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Phirisi N, Płotka-Wasylka J, Bunkoed O. A magnetic imprinted polymer nano-adsorbent with embedded quantum dots and mesoporous carbon for the microextraction of triazine herbicides. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1726:464977. [PMID: 38735117 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
A magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MMIP) adsorbent incorporating amino-functionalized magnetite nanoparticles, nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots and mesoporous carbon (MIP@MPC@N-GQDs@Fe3O4NH2) was fabricated to extract triazine herbicides from fruit juice. The embedded magnetite nanoparticles simplified the isolation of the adsorbent from the sample solution. The N-GQDs and MPC enhanced adsorption by affinity binding with triazines. The MIP layer provided highly specific recognition sites for the selective adsorption of three target triazines. The extracted triazines were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with diode-array detection (DAD). The developed method exhibited linearity from 1.5 to 100.0 µg L-1 with a detection limit of 0.5 µg L-1. Recoveries from spiked fruit juice samples were in the range of 80.1- 108.4 %, with a relative standard deviation of less than 6.0 %. The developed MMIP adsorbent demonstrated good selectivity, high extraction efficiency, ease of fabrication and use, and good stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhasima Phirisi
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Justyna Płotka-Wasylka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12G. Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; BioTechMed Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12G. Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Opas Bunkoed
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
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2
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Sun X, Xing L, Xing J, Zheng X, Liu J, Peng J, Li Z, Tan Z, Wang L. Variation and characterization of prometryn in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) after seawater exposure. Sci Total Environ 2023; 897:165375. [PMID: 37422222 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Prometryn (PRO) is frequently detected in shellfish of international trade among triazine herbicides because of its wide application in agriculture and aquaculture worldwide. Nevertheless, the variations of PRO remain unclear in aquatic organisms, which affect the accuracy of their food safety risk assessment. In the present study, the tissue-specific accumulation, biotransformation, and potential metabolic pathway of PRO were reported in oyster species Crassostrea gigas for the first time. The experiments were conducted through semi-static seawater exposure with low and high concentrations of PRO (at nominal concentrations of 10 and 100 μg/L) via daily renewal over 22 days, followed by 16 days of depuration in clean seawater. The characterization of prometryn in oysters was then evaluated through the bioaccumulation behavior, elimination pathway and metabolic transformation, comparing with other organisms. The digestive gland and gonad were found to be the main target organs during uptake. In addition, the highest bioconcentration factor of 67.4 ± 4.1 was observed when exposed to low concentration. The level of PRO in oyster tissues rapidly decreased within 1 day during depuration, with an elimination rate of >90 % for the gill. Moreover, four metabolites of PRO were identified in oyster samples of exposed groups, including HP, DDIHP, DIP, and DIHP, in which HP was the major metabolite. Considering the mass percentage of hydroxylated metabolites higher than 90 % in oyster samples, PRO poses a larger threat to aquatic organisms than rat. Finally, the biotransformation pathway of PRO in C. gigas was proposed, the major metabolic process of which was hydroxylation along with N-dealkylation. Meanwhile, the newly discovered biotransformation of PRO in oyster indicates the importance of monitoring environmental levels of PRO in cultured shellfish, to prevent possible ecotoxicological effects as well as to ensure the safety of aquatic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Lihong Xing
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Jun Xing
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Xuying Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Jiamin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Jixing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Zhaoxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
| | - Lianzhu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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Li Y, Guo R, Liang X, Yao B, Yan S, Guo Y, Han Y, Cui J. Pollution characteristics, ecological and health risks of herbicides in a drinking water source and its inflowing rivers in North China. Environ Pollut 2023; 334:122130. [PMID: 37394054 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
This study measured the pollution characteristics and ecological and health risks of 19 herbicides found in drinking water sources and their inflowing rivers. The targeted herbicides were prevalent in the study area, but most concentrations were well below 10 ng L-1. Acetochlor and atrazine were the dominant herbicides, although their levels were much lower than previously reported. Total herbicide residual levels were greater in April than in December and increased from upstream to downstream, resulting in the highest pollution levels found in the reservoirs, likely due to herbicides delivered from upstream and dense agricultural planting in the surrounding areas. Only atrazine and ametryn presented moderate ecological risks, while the summed risk quotients (ΣRQs) of each sample were >0.1, indicated that the total herbicide levels represented a moderate risk in all samples. For the human health risks, the risk quotients (RQ) of all target herbicides, the total RQs of each sample, and estimated life-stage RQs were far smaller than the 0.2 threshold, indicating the absence of human health risks when the water was consumed at any stage of life. However, early life stages exhibited 3-6 times higher RQ values than adulthood and should not be overlooked. And crucially, the synergistic or antagonistic effects of mixed herbicides are not well understood, and further research is needed to understand the impact of these herbicides on the ecosystem and human health, particularly possible affects in early life stages, such as infants and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Ruiyao Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Xiaoge Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Bo Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China.
| | - Shuwen Yan
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yanan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Hebei Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Yonghui Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Jiansheng Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
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Ma M, Niu Z, Tang Z, Bai J, Li B, Zhou Y, Wen Y. Coconut shell biochar application in liquid-solid microextraction of triazine herbicides from multi-media environmental samples. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1261:341225. [PMID: 37147057 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, fast, widely applicable liquid-solid microextraction and purification method of triazine herbicides (TRZHs) in muti-media samples using salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) combined with self-assembled monolithic spin columns-solid phase micro extraction (MSC-SPME) was developed. Environmentally friendly coconut shell biochar (CSB) was used as the adsorbents of MSC-SPME. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was the separation and determination method. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms were investigated to indicate the interaction between CSB and TRZHs. Several parameters influencing the liquid-solid microextraction efficiency, such as sample pH, salting-out solution volume and pH, sample loading speed, elution speed, elution ratio and volume of eluent were systematically investigated with the aid of orthogonal design. The whole extraction process was operated within 10 min. Under the optimum extraction and determination conditions, good linearities for three TRZHs were obtained in a range of 0.10-200.00 ng mL-1, with linear coefficients (R2) greater than 0.999. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were in the range of 6.99-11.00 ng L-1 and 23.33-36.68 ng L-1, respectively. The recoveries of the three TRZHs in multi-media environmental samples were ranged from 69.00% to 124.72%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) lower than 0.43%. This SALLE-MSC-SPME-UPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to the determination of TRZHs in environmental and food samples and exhibited the advantages of high efficiency and sensitivity, low cost, and environmental friendliness. Compared with the methods published before, CSB-MSC was green, rapid, easy-operated, and reduced the whole cost of the experiment; SALLE combined MSC-SPME eliminated the matrix references effectively; what's more, the SALLE-MSC-SPME-UPLC-MS/MS method could be applied to various sample without complicated sample pretreatment procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengge Ma
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Tropical Medicine, International School of Public Health and One Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Zongliang Niu
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medicine and Life Science, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Zhuhua Tang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Haikou, China
| | - Jinyang Bai
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Tropical Medicine, International School of Public Health and One Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Bei Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Haikou, China
| | - Yuling Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Haikou, China.
| | - Yingying Wen
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Tropical Medicine, International School of Public Health and One Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Haikou, 571199, China.
