbent dosage, extraction time, ionic strength, and desorption condition (solvent type, volume, and time). Under the optimized experimental conditions, the method exhibited linearity in the concentration range 5-1000 ng mL-1 for triticonazole and 2-1000 ng mL-1 for diniconazole and tebuconazole. The limits of detection (LOD) for the three TFs were in the range 0.6-1.5 ng mL-1. The method demonstrated acceptable precision with intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviation (RSD) values of less than 6.5%. The enrichment factors ranged from 248 to 254. Finally, the method applicability was evaluated by determining TFs in river water, rice paddy soil, and grape samples with recoveries in the range 90.5-106, indicating that the matrix effect was negligible in the proposed DMSPE procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfath Shahsavani
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P.O. Box 198396-3113, Evin, Tehran, I.R, Iran
| | - Zolfaghar Aladaghlo
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, 31587-77871, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Fakhari
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P.O. Box 198396-3113, Evin, Tehran, I.R, Iran.
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3
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Zhang Y, Ren T, Fu R, Lu Q, Guo X, Di X. An effervescence-assisted switchable deep eutectic solvent based liquid-phase microextraction of triazole fungicides in drinking water and beverage. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464149. [PMID: 37343404 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
A new effervescence-assisted switchable deep eutectic solvent-based liquid phase microextraction (EA-SDES-LPME) combined with HPLC-UV was developed for determination of common triazole fungicides in drinking water and beverages, including myclobutanil, flusilazole, hexaconazole and bitertanol. The alternative extraction solvent was prepared with hexafluoroisopropanol and dipropylamine with the merits of time-saving, easy to collect and cost-effectiveness. The SDES can be reversibly switched between hydrophilic and hydrophobic states by pH adjustment. The homogeneous extraction was achieved under the hydrophilic form of SDES, and the bi-phase separation was obtained easily by adjusting pH value to restore the original hydrophobicity. Moreover, the characterization of SDES was investigated by FTIR and 1H NMR. The main variables affecting extraction efficiency were optimized in detail. Under the optimal conditions, the proposed method shows desirable precision (RSDs less than 18.5%) and acceptable recovery (72.6-95.4%). The lower limits of detection and limits of quantitation were found to be in the range of 1-2 μg L-1 and 5-10 μg L-1, respectively. The formation mechanism of SDES and the extraction mechanism for target analytes were investigated by density functional theory. The proposed methodology was simplicity, sensitive, time-saving and successfully applied to determine triazole fungicides in drinking water and beverages, making it an alternative technique for the analysis of trace analytes with satisfactory sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Ningxia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Tingze Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Ningxia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Ruiyu Fu
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Ningxia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Qingxin Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Ningxia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Ningxia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Xin Di
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Ningxia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
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4
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Afshar Mogaddam MR, Farajzadeh MA, Abbasalizadeh A, Nemati M, Alizadeh Nabil AA, Tuzen M, Pourali A. Development of homogeneous dispersive solid phase extraction using albumin as a green sorbent and its combination with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction: application in extraction of pesticides from fruit juices. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:4187-4193. [PMID: 37581438 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00626c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, salt- and pH-induced homogeneous dispersive solid phase extraction was developed using albumin as a sorbent for the extraction of some pesticides (diazinon, diniconazole, haloxyfop-R-methyl, and hexaconazole) from fruit juice of orange, pomegranate, and barberry. The extracted analytes were more concentrated by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction to obtain high enrichment factors and low detection limits prior to their determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In the extraction process, human serum albumin solution was added to the sample solution at the μL-level and a homogeneous solution was obtained. Then, albumin was precipitated into the solution by adding an inorganic salt and decreasing the solution pH. By doing so, the analytes were adsorbed by albumin effectively due to their high adsorption capacity and large surface area. Following this, the pesticides were eluted from the albumin sorbent using an elution solvent and used in a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction step. Under the optimum extraction conditions, low limits of detection and quantification were achieved in the ranges of 0.02-0.04 and 0.07-0.13 ng mL-1, respectively. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.13-250 ng mL-1. Relative standard deviation as a criterion for precision and the method repeatability were in the ranges of 2.9-4.2% for intra- (n = 5, C = 5 or 50 ng mL-1) and 3.2-5.2% for inter-day (n = 5, 50 ng mL-1) precisions. The enrichment factors and extraction recoveries were in the ranges of 390-460 and 78-92%, respectively. Finally, the offered procedure was applied for the analysis of pesticide residues in some fruit juice samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mir Ali Farajzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
