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Xia YF, Li YX, Xiao QY, Cai ZQ, Yang QW, Hu YX, Mei ZY, Bao GM, Yuan HQ. A facile and intelligent detection method for diclazuril based on a stable dual emissive Eu 3+-dopped metal-organic framework. Food Chem 2024; 453:139652. [PMID: 38761737 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Diclazuril (DIC) is a broad-spectrum anti-coccidiosis drug of the triazine class, widely used in poultry farming. The overuse of DIC may lead to its accumulation in animal bodies, which may enter the food chain and threaten human health. In this work, we fabricated a stable Eu3+-doped UiO-66 fluorescence sensor (EuUHIPA-30) for the sensitive detection of DIC. Among 20 veterinary drugs, the fluorescence of EuUHIPA-30 selectively responds to DIC, with a low detection limit (0.19 μM) and fast response (10 s). EuUHIPA-30 is recyclable and can detect DIC in chicken and eggs with good recoveries. Moreover, a smartphone-integrated paper-based sensor enables the instrument-free, rapid, visual, and intelligent detection of DIC in chickens and eggs. This work provides a promising candidate for practical fluorescent DIC sensing in animal-derived food to promote food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Xia
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yan-Xia Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Qing-Yan Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Cai
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Qian-Wen Yang
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Hu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Zi-Yi Mei
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Guang-Ming Bao
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Hou-Qun Yuan
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
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Semi-Preparative Separation, Absolute Configuration, Stereochemical Stability and Effects on Human Neuronal Cells of MDPV Enantiomers. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052121. [PMID: 36903367 PMCID: PMC10003790 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cathinones, such as 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), are widely abused due to their psychostimulant effects. As they are chiral molecules, studies of their stereochemical stability (racemization can occur in certain temperatures and acidic/basic environments) and of their biological and/or toxicity effects (enantiomers might display different properties) are of great relevance. In this study, the liquid chromatography (LC) semi-preparative enantioresolution of MDPV was optimized to collect both enantiomers with high recovery rates and enantiomeric ratio (e.r.) values. The absolute configuration of the MDPV enantiomers was determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) with the aid of theoretical calculations. The first eluted enantiomer was identified as S-(-)-MDPV and the second eluted enantiomer was identified as R-(+)-MDPV. A racemization study was performed by LC-UV, showing enantiomers' stability up to 48 h at room temperature and 24 h at 37 °C. Racemization was only affected by higher temperatures. The potential enantioselectivity of MDPV in cytotoxicity and in the expression of neuroplasticity-involved proteins-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5)-was also evaluated using SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. No enantioselectivity was observed.
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Dirikolu L, Lehner AF, Tobin T. Plasma concentrations of diclazuril following oral administration of diclazuril and diclazuril sodium salt to cattle. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:392-401. [PMID: 35488857 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diclazuril is a triazine-based antiprotozoal agent widely used in veterinary practice that may have clinical application in the treatment of bovine protozoal diseases. The present study reports on the bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of diclazuril and diclazuril sodium salt in cattle following administration of diclazuril suspended in water and by direct application of diclazuril sodium salt to the oral mucosa. Compared with diclazuril itself, the sodium salt formulation of diclazuril applied to the oral mucosa was rapidly and reliably absorbed. Plasma concentrations of diclazuril peaked at around 8 h after oral-mucosal administration of diclazuril sodium salt. On the contrary, application of diclazuril itself orally resulted in delayed and variable absorption. The mean bioavailability of diclazuril as pure powder was 42.5% relative to diclazuril sodium salt indicating approximately 2.5-fold increase in bioavailability of diclazuril as a sodium salt relative to diclazuril as a pure compound in cattle. The present study also reports finding of a previously unreported diclazuril metabolite at high concentrations in plasma especially after oral administration of diclazuril. Further studies, including synthesis and characterization of the novel described metabolite, are required to accurately determine aspects of the metabolism of diclazuril in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levent Dirikolu
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Andreas Fritz Lehner
- MSU Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Thomas Tobin