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Liu Z, Wang J, Yang X, Wu Q, Wang Z, Yan H. Green construction of hydroxyl-functionalized magnetic porous organic framework for effective extraction of triazine herbicides from environmental water and watermelon juice samples. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1260:341222. [PMID: 37121655 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Triazine herbicides have been widely detected in water resources and food, which poses a potential hazard to both ecosystem and human health. Due to their high polarity, conventional adsorbents have limitations for their extractions. Herein, for the effective magnetic extraction of triazine herbicides, a novel and effective magnetic adsorbent was prepared with a satisfactory extraction performance. In the experiments, five porous organic frameworks (POFs) with hydroxyl functional groups were synthesized by diazo-coupling reactions in aqueous solution with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as a green monomer. After evaluation of the five POFs, the DDM-CD-POF, which was synthesized with 4'4-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) and β-CD, showed the largest specific surface area and the best adsorption capacity for the five triazine herbicides. Then, it was magnetized by introducing Fe3O4@SiO2 into it to prepare a magnetic adsorbent (M-DDM-CD-POF) to facilitate separation and recycling. Finally, the M-DDM-CD-POF-based magnetic solid-phase extraction in combination with high performance liquid chromatographic detection method was established for the quantitative determination of the triazine herbicides in environmental water and watermelon juice samples. The current strategy showed low limits of detection of 0.03-0.11 ng mL-1 for environmental water and 0.07-0.22 ng mL-1 for watermelon juice sample. The method recoveries for spiked samples ranged from 84.0% to 113.0% with the relative standard deviations ≤8.8%. This work provides a new approach for the detection of the triazine herbicides with good application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Juntao Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Xiumin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Qiuhua Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
| | - Hongyuan Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
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Pan X, Xu L, He Z, Wan Y. Occurrence, fate, seasonal variability, and risk assessment of twelve triazine herbicides and eight related derivatives in source, treated, and tap water of Wuhan, Central China. Chemosphere 2023; 322:138158. [PMID: 36806804 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Triazine herbicides have been widely used, are frequently detected in aqueous environments and soils, and can cause acute or chronic toxicity to living organisms. We collected source water samples (n = 20) originating from the Hanshui River and the Yangtze River of Wuhan section, treated water samples (n = 20), and tap water samples (n = 169) in Wuhan, Central China during 2019 for determination of twelve triazine herbicides and their eight derivatives (collectively defined as TZs) and characterizing their fate during water treatment. Eighteen of the twenty TZs were detected in the source water. Atrazine (ATZ) had the highest concentrations (median: 22.4 ng/L) in the source water samples while DACT had the highest concentrations (median: 31.4 ng/L) in the treated water. "Tryns" (ametryn, prometryn, simetryn, terbutryn) were efficiently removed by conventional water treatment, while other target analytes were not; interestingly, hydroxypropazine and prometon increased significantly accompanied by prometryn disappearance, which implicated potential transformation pathways. In addition, "tryns" might be transformed into "tons" (atraton, prometon, secbumeton, terbumeton) by ozonation. In the tap water samples, diaminochlorotriazine had the highest concentrations (median: 34.9 ng/L) among the target analytes, followed by ATZ (18.3 ng/L), hydroxyatrazine (5.17 ng/L), deethylatrazine (5.00 ng/L), hydroxypropazine (3.20 ng/L), deisopropylatrazine (2.05 ng/L), hydroxydesethylatrazine (1.68 ng/L), and others. The TZs had the highest cumulative concentration in July in the tap water samples (median: 89.7 ng/L). This study found that ozonation in combination with activated carbon was more efficient in removing triazine herbicides, although "tryns" could also be transformed during conventional treatment. Ecological risk assessment showed moderate risks posed by hydroxyterbuthylazine, prometryn, and simetryn; the Hanshui River had higher risks than the Yangtze River, and July had higher risks than February. Human exposure to the TZs via water ingestion was low compared to the reference doses. This study characterized the occurrence of some new emerging TZs in the source water, their fate during drinking water treatment, and their seasonal variability in the tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyun Pan
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention & Control, Wuhan, Hubei, 430015, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xu
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention & Control, Wuhan, Hubei, 430015, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu He
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention & Control, Wuhan, Hubei, 430015, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention & Control, Wuhan, Hubei, 430015, People's Republic of China.
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López-Ruiz I, Lasarte-Aragonés G, Lucena R, Cárdenas S. Deep eutectic solvent coated paper: Sustainable sorptive phase for sample preparation. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1698:464003. [PMID: 37094540 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based sorptive phases have gained attention recently due to the low-cost and sustainable character of the cellulosic substrate. However, the sustainability of the resulting phase can be limited by type of coating used for analytes isolation. In this article, this limitation is overcome by using deep eutectic solvents (DES) as coating. To this aim, a Thymol-Vanillin DES is synthesized and deposited on pre-cut cellulose paper strips. The paper-supported DES is employed as sorptive phase for the isolation of selected triazine herbicides for environmental waters analysis. The isolated analytes are finally determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using selected ion monitoring. The method is optimized according to the critical variables that potentially affect its analytical performance such as sample volume, extractant amount, extraction time and sample ionic strength. The method was characterized in terms of sensitivity, accuracy and precision and its applicability was evaluated for the analysis of real environmental water samples. Good linearity values (R2>0.995) were obtained for all the analytes. Limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.4 to 0.6 µg L-1 and the precision, expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) was better than 14.7%. The relative recoveries, calculated in spiked well and river samples, were in the range 90-106%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada López-Ruiz
- Affordable and Sustainable Sample Preparation (AS2P) research group, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente IQUEMA, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio Marie Curie, Córdoba E-14071, Spain
| | - Guillermo Lasarte-Aragonés
- Affordable and Sustainable Sample Preparation (AS2P) research group, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente IQUEMA, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio Marie Curie, Córdoba E-14071, Spain.
| | - Rafael Lucena
- Affordable and Sustainable Sample Preparation (AS2P) research group, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente IQUEMA, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio Marie Curie, Córdoba E-14071, Spain
| | - Soledad Cárdenas
- Affordable and Sustainable Sample Preparation (AS2P) research group, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente IQUEMA, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio Marie Curie, Córdoba E-14071, Spain.