- Engineering Faculty, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Aysa Abbasalizadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahboob Nemati
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical and Food Control Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mustafa Tuzen
- Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Art and Science Faculty, Chemistry Department, Tokat 60250, Turkey
| | - Ali Pourali
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Na Y, Gao X, Hong J, Zhou X, Liang N, Zhao L. Vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on the hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based ferrofluid for extraction and detection of myclobutanil. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:352. [PMID: 37581743 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05884-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
A vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (VA-DLLME) procedure using hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based ferrofluid (HDES-FF) as an extractant was established. The developed sample preparation method coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was applied to the pretreatment and determination of myclobutanil (MYC) in fruit juice. Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent, synthesized by n-decanoic acid and DL-menthol, was as a carrier and combined with magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@OA) to form HDES-FF as an extractant with high extraction capacity. The synthesized materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Parameters affecting extraction efficiency were optimized using single-factor experiments and Box-Behnken design via response surface methodology (BBD-RSM). Parallel tests were performed three times under the optimal conditions predicted by the model, yielding an actual mean recovery of 94.77% with RSD of 2.7% (n = 3) and an enrichment factor of 41.8 ± 0.98 (mean value ± SD, n = 3). Under the optimal conditions, the linear range was 1.0-100.0 µg·mL-1; the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.25 and 0.80 µg·mL-1, respectively. The average spiked recoveries in the samples ranged from 98.2 to 100.5% with intra-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.2-3.5% (n = 3) and inter-day RSDs of 1.1-3.8% (n = 3). Finally, the method was successfully applied to the determination of MYC antimicrobial agent in different fruit juice samples. The proposed HDES-FF-VA-DLLME/HPLC-DAD method was verified to widely apply to the extraction of triazole fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Na
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenhe District, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Gao
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenhe District, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xunyong Zhou
- Guangdong Province, HC Enzyme Biotech Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, 518001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Longshan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenhe District, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang Z, Zhang J, Li M, Jin X, Yao L, Wang W, Liu J, Li Z. Combination of switchable hydrophilic solvent liquid-liquid microextraction with QuEChERS for trace determination of triazole fungicide pesticides by GC-MS. ANAL SCI 2023:10.1007/s44211-023-00324-6. [PMID: 36947336 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
This work first proposed a novel green and efficient method based on Quick, Easy, Cheap, Efficient, Rugged, and Safe pretreatment (QuEChERS) combined with switchable hydrophilic solvent homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction (SHS-HLLME) for trace determination of triazole fungicides (TFs) in agricultural products such as vegetables and fruits by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). N,N-Dimethyl benzylamine was used for the synthesis of SHS. Box-Behnken design was applied for the optimization of extraction conditions and a mathematical model was obtained. Ultimately, 0.50 mL SHS, 1.0 mL 10 mol L-1 sodium hydroxide, and 45 s ultrasonic time were determined as optimal conditions for the SHS-HLLME method. The limit of detection and limit of quantification determined using the optimal method (SHS-HLLME/GC-MS) were 0.13-0.27 ng mL-1 and 0.43-0.90 ng mL-1, respectively. In addition, the SHS-HLLME method under optimal conditions was combined with the traditional QuEChERS method to realize the advancement of the SHS-HLLME method from simple to complex matrix analysis, and the QuEChERS-SHS-HLLME method was successfully applied to the analysis of TFs in cucumbers, tomatoes, watermelon and grapes in agricultural products. Matrix-matched calibration standards were used to improve the accuracy of TFs in spiked cucumber samples to obtain recovery results close to 100%. It was shown that the new method is green and rapid, enabling fast and inexpensive sample pretreatment with up to 100-fold enrichment factor and low detection limit compared with the original QuEChERS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Xiacheng District, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Xiacheng District, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mufei Li