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center and the Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Chen R, He RJ, Guo D, Zhang ZF, Zhang WG, Fan J. Interactions of diclazuril enantiomers with serum albumins: Multi-spectroscopic and molecular docking approaches. J Mol Recognit 2022; 35:e2948. [PMID: 35094438 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, multi-spectroscopic and molecular docking methods have been conducted in the investigation of enantioselective interactions between diclazuril enantiomers and human/bovine serum albumins (HSA/BSA). The binding constants between serum albumins (SAs) and diclazuril enantiomers revealed that SAs exhibited stronger binding affinity for (R)-diclazuril than (S)-enantiomer. In addition, the fluorescence quenching of SAs induced by diclazuril enantiomers was ascribed to static quenching mechanism, in which hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces were the main interactions. According to the thermodynamic study, binding of diclazuril enantiomers and SAs was an exothermic process driven by enthalpy change. Then, circular dichroism spectroscopy of SAs with diclazuril enantiomers revealed that the SAs conformation had changed in the presence of diclazuril. Moreover, molecular docking technology was applied in exploration of interactions between SAs and diclazuril enantiomers. The docking energy between SAs and (R)-diclazuril was larger than (S)-diclazuril, which indicated that the affinity of SAs with (R)-diclazuril was stronger than (S)-enantiomer. This work may provide valuable information for explaining differences in pharmacokinetics and residue elimination of diclazuril enantiomers in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Chen
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ru-Jian He
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Guo
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Research & Creativity Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Guang Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Fan
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Zheng X, Tang T, Li L, Xu LW, Huang S, Zhao Y. Application of aromatic amide-derived atropisomers as chiral solvating agents for discrimination of optically active mandelic acid derivatives in 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2022; 60:86-92. [PMID: 34106483 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Non-biaryl atropisomers and their stereochemistry have attracted much attentions in the past years. However, application of the non-biaryl atropisomers as chiral solvating agents is yet to be explored. In this work, four aromatic amide-derived atropisomeric phosphine ligands (hosts) were used as chiral solvating agents to recognize various mandelic acid derivatives (guests) in 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It is found that chiral center configurations of the four hosts have different effects on the enantiorecognition to the used guests. In addition, the host and guest interaction was further investigated by determination of the host-guest complex stoichiometry using the Job's method and density functional theory calculation, respectively. Moreover, chiral analysis accuracy of these hosts was evaluated through relationship between enantiomeric excess values of 4-chloromandelic acid provided by NMR and gravimetry, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Zheng
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Tingfeng Tang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Huang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Saleh B, Ding T, Wang Y, Zheng X, Liu R, He L. Analytical Separation of Closantel Enantiomers by HPLC. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237288. [PMID: 34885866 PMCID: PMC8659055 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Closantel is an antiparasitic drug marketed in a racemic form with one chiral center. It is meaningful to develop a method for separating and analyzing the closantel enantiomers. In this work, two enantiomeric separation methods of closantel were explored by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The influences of the chiral stationary phase (CSP) structure, the mobile phase composition, the nature and proportion of different mobile phase modifiers (alcohols and acids), and the column temperature on the enantiomeric separation of closantel were investigated in detail. The two enantiomers were successfully separated on the novel CSP of isopropyl derivatives of cyclofructan 6 and n-hexane-isopropanol-trifluoroacetic acid (97:3:0.1, v/v/v) as a mobile phase with a resolution (Rs) of about 2.48. The enantiomers were also well separated on the CSP of tris-carbamates of amylose with a higher Rs (about 3.79) when a mixture of n-hexane-isopropanol-trifluoroacetic acid (55:45:0.1, v/v/v) was used as mobile phase. Thus, the proposed separation methods can facilitate molecular pharmacological and biological research on closantel and its enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Saleh
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.S.); (T.D.); (X.Z.)
- Directorate of Veterinary Medicine, General Organization of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Port Said 42511, Egypt
| | - Tongyan Ding
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.S.); (T.D.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yuwei Wang
- Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Domestic Animal Products Guangzhou, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.W.); (R.L.)
| | - Xiantong Zheng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.S.); (T.D.); (X.Z.)
| | - Rong Liu
- Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Domestic Animal Products Guangzhou, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.W.); (R.L.)
| | - Limin He
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.S.); (T.D.); (X.Z.)
- Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Domestic Animal Products Guangzhou, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.W.); (R.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-20-85280237; Fax: +86-20-85284896
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Shi JH, Lin ZY, Kou SB, Wang BL, Jiang SL. Enantioseparation of mandelic acid and substituted derivatives by high-performance liquid chromatography with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as chiral mobile additive and evaluation of inclusion complexes by molecular dynamics. Chirality 2021; 33:675-684. [PMID: 34390038 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The enantioseparation and resolution mechanism of mandelic acid (MA), 4-methoxymandelic acid (MMA), and 4-propoxymandelic acid (PMA) were investigated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) as a chiral mobile-phase additive and molecular dynamics simulation. The suitable chromatographic conditions for the enantioseparation of MA, MMA, and PMA were obtained. Under the selected chromatographic conditions, these enantiomers could achieve baseline separation. The results of thermodynamic parameter analysis revealed that the main driven forces for the enantioseparation of MA, MMA, and PMA could be van der Waals forces and hydrogen-bonding interactions and the chromatographic retention of these chiral compounds was an enthalpy-driven process. The results of the molecular simulation revealed that their chiral resolution mechanism on HP-β-CD was responsible for the formation of inclusion complexes of enantiomers with HP-β-CD with different conformations and binding energies. And the binding energy of HP-β-CD with (S)-isomer was larger than that with (R)-isomer, which is consistent with the experimental results of the first elution of (S)-isomer. Additionally, it is also confirmed that the interaction energies included the van der Waals energy (∆Evdw ), electrostatic energy (∆Eelec ), polar solvation energy, and SASA energy (∆Esasa ), and the separation factor (α) was closely connected with the disparity in the binding energies of optical isomers and HP-β-CD complexes. Meanwhile, from molecular dynamics simulation, it can be found that the ∆(∆Ebinding ), (∆(∆Ebinding ) = ∆Ebinding,R - ∆Ebinding,S ) value was in order of MA-HP-β-CD complex > MMA-HP-β-CD complex > PMA-HP-β-CD complex, which was consistent with the order of Δ(ΔG) values obtained from van't Hoff plot. This indicated that the molecular dynamics simulation has predictive function for chiral resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Hua Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Yi Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Song-Bo Kou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Li Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Liang Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P.R. China
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Rebizi MN, Sekkoum K, Petri A, Pescitelli G, Belboukhari N. Synthesis, enantioseparation, and absolute configuration assignment of iminoflavans by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography combined with online chiroptical detection. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3551-3561. [PMID: 34351068 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Four racemic iminoflavan derivatives were synthesized by simple condensation at C-4 position of flavanone. All new compounds were characterized by using ultraviolet-visible, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques. A chiral chromatographic analysis of racemic mixtures was performed by direct chiral high-performance liquid chromatography using Chiralcel® OD-H as chiral stationary phase, and online-coupled with electronic circular dichroism detector. The correlation of experimental electronic circular dichroism traces with quantum chemical electronic circular dichroism calculations run with time-dependent density functional theory made it possible to elucidate the absolute configuration for each enantiomer, and to establish the elution order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Nadjib Rebizi
- Bioactive Molecules and Chiral Separation Laboratory, University Tahri Mohamed of Bechar, Bechar, Algeria
| | - Khaled Sekkoum
- Bioactive Molecules and Chiral Separation Laboratory, University Tahri Mohamed of Bechar, Bechar, Algeria
| | - Antonella Petri
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nasser Belboukhari
- Bioactive Molecules and Chiral Separation Laboratory, University Tahri Mohamed of Bechar, Bechar, Algeria
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Zhang M, Qiu J, Shu X, Tang X, Sha X, Wu L, Fan J, Zeng D, He R, Zhang W, Zeng Z, Liu R, He L. Pharmacokinetics, Activity, and Residue Elimination of R- and S-Diclazuril in Broiler Chickens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:8987-8995. [PMID: 32692165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diclazuril (DIC) is widely used as a racemic mixture to prevent and treat coccidiosis in farm animals, while the pharmacokinetics, bioactivity, and toxicity of DIC enantiomers are not known at all. This study first established a simple, sensitive, and reliable liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for separation of R-DIC and S-DIC and their analyses. Then, it was applied to investigate the stereoselective pharmacokinetics and residual elimination of individual enantiomers, and their anticoccidial activity was also evaluated in broiler chickens. The results indicated that the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and elimination half-life (t1/2β) were significantly different (p < 0.05) for two enantiomers in chicken plasma. The AUC and t1/2β of S-DIC were approximately 2 and 1.4 times those of R-DIC, respectively. The residual elimination of DIC enantiomers in chicken tissues was also stereoselective. The concentrations of S-DIC in chicken muscle and liver were greater than those of R-DIC, and it is the opposite in the kidney. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the anticoccidial activity of racemate and enantiomers when a single enantiomer in feed was added above 0.5 mg kg-1. However, the anticoccidial activity of R-DIC (0.25 mg kg-1) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of S-DIC (0.25 mg kg-1) in the diet. It should be mentioned that in chicken small intestine and cecum, the enantiomerization rate of each enantiomer in the infection group was faster than that in the uninfected group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Zhang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jingli Qiu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaogui Shu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoling Tang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xuefang Sha
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Li Wu
- Guangdong Huanong Hi-Tech Bio-Pharmaceutical Co. Limited, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jun Fan
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dongping Zeng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rujian He
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weiguang Zhang
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhenling Zeng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rong Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Limin He
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
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