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Luo S, Wu J, Huang X. Molecularly imprinted monolith-based portable in-tip microextraction device for field specific extraction of triazine herbicides in aqueous samples followed by chromatographic quantification. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1689:463743. [PMID: 36586286 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Field selective extraction is crucial for accurate monitoring of triazine herbicides (TAHs) in aqueous samples. For this purpose, using atrazine as template and 3-acrylamido phenylboronic acid as functional monomer which was quickly screened with calculation simulation technology, a new molecularly imprinted monolith-based adsorbent (MBA) was fabricated and utilized as the extraction phase of laboratory-made multichannel in-tip microextraction device (MIMD). A series of techniques were adopted to characterize the physical and chemical properties of the synthesized MBA. Under the optimized preparation conditions, the recognition factor and capture capacity of MBA towards atrazine were as high as 2.9 and 23.4 mg/g, respectively, and the enrichment factors towards TAHs located in the range of 276-359. The study about adsorption isotherm evidenced the adsorption of MBA towards atrazine was fit for Freundlich adsorption model. Under the beneficial extraction parameters, the introduced MBA/MIMD was utilized to on-site extract TAHs in a variety of aqueous samples prior to HPLC determination. High sensitivity (limit of detection: 0.25-0.64 ng/L), good precision (relative standard deviation: 1.4-9.5%) and satisfying recovery (81.0-113%) were achieved. Accuracy and reliability of the introduced method were inspected through confirmation experiments. Owing to the good results and outstanding merits, the established MBA/MIMD technique is appropriate for field sample preparation of TAHs and the developed method can be utilized to monitor TAHs residuals in various aqueous samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Luo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jiangyi Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiaojia Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Zhao L, Yang M, Yu X, Liu L, Gao C, Li H, Fu S, Wang W, Wang J. Presence and distribution of triazine herbicides and their effects on microbial communities in the Laizhou Bay, Northern China. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 186:114460. [PMID: 36521363 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the distribution of triazine herbicides in the Laizhou Bay, China and found that the total concentrations of triazine herbicides in the seawater and sediments were 111.15-234.85 ng/L and 0.902-4.661 μg/kg, respectively. Triazine herbicides especially ametryn, atrazine, and simazine were negatively correlated with prokaryote diversity in the seawater. While ametryn, desethylatrazine and desisopropylatrazine had positively significant effects on eukaryotes Dinophyceae, Bacillariophyta, and Cercozoa in the sediments. Moreover, the degree of fragmentation of eukaryotic networks increased dramatically with the increasing numbers of removed nodes, but prokaryotic networks did not change with the decrease of nodes. In addition, the stability analysis and neutral community models revealed that eukaryotes were more sensitive to triazine herbicides than prokaryotes. These results suggest that triazine herbicides might affect the structure and interactions of microbial communities. Therefore, more attentions should be paid to the ecological risk of triazine herbicides in marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingchao Zhao
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Mengyao Yang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaowen Yu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Shandong Marine Resources and Environment Research Institute, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration for Marine Ecology, Yantai 264006, China
| | - Chen Gao
- Shandong Marine Resources and Environment Research Institute, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration for Marine Ecology, Yantai 264006, China
| | - Huaxin Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Sui Fu
- Shandong Marine Resources and Environment Research Institute, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration for Marine Ecology, Yantai 264006, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Wang Q, Wang T, Zhang Y, Ma J, Tuo Y. Preparation and evaluation of a chitosan modified biochar as an efficient adsorbent for pipette tip-solid phase extraction of triazine herbicides from rice. Food Chem 2022; 396:133716. [PMID: 35870243 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The low allowable limit of triazine herbicides (THs) in rice makes it imperative to develop novel sample pretreatment methods for extraction and preconcentration of THs. Herein, a phosphoric acid activated biochar (PBC) was prepared and modified by chitosan (CS). For THs with different polarities, CS-PBC with multiple interaction sites exhibited satisfactory chemisorption. On this basis, a CS-PBC-based pipette tip-solid phase extraction (PT-SPE) was developed combined with HPLC to extract THs from rice. Low limits of detection (1.41-3.35 ng g-1), satisfactory linearity (0.01-2.00 μg g-1, R2 > 0.9974) and recoveries (96.13-116.25 %) were obtained with acceptable inter-day and intra-day precision (RSD ≤ 13.60 %). CS-PBC showed superior performance to three commercial single-mode adsorbents and comparable results to a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance adsorbent. The study explored the feasibility of PT-SPE for extracting THs from rice and broadened the application of plant biochar as an environmentally-friendly matrix in food sample pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Tianjin 300134, China.
| | - Tingting Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Tianjin 300134, China.
| | - Jiaxing Ma
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Yiqian Tuo
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
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11
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Pan H, Gan Z, Hu H, Liu C, Huang Y, Ruan G. Magnetic phenolic resin core-shell structure derived carbon microspheres for ultrafast magnetic solid-phase extraction of triazine herbicides. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:2687-2698. [PMID: 35579607 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, monodisperse magnetic carbon microspheres were successfully synthesized through the carbonization of phenolic resin encapsulated Fe3 O4 core-shell structures. The magnetic carbon microspheres showed high performance in ultrafast extraction and separation of trace triazine herbicides from environmental water samples. Under optimized conditions, both the adsorption and desorption processes could be achieved in 2 min, and the maximum adsorption capacity for simazine and prometryn were 387.6 and 448.5 μg/g. Coupled with HPLC-UV detection technology, the detection limit of triazine herbicides was in the range of 0.30-0.41 ng/mL. The mean recoveries ranged from 81.44 to 91.03% with relative standard deviations lower than 7.47%. The excellent magnetic solid phase extraction performance indicates that magnetic carbon microspheres are promising candidate adsorbent for the fast analysis of environmental contaminants. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Pan
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Detection, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guangxi, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Zushan Gan
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Detection, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guangxi, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Haoyun Hu
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Detection, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guangxi, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Detection, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guangxi, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Yipeng Huang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Detection, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guangxi, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Guihua Ruan
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Detection, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guangxi, 541004, P. R. China
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12
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Li P, Huang D, Tang J, Zhang P, Meng F. Silica gel impregnated with deep eutectic solvent-based matrix solid-phase dispersion followed by high-performance liquid chromatography for extraction and detection of triazine herbicides in brown sugar. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:3497-3505. [PMID: 35169904 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03970-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel method was developed to determine six triazine herbicides from brown sugar samples using matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) based on silica gel impregnated with deep eutectic solvent (DES) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector (HPLC/PDA). Several factors involved in the MSPD procedure such as DES type, DES content in impregnated silica gel, adsorbent-to-sample mass ratio, type and volume of washing solvent, type and volume of eluent, and grinding time were screened using single-factor experiments and then optimized using Box-Behnken design to accomplish the highest recoveries. The above method demonstrated a good linear range (20-1000 μg kg-1) with a determination coefficient exceeding 0.9962, low limits of determination (1.59-3.77 μg kg-1), acceptable limits of quantifications, and acceptable spiking recoveries (95.0-101.7%) for six triazines under optimized conditions. The proposed MSPD-HPLC/PDA method is a convenient, effective, and sensitive method for rapidly isolating and quantifying six triazines from brown sugar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Institute of Bioengineering and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510316, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Sugar Technology, Guangzhou, 510316, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongting Huang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510316, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Sugar Technology, Guangzhou, 510316, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjie Tang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510316, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Sugar Technology, Guangzhou, 510316, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingjun Zhang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510316, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Sugar Technology, Guangzhou, 510316, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Meng
- Institute of Bioengineering and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510316, People's Republic of China. .,Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Sugar Technology, Guangzhou, 510316, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Wang Z, Sun X, Ru S, Wang J, Xiong J, Yang L, Hao L, Zhang J, Zhang X. Effects of co-exposure of the triazine herbicides atrazine, prometryn and terbutryn on Phaeodactylum tricornutum photosynthesis and nutritional value. Sci Total Environ 2022; 807:150609. [PMID: 34619212 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Triazine herbicides are widely used in agricultural production, and large amounts of herbicide residue enter the ocean through surface runoff. In this study, the toxicities of the triazine herbicides atrazine, prometryn and terbutryn (separately and mixed) to Phaeodactylum tricornutum were investigated. The EC50 values of atrazine, prometryn and terbutryn were 28.38 μg L-1, 8.86 μg L-1, and 1.38 μg L-1, respectively. The EC50 of an equitoxic mixture of the three herbicides was 0.78 TU, indicating that they had synergistic effects. The equitoxic mixture accumulated in P. tricornutum, which damaged chloroplast and mitochondria structures and significantly decrease the biomass, levels of key cellular components (such as chlorophyll a (chl a), carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content, fatty acid content) and the effective photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII, ∆Fv/Fm). The mixture also downregulated key genes in the light response (PsbD, PetF), dark response (PGK, PRK), tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (CS, ID, OGD, and MS) and fatty acid synthesis (FABB, SCD, and PTD9). P. tricornutum partially alleviates the effects of the mixture on photosynthesis and fatty acid synthesis by upregulating PetD, PsaB, RbcL and FabI expression. The triazine herbicide mixture reduced the biomass and nutritional value of marine phytoplankton by inhibiting photosynthesis and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengyuan Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jiuqiang Xiong
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Liqiang Yang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Liping Hao
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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14
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Yin R, Gao L, Qin D, Chen L, Niu N. Preparation of porous carbon-based molecularly imprinted polymers for separation of triazine herbicides in corn. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 189:23. [PMID: 34893943 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05100-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A synthesis route of using cellulose as the precursor to prepare porous carbon (PC) had been established in this study. The as-prepared PC was introduced as carriers in the synthesis process of porous carbon-molecularly imprinted polymers (PC-MIPs), which greatly improved the absorption capacity of MIPs. Triazine pesticides in corn were extracted with matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) using the PC-MIPs as dispersants and determined by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Under the optimal MSPD condition for extracting six kinds of triazines (simazine, terbutryn, simetryne, prometryne, ametryn, and atrazine), the detection limits were 0.005-0.02 ng g-1, while the precisions were 1.2-5.9%, and the recoveries were 92.6-104.7%. The method has been extensively applied to analyze various corn samples. Atrazine residue (1.2 μg kg-1) was detected in one corn sample, which was lower than the maximum residual limit indicated by the Chinese stated standards (50 μg kg-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Yin
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China.,Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 232 Hesong Street, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Dongli Qin
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 232 Hesong Street, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Ligang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Na Niu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China. .,Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China.