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Xiangzi Jin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Xiacheng District, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Yao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Xiacheng District, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Xiacheng District, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
| | - Zuguang Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Xiacheng District, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Gallo V, Della Posta S, Gentili A, Gherardi M, De Gara L, Fanali C. Back‐extraction applied to green matrix solid‐phase dispersion for fungicides determination in tomatoes. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Gallo
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment University Campus Bio‐Medico of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Susanna Della Posta
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment University Campus Bio‐Medico of Rome Rome Italy
| | | | - Monica Gherardi
- Department of medicine, epidemiology, occupational and environmental hygiene, Chemical agents rIsk laboratory National Institute for assurance against accidents at works Rome Italy
| | - Laura De Gara
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment University Campus Bio‐Medico of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Chiara Fanali
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment University Campus Bio‐Medico of Rome Rome Italy
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8
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Daghi MM, Nemati M, Abbasalizadeh A, Farajzadeh MA, Afshar Mogaddam MR, Mohebbi A. Combination of dispersive solid phase extraction using MIL–88A as a sorbent and deep eutectic solvent–based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the extraction of some pesticides from fruit juices before their determination by GC–MS. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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Preconcentration of triazole fungicides using effervescent assisted switchable hydrophilicity solvent-based microextraction prior to high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Kannouma RE, Hammad MA, Kamal AH, Mansour FR. Miniaturization of Liquid-Liquid extraction; the barriers and the enablers. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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11
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Khiaophong W, Jaroensan J, Kachangoon R, Vichapong J, Burakham R, Santaladchaiyakit Y, Srijaranai S. Modified Peanut Shell as an Eco-Friendly Biosorbent for Effective Extraction of Triazole Fungicide Residues in Surface Water and Honey Samples before Their Determination by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:34877-34887. [PMID: 36211057 PMCID: PMC9535652 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An eco-friendly sample preparation method that is based on the use of a modified peanut shell as an efficient biosorbent for the extraction of triazole residues before their analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography was reported. The four triazole fungicides were separated on a Purospher STAR RP-18 endcapped (4.6 × 150 mm, 5 μm) column with a mobile phase of 50% (v/v) acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1 and detection wavelength set at 220 nm. Peanut shells modified by didodecyldimethylammonium bromide were selected as an effective biosorbent material in the microextraction method. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the biosorbent. The effect of dominant parameters on the proposed microextraction method including the amount of sorbent, kind and concentration of surfactant, sodium hydroxide concentration, kind and amount of salt, sample volume, adsorption time, kind and volume desorption solvent, and desorption time was studied. Under the optimum condition, a good analytical performance for the proposed microextraction method was obtained with a wide linear range within the range of 9-1000 μg L-1, and low limits of detection (0.03 μg L-1 for all analytes) were obtained. Enrichment factors were achieved within the range of 30-51. The intra and interday precision values were evaluated in terms of percentage relative standard deviations (%RSD) and were less than 0.09 and 5.34% for the retention time and peak area, respectively. The proposed microextraction methods were used for extraction and analysis of triazole fungicides in water and honey samples. The recoveries in a satisfactory range of 70.0-118.8% were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannipha Khiaophong
- Creative
Chemistry and Innovation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and
Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Jedsada Jaroensan
- Creative
Chemistry and Innovation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and
Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Rawikan Kachangoon
- Creative
Chemistry and Innovation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and
Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Jitlada Vichapong
- Creative
Chemistry and Innovation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and
Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
- Multidisciplinary
Research Unit of Pure and Applied Chemistry (MRUPAC), Department of
Chemistry and Center of Excellent for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Rodjana Burakham
- Materials
Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence
for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Yanawath Santaladchaiyakit