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15
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Manousi N, Alampanos V, Priovolos I, Kabir A, Furton KG, Rosenberg E, Zachariadis GA, Samanidou VF. Exploring sol-gel zwitterionic fabric phase sorptive extraction sorbent as a new multi-mode platform for the extraction and preconcentration of triazine herbicides from juice samples. Food Chem 2021; 373:131517. [PMID: 34772569 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Triazine herbicides are a class of common pesticides which are widely used to control the weeds in many agricultural crops. Although many studies have described methodologies for the determination of triazine herbicides in aqueous samples, the attention given to agricultural crops and their products is far more limited. In this study, a novel sol-gel zwitterionic multi-mode fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) platform was developed for the matrix clean-up, extraction and preconcentration of five triazine herbicides from fruit juice samples prior to their determination by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The novel zwitterionic multi-mode sorbent was characterized and its performance for fruit juice analysis was evaluated. Compared to other sol-gel sorbents, the novel zwitterionic sorbent helped cleaning all the acidic interferences from fruit juices. The herein reported FPSE protocol was optimized and validated. Under optimum conditions, the FPSE method showed good accuracy, precision and sensitivity. The limits of detection and limits of quantification for all analytes were 0.15 ng mL-1 and 0.50 ng mL-1, respectively. The enhancement factors of this method ranged between 36.7 and 51.8. The relative standard deviation for intra-day precision was below 5.6% and for inter-day precision was below 8.8%. Finally, the proposed FPSE-HPLC-DAD method was successfully employed for the analysis of various fruit juice samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Manousi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Vasileios Alampanos
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Ioannis Priovolos
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Abuzar Kabir
- International Forensic Research Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Kenneth G Furton
- International Forensic Research Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Erwin Rosenberg
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - George A Zachariadis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Victoria F Samanidou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
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16
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Majd M, Nojavan S. Magnetic dispersive solid-phase extraction of triazole and triazine pesticides from vegetable samples using a hydrophilic-lipophilic sorbent based on maltodextrin- and β-cyclodextrin-functionalized graphene oxide. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:380. [PMID: 34648094 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Maltodextrin- and β-cyclodextrin-functionalized magnetic graphene oxide (mGO/β-CD/MD), a novel hydrophilic-lipophilic composite, was successfully fabricated and used for the co-extraction of triazines and triazoles from vegetable samples before HPLC-UV analysis. mGO/β-CD/MD was synthesized by chemical bonding of β-CD and MD to the surface of mGO, using epichlorohydrin (ECH) as a linker. The successful synthesis of mGO/β-CD/MD was confirmed by characterization tests, including attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) analyses. The hydrophobic cavity of β-CD and a large number of hydroxyl groups on the MD structure contributed to the co-extraction of mentioned pesticides with a wide range of polarity. Under the optimized condition (sorbent amount, 30 mg; desorption time, 10 min; desorption solvent volume, 300 μL; desorption solvent, methanol/acetonitrile (1:1) containing 5% (v/v) acetic acid; extraction time, 20 min; and pH of sample solution, 7.0), good linearity within the range 1.0-1000 μg L-1 (r2 ≥ 0.992) was achieved. Extraction efficiencies were in the range 66.4-95.3%, and the limits of detection were 0.01-0.08 μg L-1. Relative recoveries for spiked samples were obtained in the range 88.4-112.0%, indicating that the matrix effect was insignificant, and good precisions (intra- and inter-day) were also achieved (RSDs < 9.0%, n = 3). The results confirmed that the developed method was efficient for the determination of trace amounts of pesticides in potato, tomato, and corn samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Majd
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C, Evin, 1983969411, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Nojavan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C, Evin, 1983969411, Tehran, Iran.
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17
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Sun X, Gao J, Xing J, Xing L, Guo M, Peng J, Li Z, Tan Z. Simultaneous determination of triazine herbicides and their metabolites in shellfish by HPLC-MS/MS combined with Q/E-Orbitrap HRMS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6239-6252. [PMID: 34389879 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03579-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Triazine herbicides are used extensively in agriculture and aquaculture worldwide because of their broad effectiveness in weed control. However, after they are discharged into the sea, they seriously contaminate aquatic ecosystems and threaten aquatic organisms, especially shellfish. Currently, there are no established methods for the detection and confirmation of triazine herbicides and their metabolites in biological matrixes. Hence, the food safety of aquatic products cannot be accurately evaluated, which creates a technical barrier against international aquatic product trade. In this study, for the first time, a method was developed for the analysis and confirmation of seven triazine herbicides and 13 metabolites in shellfish, based on alkaline acetonitrile extraction and neutral Al2O3 cartridge purification coupled with internal standard calibration. Specifically, quantitative and qualitative analysis was conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), and accurate identification was carried out by quadrupole orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (Q/E Orbitrap HRMS). The results showed that target analytes demonstrated good linearity within the corresponding range (R2 > 0.995). The limit of detection and limit of quantitation of the proposed method were 0.1 and 0.3 μg/kg, respectively. The average recoveries of analytes were between 70.0% and 120% when spiked at three levels with blank oyster (Crassostrea gigas) as the matrix, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were all less than 12% (n=6). The proposed method was successfully applied for the detection of triazine herbicide residues in oyster samples during actual breeding, and the presence of DIP, HP, DEHA, and other metabolites in positive samples was confirmed by Q/E Orbitrap HRMS. This method exhibits high accuracy, high sensitivity, and good reproducibility. It has promising application prospects in the field of hazard analysis and the positive identification of aquatic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinfang Gao
- Weifang Institute of Inspection on Product Quality, Weifang, 266000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xing
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Xing
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jixing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Manousi N, Alampanos V, Priovolos I, Kabir A, Furton KG, Rosenberg E, Zachariadis GA, Samanidou VF. Designing a moderately hydrophobic sol-gel monolithic Carbowax 20 M sorbent for the capsule phase microextraction of triazine herbicides from water samples prior to HPLC analysis. Talanta 2021; 234:122710. [PMID: 34364502 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The determination of triazine herbicides in water samples is of utmost importance, due to their persistence and excessive use. However, since the concentration of triazine pesticides in real samples is low, an extraction/preconcentration step is typically required. Capsule phase microextraction (CPME) is a recently introduced sample preparation technique in which highly efficient sol-gel sorbents are encapsulated in a tubular polymer membrane. This particular design integrates the filtration and stirring mechanism into one extraction device, enabling the application of CPME for in situ sampling. In this study, CPME coupled to high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) was employed for the first time for the determination of six triazine herbicides (i.e., simazine, cyanazine, atrazine, prometryn, terbuthylazine and propazine) in water samples. Microextraction capsules containing a moderately hydrophobic sol-gel Carbowax 20 M sorbent provided the highest extraction efficiency towards the examined pesticides. The main parameters affecting the adsorption and desorption steps of the CPME procedure were investigated and optimized. Under the selected conditions, limits of detection (signal/noise = 3.3) were 0.15 ng mL-1 for the target analytes. Moreover, the relative standard deviation for the within-day and between-days repeatability were less than 7.2% and 9.9%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of mineral water, tap water, rainwater and lake water samples. The reported protocol could overcome the need for sample filtration prior to the sample preparation of the water samples, resulting in simplification of the overall sample handling, improved data quality with minimal loss of analytes and reduced sample preparation cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Manousi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Vasileios Alampanos
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Ioannis Priovolos
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Abuzar Kabir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kenneth G Furton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Erwin Rosenberg
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - George A Zachariadis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Victoria F Samanidou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
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19
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Mnyandu HM, Mahlambi PN. Optimization and application of QuEChERS and SPE methods followed by LC-PDA for the determination of triazines residues in fruits and vegetables from Pietermaritzburg local supermarkets. Food Chem 2021; 360:129818. [PMID: 33964653 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
QuEChERS and solid phase extraction (SPE) methods were optimized and applied for the extraction of triazines in fruit and vegetables. These extraction methods are easy, effective, rugged and safe. Also, they have the ability to purify the extracts which leads to lower detection limits and higher recoveries of the analytes. The analysis were conducted using liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array detector. The limits of detection and quantification ranged from 0.4 -1.4 µg/kg and 1.5 - 4.5 µg/kg, respectively, for QuEChERS and 0.3 - 1.8 µg/kg and 1.4 - 4.9 µg/kg respectively, for SPE. The recoveries ranged from 84 to 102% for QuEChERS and 76-119% for SPE, with relative standard deviation less than 20% for both methods. The fruits and vegetables analysed were apples, pears, carrots, potatoes, tomatoes, avocado, cucumber, spinach, bananas, and oranges. The concentrations detected ranged between 6 and 46 µg/kg in fruits and 4 - 84 µg/kg in vegetables. Simazine was detected in all fruits and vegetable samples except in pear, while terbutylazine was not detected in all samples analysed. Propazine and ametryn were only found in carrot while pear sample only had atrazine. The proposed methods proved to be sensitive and accurate indicating their applicability for detection and monitoring of the selected triazines in fruits and vegetables. However, QuEChERS can be recommended for routine analysis of these triazines due to its fewer extraction steps compared to SPE which is important for turn-around time.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Mnyandu
- Department of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| | - P N Mahlambi
- Department of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa.
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Zhang B, Li C, Zhang Y, Yuan M, Wang J, Zhu J, Ji J, Ma Y. Improved photocatalyst: Elimination of triazine herbicides by novel phosphorus and boron co-doping graphite carbon nitride. Sci Total Environ 2021; 757:143810. [PMID: 33279197 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A non-metallic and low-cost novel phosphorus and boron co-doping graphite carbon nitride (PB-g-C3N4) photocatalyst was prepared by a facile thermal copolymerization of urea with B2O3 and (NH4)2·HPO4. The novel PB-g-C3N4 exhibited excellent optical and electrical properties and the photocatalytic elimination efficiency for atrazine (AT, can make feminization of male frogs in the wild, and even induce reproductive cancers in humans.) has been greatly improved compared with the pristine g-C3N4. The results of characterization techniques indicate that the introduced B and P atoms most probably to substitute for sp2-hybridized C atoms in triazine rings. O2- and h+ are the dominant active species to induce the elimination of AT demonstrated by the radical-trapping experiments. And a possible elimination pathway is proposed according to the detected main intermediates. In addition, PB-g-C3N4 was applied to the simultaneous photocatalytic elimination of 9 triazine herbicides, and the effects of different initial concentrations, pH, fulvic acid (FA) and ion species on their elimination effects were studied. And it was proved that the photocatalytic performance of PB-g-C3N4 did not significant decrease after 4 times of reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Changsheng Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianli Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianhui Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiawen Ji
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongqiang Ma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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21
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Piao H, Jiang Y, Qin Z, Ma P, Sun Y, Wang X, Song D, Fei Q. Application of an in-situ formulated magnetic deep eutectic solvent for the determination of triazine herbicides in rice. Talanta 2021; 222:121527. [PMID: 33167237 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a rapid, convenient, sensitive, and cost-effective in-situ formed magnetic deep eutectic solvent based on a dispersive liquid-liquid extraction method was developed for the determination of triazine herbicides in rice. A novel tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC) based magnetic deep eutectic solvent (MDES), [TBAC/ethylene glycol][FeCl4] was generated by means of an simple in-situ reaction of the deep eutectic solvent (DES) with iron chloride in the sample solution. The solvent which has high affinity for target analytes and magnetic ability was successfully employed as an extraction solvent and simplified both the extraction and separation procedure. A series of parameters influencing the extraction efficiency were investigated. Under optimal conditions, calibration curves for the target triazine herbicides were obtained in the ranges of 5-1000 ng g-1, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9910. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were in the range of 1.49-3.10 ng g-1 and 4.96-10.34 ng g-1, respectively. The precision of intra- and inter-day were under 6.2% and 9.6%, respectively, and the precision between laboratories were lower than 7.5%. The accuracy of the method varied from 84.9 to 117.5%. Furthermore, the method showed satisfactory matrix effect and robustness. These results indicate that the technique is suitable for rice sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilan Piao
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Yanxiao Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Zucheng Qin
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Pinyi Ma
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Ying Sun
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Xinghua Wang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Daqian Song
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Qiang Fei
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, PR China.
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22
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Jiang Y, Qin Z, Liang F, Li J, Sun Y, Wang X, Ma P, Song D. Vortex-assisted solid-phase extraction based on metal-organic framework/chitosan-functionalized hydrophilic sponge column for determination of triazine herbicides in environmental water by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1638:461887. [PMID: 33477026 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the presented work, MIL-101(Cr) and chitosan were directly embedded on the skeleton of melamine sponge material using a simple and environmentally friendly method. Chitosan acts not only as an adhesive during the preparation of functionalized sponges, but also as an adsorption adjuvant in herbicide detection. Unlike other polymers, chitosan has excellent hydrophilicity and contains numerous adsorption sites; thus, it enables the sponge material to be used for determination of contaminants in an aqueous phase. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis showed that the coating material was uniformly distributed on the skeleton of melamine sponge. The prepared material was used as a sorbent in a vortex-assisted solid-phase extraction and combined with high performance liquid phase tandem mass spectrometry for the extraction and trace determination of six triazines in water samples (Atraton, Desmetryn, Prometon, Ametryn, Prometryn and Dimethametryn). Several parameters that affect the extraction efficiencies were investigated. Under the optimal conditions (MIL-101(Cr) loading, 150 mg; sample pH, 7; salt concentration, 0%; adsorption time, 3 min; desorption solvent, 1.5 mL acetonitrile; desorption time, 4 min), the proposed method was successfully used in the determination of trace triazines in five real water samples (drinking water, tap water, lake waters and river water), satisfactory recoveries were obtained in the range of 78.9%-118.6%. The limits of detection of the proposed method in detecting triazine herbicides in spiked water samples ranged from 0.014 to 0.045 ng mL-1.