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala
University of Technology Isan, Khon Kaen Campus, Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand
| | - Supalax Srijaranai
- Materials
Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence
for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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12
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Rezaie N, Nojavan S, Behpour M. Amylodextrin hydrogel as a green sorbent for pipette-tip micro-solid phase extraction followed by ion mobility spectrometry for analysis of triazole fungicides in environmental water samples. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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13
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Marzi Khosrowshahi E, Afshar Mogaddam MR, Javadzadeh Y, Altunay N, Tuzen M, Kaya S, Ghalkhani M, Farajzadeh MA, Nemati M. Experimental and density functional theoretical modeling of triazole pesticides extraction by Ti2C nanosheets as a sorbent in dispersive solid phase extraction method before HPLC-MS/MS analysis. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Kachangoon R, Vichapong J, Santaladchaiyakit Y, Srijaranai S. An In Situ Formation of Ionic Liquid for Enrichment of Triazole Fungicides in Food Applications Followed by HPLC Determination. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113416. [PMID: 35684354 PMCID: PMC9182422 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An in situ formation of ionic liquid was used for preconcentration of four triazole fungicides in food samples. The microextraction method was used for the first time in the literature for preconcentration of triazole fungicides. In the developed method, tributylhexadecylphosphonium bromide ([P44412]Br) and potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF6) were used for the formation of hydrophobic ionic liquid. After centrifugation, the fine microdroplets were produced in one step, providing the extraction step in a quick and environmentally friendly manner. The functional group of the hydrophobic ionic liquid was investigated using FT-IR. Various extraction parameters were studied and optimized. In the extraction method, 0.01 g of [P44412]Br and 0.01 g of KPF6, centrifugation at 4500 rpm for 10 min were used. The optimized technique provided a good linear range (90-1000 μg L-1) and high extraction recovery, with a low limit of detection (30-50 μg L-1). Methods for the proposed in situ formation of ionic liquid were successfully applied to honey, fruit juice, and egg matrices. The recoveries were obtained in a satisfactory range of 62-112%. The results confirmed the suitability of the proposed microextraction method for selective extraction and quantification of triazole fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawikan Kachangoon
- Creative Chemistry and Innovation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellent for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand;
| | - Jitlada Vichapong
- Creative Chemistry and Innovation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellent for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand;
- Multidisplinary Research Unit of Pure and Applied Chemistry (MRUPAC), Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellent for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
- Correspondence:
| | - Yanawath Santaladchaiyakit
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Khon Kaen Campus, Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand;
| | - Supalax Srijaranai
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellent for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
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15
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Lv H, Jin X, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Zhu G, Li Z, Lee M. Ultrasound-assisted switchable hydrophilic solvent-based homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of triazole fungicides in environmental water by GC-MS. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:1187-1193. [PMID: 35230360 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay02109e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A new method was developed for the determination of three triazole fungicides in environmental water samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) based on ultrasonic assisted switchable hydrophilic solvent homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction. As a switchable hydrophilic solvent, N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA) does not require a dispersant or centrifugation. Ultrasound assistance is helpful to speed up the extraction of target compounds and can reduce the pretreatment time. The entire pretreatment process of this method only takes 5 minutes. Using the Box-Behnken design as the means of optimization, optimal extraction conditions were obtained through a mathematical model. Good linearity was obtained in the range of 5-500 μg L-1, and the correlation coefficient of target compounds was greater than 0.999. The matrix spiked recoveries were between 81.3% and 111.1% and the detection limit was between 0.46 and 0.99 μg L-1. Intraday relative standard deviation (n = 3) was 13.0-13.9% at 100 μg L-1. Finally, it was concluded that the method is a rapid, efficient and simple method for the analysis of triazole fungicides in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihao Lv
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Xiangzi Jin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Yao Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Guohua Zhu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China.