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Wang X, Liu Q. Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Triazine Herbicides in Typical Agricultural Regions of Liaoning, China. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2020; 105:899-905. [PMID: 33216155 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-03049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to track the composition, spatial and temporal distribution charactistics of triazine herbicides in arable soils and corns in typical agricultural regions of Liaoning Province, China. All samples were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Twelve kinds of triazine herbicides were found including atrazine, simazine, prometryn, propazine, ametryn, metribuzin, simetryn, aziprotryne, cyanizine, atrazine-desethyl, atrazine-desisopropyl and atrazine-desethyl-desisopropyl in the soil samples, of which atrazine, simazine, prometryn, atrazine-desethyl and atrazine-desethyl-desisopropyl were proved to be the predominant species with a high incidence though relatively low contamination level. The maximum concentration of atrazine in the soils was 73.80 µg·kg-1. Five kinds of triazine herbicides were found in corns in the region including atrazine, simazine, prometryn, atrazine-desethyl and atrazine-desethyl-desisopropyl with the detection rate 96.4%, 17.8%, 14.3%, 60.7% and 46.4%, respectively. The maximum contaminant level of atrazine in corns was 12.52 µg·kg-1, which is lower than that regulated in the National Standard of the People's Republic of China (GB2763-2012).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Anshan Normal University, Anshan, 114016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qinglong Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai Univeresity, Tianjin, 300071, China
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24
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Zhen XT, Chen Y, Yang J, Dong X, Zheng H, Cao J. On-line concentration of triazine herbicides in microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography by electrokinetic injection assisted micelle to cyclodextrin stacking. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1628:461438. [PMID: 32822978 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A fast, simple, environmentally friendly and sensitive on-line concentration method using microemulsion system as background solution (BGS) was developed for the trace detection of propazine, atrazine, simazine in food samples. The electrokinetic injection assisted micelle to cyclodextrin stacking (MCDS) was designed for the enrichment of target compounds. The factors affected enrichment performance, such as the kind of CDs, the amount of CDs, the concentration of methanol in BGS, the concentration of micelle in sample matrix, the concentration of phosphoric acid in BGS and the sample injection time were optimized. The optimized electrophoretic condition was obtained as following: 50 mM α-CD, 20 mM SDS in sample matrix., 80 mM PA and 20% MeOH (v/v) in BGS, sample solution by electrokinetic injection at -10 kV for 80 s. Under the optimized conditions described above, the linear range was 0.1-20 ug/mL with a good linear relationship with a correlation coefficient (r) ≥ 0.9985. The SEFs for the propazine, atrazine, simazine were found to be 123, 85 and 62 respectively. The proposed MCDS-MEEKC method provided an efficient method for trace analysis of triazine herbicides in honey and dendrobium officinale samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ting Zhen
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yan Chen
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Juan Yang
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xin Dong
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Jun Cao
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
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25
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Kosubová P, Škulcová L, Poláková Š, Hofman J, Bielská L. Spatial and temporal distribution of the currently-used and recently-banned pesticides in arable soils of the Czech Republic. Chemosphere 2020; 254:126902. [PMID: 32361539 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study presents monitoring data on the spatial and temporal occurrence of pesticide residues in arable soils of the Czech Republic and relates it to soil properties, pesticide usage and data on application provided by farmers. In total, 34 soils were sampled during 2014-2017, amounting to 136 samples which were analyzed for 60 pesticides and four transformation products. Conazole fungicides were frequently present in soils above the limit of quantification and/or above the 0.01 mg/kg threshold. Of the other pesticide types, the herbicides diflufenican, chlorotoluron, metolachlor, pendimethalin and terbuthylazine, fungicides azoxystrobin, carbendazim, fenpropidin, fenpropimorph and prochloraz and the insecticide methoxyfenozide were found in ≥20% of soils in at least one sampling campaign. Soils typically (>50%) contained 2-7 residues with a maximum of 14. For the 136 samples, 116 different mixtures were identified. The occurrence of pesticides was driven by their annual usage, their half-lives in soil, and their hydrophobicity. A comparison of the monitoring data and pesticide application data provided by farmers revealed that 63% of the applied pesticides are not likely to persist until the following growing season while up to 69% of pesticide residues found in soils could be inherited from the previous growing season(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kosubová
- Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture (UKZUZ), Hroznová 63/2, Brno, 603 00, Czech Republic.
| | - L Škulcová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Š Poláková
- Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture (UKZUZ), Hroznová 63/2, Brno, 603 00, Czech Republic
| | - J Hofman
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - L Bielská
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
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Kunene PN, Mahlambi PN. Development and application of SPE-LC-PDA method for the determination of triazines in water and liquid sludge samples. J Environ Manage 2019; 249:109415. [PMID: 31445375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The solid phase extraction method has been developed and applied for the simultaneous analysis of the five most commonly used triazine pesticides. The analysis was conducted using a liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector, which was first optimized to improve the limit of quantification and detection. The extraction parameters (conditioning solvent and sample volume) that affect the recovery of the analytes for solid phase extraction were optimized. The recoveries obtained were between 107 and 111%. The limit of detection ranged between 0.668 and 1.16 μg/L and the limit of quantification ranged between 2.01 and 3.54 μg/L. Good precision with a relative standard deviation of less than 8% in all compounds was achieved. The developed and validated method was then applied to river water, wastewater and sludge samples from around KwaZulu-Natal. The quantified concentrations ranged from 8.35 to 2820 μg/L, 2.41-48.7 μg/L and 3.20-65.0 μg/L in sludge, wastewater, and river water respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philisiwe N Kunene
- Department of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu Natal, PBag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Precious N Mahlambi
- Department of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu Natal, PBag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa.
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Wang H, Huang X, Qian H, Lu R, Zhang S, Zhou W, Gao H, Xu D. Vortex-assisted deep eutectic solvent reversed-phase liquid-liquid microextraction of triazine herbicides in edible vegetable oils. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1589:10-17. [PMID: 30591248 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, four triazine herbicides-namely, simazine, ametryn, prometryn and terbuthylazine-were separated and determined using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UVD). The deep eutectic solvent (DES) formed by tetrabutylammonium chloride ([N4444]Cl, TBA) and ethylene glycol (EG) was selected as the extraction solvent of vortex-assisted reversed-phase liquid-liquid microextraction (VA-RPLLME). The application of the hydrophilic DES expands the range of choice for LLME. The experimental parameters affecting the extraction recoveries, including the amount of the DES, the sample volume and the vortex time, were investigated and optimized by the design of experiments (DoE) methodology. A quadratic model, namely central composite face-centered (CCF) design featuring 20 runs was used instead of the conventional trial and error approach. Under optimum conditions, the limits of determination (LODs) of the method were 0.60-1.50 μg L-1. The enrichment factors for the analytes ranged from 27 to 31. The extraction recoveries were in the range of 84.1-104.9%, and the intra-day, inter-day and intermediate relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 8.4%. Finally, the method was applied for the determination of triazine herbicides in vegetable oil samples. The obtained recoveries were in the range of 60.1-107.2% and RSDs were lower than 8.1%. In general, VA-RPLLME can be complementary to the present available methods for the determination of triazine herbicides in vegetable oil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huazi Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Vegetable Products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, NO.12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Heng Qian
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Runhua Lu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sanbing Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haixiang Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Donghui Xu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Vegetable Products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, NO.12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China.
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Liu C, Dou X, Zhang L, Kong W, Wu L, Duan Y, Yang M. Development of a broad-specificity antibody-based immunoassay for triazines in ginger and the quantitative structure-activity relationship study of cross-reactive molecules by molecular modeling. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1012:90-99. [PMID: 29475478 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, molecular modeling and principle component analysis (PCA) were used to select appropriate haptens for group detection of triazine herbicides. Four new structures together with three reported triazine derivatives were chosen for the screening of immunizing and coating haptens. A total of 31 triazines coupled with a 3D-QSAR methodology were employed to investigate the relationship between antigen-antibody recognition and molecular structures, the results of which revealed that the antibodies may recognize triazines from the side of molecules with the distinguishing atom and a steric volume matching with the spatial structure of antibodies. Finally, a broad-specificity heterologous immunoassay was developed for determining 10 triazine herbicides in ginger, where the detection limits were 2.5-15.1 μg kg-1 and recoveries were 67.9-102.6%. This study may broaden insight into triazine-antibody interactions and benefit designing novel performance-enhanced antibodies. The developed immunoassay can be further used for triazine detection in other complicated matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congmin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaowen Dou
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weijun Kong
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yaping Duan
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Hvězdová M, Kosubová P, Košíková M, Scherr KE, Šimek Z, Brodský L, Šudoma M, Škulcová L, Sáňka M, Svobodová M, Krkošková L, Vašíčková J, Neuwirthová N, Bielská L, Hofman J. Currently and recently used pesticides in Central European arable soils. Sci Total Environ 2018; 613-614:361-370. [PMID: 28917175 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Although large amounts of pesticides are used annually and a majority enters the soil to form short- or long-term residues, extensive soil surveys for currently used pesticides (CUPs) are scarce. To determine the status of CUPs' occurrence in arable land in Central Europe, 51 CUPs and 9 transformation products (TPs) were analysed in 75 arable soils in the Czech Republic (CR) several months after the last pesticide application. Moreover, two banned triazines (simazine and atrazine) and their TPs were analysed because of their frequent detection in CR waters. Multi-residue pesticide analysis on LC-MS/MS after soil QuEChERS extraction was used. The soils contained multiple pesticide residues frequently (e.g. 51% soils with ≥5 pesticides). The levels were also noticeable (e.g. 36% soils with ≥3 pesticides exceeding the threshold of 0.01mg/kg). After triazine herbicides (89% soils), conazole fungicides showed the second most frequent occurrence (73% soils) and also high levels (53% soils with total conazoles above 0.01mg/kg). Frequent occurrence was found also for chloroacetanilide TPs (25% of soils), fenpropidin (20%) and diflufenican (17%). With the exception of triazines' negative correlation to soil pH, no clear relationships were found between pesticide occurrence and soil properties. Association of simazine TPs with terbuthylazine and its target crops proved the frequent residues of this banned compound originate from terbuthylazine impurities. In contrast, frequent atrazine-2-hydroxy residue is probably a legacy of high atrazine usage in the past. The occurrence and levels of compounds were closely associated with their solubility, hydrophobicity and half-life. The results showed links to CR water-monitoring findings. This study represents the first extensive survey of multiple pesticide residues in Central European arable soils, including an insight into their relationships to site and pesticide properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Hvězdová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Kosubová
- Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, Hroznová 2, Brno 656 06, Czech Republic
| | | | - Kerstin E Scherr
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Zdeněk Šimek
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Brodský
- Department of Applied Geoinformatics and Cartography, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, Praha 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Šudoma
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Škulcová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Sáňka
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Svobodová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Krkošková
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Vašíčková
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Natália Neuwirthová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bielská
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hofman
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic.
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Saka M, Tada N, Kamata Y. Chronic toxicity of 1,3,5- triazine herbicides in the postembryonic development of the western clawed frog Silurana tropicalis. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 147:373-381. [PMID: 28869887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Seven 1,3,5- triazine (s-triazine) herbicides (ametryn, prometryn, dimethametryn, simazine, atrazine, propazine, and cyanazine) were tested using an amphibian (Silurana tropicalis) metamorphosis assay focusing on morphometric, gravimetric, and thyroid-histological endpoints. Premetamorphic tadpoles were exposed to each s-triazine at 2 concentrations between 1/1000 and 1/10 of the 96-h acute toxicity values, until all tadpoles in the control group reached either the late prometamorphosic stages or the initial stage of metamorphic climax. All s-triazines tested induced significant retardation in growth and development at the higher concentrations (0.2-1.0mg/L), and some of them induced similar effects even at the lower concentrations (0.02-0.1mg/L) while each showing a linear dose-response. Total size of the thyroid glands tended to be reduced corresponding to the delayed development, but without showing histomorphological lesions typical of anti-thyroid chemicals. These consistent results suggest that the s-triazines can act as a chemical stressor inhibiting tadpole growth and development, possibly without disrupting the thyroid axis. In addition, tadpoles exhibiting spinal curvatures appeared in either one or both of the lower and higher concentration groups for each s-triazine tested. The incidence rate in the s-triazine exposure groups where tadpoles with scoliosis were observed ranged from 3.3% to 63.3%, some of which were significantly higher than that in the respective control groups (0-6.7%). It is speculated that the s-triazines may promote to occur axial malformations in developing tadpoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Saka
- Division of Aquatic Environment, Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, Murakamicho 395, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8369, Japan.
| | - Noriko Tada
- Division of Aquatic Environment, Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, Murakamicho 395, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8369, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kamata
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
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Liu C, Dou X, Zhang L, Li Q, Qin J, Duan Y, Yang M. Determination of triazine herbicides and their metabolites in multiple medicinal parts of traditional Chinese medicines using streamlined pretreatment and UFLC-ESI-MS/MS. Chemosphere 2018; 190:103-113. [PMID: 28985533 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive, and reliable ultra-fast liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-ESI-MS/MS) method was established and applied to simultaneous determination of 31 triazine herbicides and their metabolites in multiple medicinal parts of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). A streamlined pretreatment approach using one-step extraction and dilution was proposed, which provided high-throughput processing, excellent recovery, and negligible interference. Afterwards, multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) and information-dependent acquisition (IDA) triggered enhanced product ion spectra (EPI) was adopted to identify and quantify the targets in a single analysis. The optimized method was then validated according to the guidelines of the European Commission for the following parameters: Matrix effects, specificity, accuracy, precision, linearity, range, and stability. The LOD and LOQ for the 31 triazine herbicides were 0.1-10 μg kg-1 and 0.5-25 μg kg-1, respectively. Recoveries at three concentration levels were within 67.9-120.3% with an associated precision RSD <20%. Using the proposed approach, trazines herbicides were determined from 44 commercially available TCMs. The detection rate of triazine herbicides residues was 15.9% of the total samples. Among them, atrazine, simeton, and simetryn were found in the radix, herba, and seed TCMs with values far below the referenced maximum residue limits (MRLs), but no residues were detected in either the flos or fructus. Taken together, this method has the potential to provide a means for triazines screening in extensive matrices, thereby laying the foundation for pesticide registration on TCMs. Moreover, it has the potential to guide further triazine residue control in TCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congmin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaowen Dou
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jia'an Qin
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yaping Duan
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Husak VV, Mosiichuk NM, Maksymiv IV, Storey JM, Storey KB, Lushchak VI. Oxidative stress responses in gills of goldfish, Carassius auratus, exposed to the metribuzin-containing herbicide Sencor. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 45:163-169. [PMID: 27310208 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Metribuzin belongs to the family of asymmetrical triazine compounds and is an active ingredient in many commercial herbicides including Sencor. Effects on goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) of exposure for 96h to 7.14, 35.7 or 71.4mgL(-1) Sencor 70 WG (corresponding to 5, 25 and 50mgL(-1) of metribuzin) were examined by evaluating oxidative stress markers and activities of antioxidant and associated enzymes in gills. Fish exposed to the lowest Sencor concentration (7.14mgL(-1)) showed a 94% increase in levels of protein carbonyls in gills as well as 45% and 144% increases in the activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase. Exposure to the highest Sencor concentration (71.4mgL(-1)) resulted in reduced levels of protein carbonyls by 56% and lipid peroxides by 40%, as compared with controls, but enhanced levels of low and high molecular mass thiols by 71% and 36%, respectively. The activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase were increased in gills of goldfish exposed to 71.4mgL(-1) Sencor. At any concentration tested, Sencor did not affect the activities of glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase or acetylcholine esterase in gills. The results of this study indicate that acute exposure of goldfish to Sencor had effect on free radical processes in gills and glutathione-dependent antioxidants effectively protect proteins and lipids from oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor V Husak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine
| | - Nadia M Mosiichuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine
| | - Ivan V Maksymiv
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine
| | - Janet M Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Volodymyr I Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine.