| | - Zuguang Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Mawrong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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16
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Lin Z, Zhang Y, Zhao Q, Cui Y, Chen A, Jiao B. In-situ decomposed nanofluids dispersive liquid-phase microextraction for detection of seven triazole fungicidets in fruit juices and tea drinks. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Sun M, Li C, Feng J, Sun H, Sun M, Feng Y, Ji X, Han S, Feng J. Development of aerogels in solid-phase extraction and microextraction. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Farajzadeh MA, Kiavar L, Pezhhanfar S. Development of a method based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by partial vaporization of the extract for ultra-preconcentration of some pesticide residues in fruit juices. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1653:462427. [PMID: 34332315 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A new simple and efficient method has been developed for the ultra-preconcentration of multiclass pesticide residues including penconazole, chlorpyrifos, ametryn, clodinafop-propargyl, diniconazole, oxadiazon, and fenpropathrin from some fruit juice samples based on evaporation of the sedimented organic phase obtained from dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. The enriched target analytes were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. In the microextraction procedure, a mixture of iso-propanol as a disperser and 1,2-dibromoethane as an extraction solvent is quickly injected into an aqueous phase containing the analytes and centrifuged. Afterward, the sedimented phase is transferred into a special shaped vaporization vessel and vaporized with nitrogen gas stream until remaining about 2 µL of it. Eventually, 1 µL of the remained sedimented phase is removed and analyzed by separation system. The optimum extraction and disperser solvents were found to be 1,2-dibromoethane and iso-propanol, respectively. In addition, the optimum pH range was 6-8, and nitrogen gas stream at a flow rate of 90 mL min-1 in a downward oriented vessel was applied. Eventually, the limits of detection and quantification were obtained in the ranges of 45-78 and 149-261 ng L-1, respectively. Relative standard deviations at the concentrations of 300, 500 and 1000 ng L-1 of each analyte were ranged between 2.2% and 5.8% for intra-day (n = 6) precision. Inter-day (n = 3) precision at a concentration of 500 ng L-1 of each analyte was obtained in the range of 4.9-7.1%. In addition, enrichment factors and extraction recoveries were ranged from 1382-2246 and 55-89%, respectively. Finally, the method was successfully utilized in analysis of the target pesticides in the selected juices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Ali Farajzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Engineering Faculty, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey; Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Laleh Kiavar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sakha Pezhhanfar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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19
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Šelešovská R, Schwarzová-Pecková K, Sokolová R, Krejčová K, Martinková-Kelíšková P. The first study of triazole fungicide difenoconazole oxidation and its voltammetric and flow amperometric detection on boron doped diamond electrode. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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20
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Piao H, Jiang Y, Qin Z, Ma P, Sun Y, Wang X, Song D, Fei Q. Application of an in-situ formulated magnetic deep eutectic solvent for the determination of triazine herbicides in rice. Talanta 2021; 222:121527. [PMID: 33167237 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a rapid, convenient, sensitive, and cost-effective in-situ formed magnetic deep eutectic solvent based on a dispersive liquid-liquid extraction method was developed for the determination of triazine herbicides in rice. A novel tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC) based magnetic deep eutectic solvent (MDES), [TBAC/ethylene glycol][FeCl4] was generated by means of an simple in-situ reaction of the deep eutectic solvent (DES) with iron chloride in the sample solution. The solvent which has high affinity for target analytes and magnetic ability was successfully employed as an extraction solvent and simplified both the extraction and separation procedure. A series of parameters influencing the extraction efficiency were investigated. Under optimal conditions, calibration curves for the target triazine herbicides were obtained in the ranges of 5-1000 ng g-1, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9910. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were in the range of 1.49-3.10 ng g-1 and 4.96-10.34 ng g-1, respectively. The precision of intra- and inter-day were under 6.2% and 9.6%, respectively, and the precision between laboratories were lower than 7.5%. The accuracy of the method varied from 84.9 to 117.5%. Furthermore, the method showed satisfactory matrix effect and robustness. These results indicate that the technique is suitable for rice sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilan Piao
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Yanxiao Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Zucheng Qin
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Pinyi Ma
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Ying Sun
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Xinghua Wang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Daqian Song
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Qiang Fei
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, PR China.