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Li X, Wang Y, Sun Q, Xu B, Yu Y, Wang X. Molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction in a syringe filter for determination of triazine herbicides in Radix Paeoniae Alba by ultra-fast liquid chromatography. Talanta 2015; 148:539-47. [PMID: 26653483 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel, cost-effective and simple solid phase extraction (SPE) method, by using a syringe connected with a nylon membrane filter as the adsorbent container, was developed for the extraction of triazine herbicides from Radix Paeoniae Alba (RPA) samples. The selective molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) synthesized with the template of atrazine were employed as the adsorbents for the enrichment and purification of analytes. The extraction parameters, including the volume and type of loading solvent, the type of washing solvent and eluting solvent, were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the final extracts were analyzed by ultra-fast liquid chromatography (UFLC). Recoveries of the developed method range from 92.4% to 107.3% with intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) lower than 8.2%. The calibration curve is linear in the concentration range of 0.005-2.4 µg g(-1) for desmetryn, atrazine and terbumeton, and 0.005-1.5 µg g(-1) for dimethametryn and dipropetryn, with the correlation coefficient (R(2)) higher than 0.9995. The limits of detection (LODs) of five triazine herbicides are in the range of 0.09-0.39 ng g(-1), which are lower than the maximum residue levels (MRLs) established by various official organizations. Analytical results of three real Radix Paeoniae Alba samples indicate that the proposed method is cost-effective and easy-to-use than other routine pretreatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpei Li
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Yuanpeng Wang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Qun Sun
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Bo Xu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Yong Yu
- College of Instrumentation & Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Ximinzhu Street 938, Changchun 130061, PR China
| | - Xinghua Wang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China.
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Gardi I, Nir S, Mishael YG. Filtration of triazine herbicides by polymer-clay sorbents: coupling an experimental mechanistic approach with empirical modeling. Water Res 2015; 70:64-73. [PMID: 25506764 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Triazine herbicides detected in surface and groundwater pose environmental and health risks. Removal of triazine herbicides (simazine, atrazine and terbuthylazine) by polymer-clay composites was studied and modeled. Their binding by a poly 4-vinyl pyridine co styrene-montmorillonite (HPVP-CoS-MMT) composite was especially high due to specific interactions between the herbicides and polymer, mainly hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking. The binding kinetics to the composite was in the order of simazine > atrazine > terbuthylazine, which was in accord with their equilibrium Langmuir binding coefficients; 44,000, 17,500 and 16,500 M(-1), respectively, which correlated with herbicide accessibility to form specific interaction with the polymer. Simazine binding kinetics to the composite was significantly faster than to granulated activated carbon (GAC), reaching 93% vs 38% of the maximal adsorption within 10 min, respectively. Herbicide filtration by composite columns was adequately fitted by a model which considers convection and employs Langmuir formalism for kinetics of adsorption/desorption. Filtration of simazine (10 μg L(-1)) by composite columns (40 cm long, which included 26 g composite mixed with sand 1:40 (weight ratio)), was well predicted by the model with nearly 120 L purified, i.e., effluent concentrations were below regulation limit (3 μg L(-1)). Effluent concentrations from GAC columns exceeded the limit after filtering 5 L. Experimental results and model predictions suggest that while GAC has a high capacity for simazine binding, the composite has higher affinity towards the herbicide and its adsorption is faster, which yields more efficient filtration by composite columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Gardi
- Dept. Soil and Water Sci., The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shlomo Nir
- Dept. Soil and Water Sci., The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yael G Mishael
- Dept. Soil and Water Sci., The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Sanagi MM, Muhammad SS, Hussain I, Ibrahim WAW, Ali I. Novel solid-phase membrane tip extraction and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry methods for the rapid analysis of triazine herbicides in real waters. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:433-8. [PMID: 25421899 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Novel, fast, selective, eco-friendly and reproducible solid-phase membrane tip extraction and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry methods were developed and validated for the analysis of triazine herbicides (atrazine and secbumeton) in stream and lake waters. The retention times of atrazine and secbumeton were 7.48 and 8.51 min. The solid-phase membrane tip extraction was carried out in semiautomated dynamic mode on multiwall carbon nanotubes enclosed in a cone-shaped polypropylene membrane cartridge. Acetone and methanol were found as the best preconditioning and desorption solvents, respectively. The extraction and desorption times for these herbicides were 15.0 and 10.0 min, respectively. The percentage recoveries of atrazine and secbumeton were 88.0 and 99.0%. The linearity range was 0.50-80.0 μg/L (r(2) > 0.994), with detection limits (<0.47 μg/L, S/N = 3) and good reproducibility (<8.0%). The ease of operation, eco-friendly nature, and low cost of solid-phase membrane tip extraction made these methods novel. The Solid-phase membrane tip extraction method was optimized by considering the effect of extraction time, desorbing solvents and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Marsin Sanagi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia; Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies, Nanotechnology Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
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Chen PS, Haung WY, Huang SD. Analysis of triazine herbicides using an up-and-down-shaker-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 955-956:116-23. [PMID: 24631820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, a few hundred microliters to a few milliliters of water-miscible dispersive solvent are commonly used to assist emulsification in aqueous samples. In the present study, a consistent and automatic up-and-down-shaker-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UDSA-DLLME) that does not require a dispersive solvent was developed. The enrichment factors (EFs) of the targets obtained using the automatic shaker were 361-1391 for UDSA-DLLME, 51-77 for ultrasonication, and 298-922 for vortexing. The linearity of the method was in the range 0.2-200μgL(-1), and its limit of detections was within 0.02-0.04μgL(-1). The intraday and interday relative standard deviations ranged from 5.7 to 10.0% and 5.5 to 10.3%, respectively. The relative recoveries of river and lake samples spiked with 2.0μgL(-1) of triazines were 94.2-102.2% and 98.5-104.1%, respectively. The technique provided high repeatability and recovery. No matrix interference from river and lake water was observed. The method also achieved high EFs compared with those obtained through other emulsification methods such as vortexing and ultrasonication. UDSA-DLLME is an alternative sample preparation technique with good performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai-Shan Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Forensic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; Forensic and Clinical Toxicology Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan.
| | - Wan-Yun Haung
- Forensic and Clinical Toxicology Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Da Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
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Qiu P, Ni Y, Kokot S. Simultaneous voltammetric determination of four triazine herbicides in water samples with the aid of chemometrics. J Environ Sci Health B 2014; 49:722-729. [PMID: 25065823 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2014.929480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of herbicides in water. A mixture of four herbicides, atrazine, simazine, propazine and terbuthylazine was analyzed simultaneously and the complex, overlapping DPV voltammograms were resolved by several chemometrics methods such as partial least squares (PLS), principal component regression (PCR) and principal component-artificial networks (PC-ANN). The complex profiles of the voltammograms collected from a synthetic set of samples were best resolved with the use of the PC-ANN method, and the best predictions of the concentrations of the analytes were obtained with the PC-ANN model (%RPET = 6.1 and average %Recovery = 99.0). The new method was also used for analysis of real samples, and the obtained results were compared well with those from the GC-MS technique. Such conclusions suggest that the novel method is a viable alternative to the other commonly used methods such as GC, HPLC and GC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Qiu
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
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