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21
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Magnetic solid-phase extraction of triazole fungicides based on magnetic porous carbon prepared by combustion combined with solvothermal method. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1129:85-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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Nasiri M, Ahmadzadeh H, Amiri A. Sample preparation and extraction methods for pesticides in aquatic environments: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Xiong YB, Lu ZH, Wang DD, Yang MNO, Guo HM, Yang ZH. Application of polydopamine functionalized magnetic graphene in triazole fungicides residue analysis. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1614:460725. [PMID: 31767260 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a new analytical method based on polydopamine functionalized magnetic graphene (PDA@MG) adsorbent material has been developed to determine three triazole fungicides in water samples. As previous step, a novel polydopamine functionalized PDA@MG adsorbent material has been successfully prepared, which was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Based on this novel material, a new magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) method coupled with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been established for the determination of triazole fungicides in water samples. The main factors which could affect the experimental results were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, good linarites has been achieved in the range of 0.2-50 µg L-1, with the correlation coefficients (R2) were between 0.9962 and 0.9996. The limits of detections (LODs) were 0.0048-0.0084 µg L-1, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were between 1.7% and 4.8%. In addition, enrichment factors (EFs) were 572-916 times, which showed triazole fungicides residues could be accurately extracted and analyzed in this way. In the final experiment, the established method was applied to the detection of target analyzes in water samples. Satisfied results could be obtained for tebuconazole, propiconazole, and flusilazole. The recoveries of five water samples were between 69.4% and 106.4%, and the RSD were between 1.0% and 6.5%. The development method is more easy, effective, green and environmental-friendly, and has potential for application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Bing Xiong
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Department of Plant Protection, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Zhi-Heng Lu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Department of Plant Protection, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Department of Plant Protection, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mei-Nan Ou Yang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Department of Plant Protection, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hao-Ming Guo
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Department of Plant Protection, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Yang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Department of Plant Protection, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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24
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Li C, Sun M, Ji X, Han S, Feng J, Guo W, Feng J. Triazine‐based organic polymers@SiO
2
nanospheres for sensitive solid‐phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:622-630. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Li
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan Jinan 250022 P.R. China
| | - Min Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan Jinan 250022 P.R. China
| | - Xiangping Ji
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan Jinan 250022 P.R. China
| | - Sen Han
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan Jinan 250022 P.R. China
| | - Jiaqing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan Jinan 250022 P.R. China
| | - Wenjuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan Jinan 250022 P.R. China
| | - Juanjuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan Jinan 250022 P.R. China
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25
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Li C, Sun M, Ji X, Han S, Wang X, Tian Y, Feng J. Carbonized cotton fibers via a facile method for highly sensitive solid‐phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2155-2162. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Li
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Min Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Xiangping Ji
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Sen Han
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Xiuqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Yu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Juanjuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of ShandongSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
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26
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Jing X, Yang L, Zhao W, Wang F, Chen Z, Ma L, Jia L, Wang X. Evaporation-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic droplets for the determination of triazole fungicides in water samples by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1597:46-53. [PMID: 30926256 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, and effective analytical procedure for determining three triazole fungicides (myclobutanil, epoxiconazole, and tebuconazole) in water samples is developed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection after evaporation-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic droplets. The extraction procedure involves the sequential addition of the extraction solvent 1-dodecanol (low density), volatile solvent dichloromethane (high density), and calcium oxide to the aqueous sample (the latter reacting exothermically). The CaO reaction can promote the volatilization of the dichloromethane which disperses the 1-dodecanol as fine droplets in the aqueous sample due to the bubbles generated. Therefore, a dispersive solvent is not required. Then, the floating 1-dodecanol is solidified using an ice bath for easy separation from the sample. The variables (the volumes of extraction and volatile solvents, amounts of calcium oxide and sodium chloride, pH values, and extraction time) in the extraction procedure are further optimized. Under optimized conditions, the linearity ranges are 0.05-5 μg mL-1 with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99. The limits of detection and quantification are 0.0051-0.0090 μg mL-1 and 0.0169-0.0299 μg mL-1, respectively. The recoveries of myclobutanil, epoxiconazole, and tebuconazole in tap, reservoir, and river water range between 77.6% and 104.4% with relative standard deviations ranging from 0.6% to 7.8%. Hence, the method was reliable for analysis of myclobutanil, epoxiconazole, and tebuconazole in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Jing
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, PR China
| | - Lu Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, PR China
| | - Wenfei Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, PR China
| | - Fang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Zhenjia Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, PR China
| | - Ling Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, PR China
| | - Liyan Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, PR China.
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