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Papp LA, Imre S, Bálint I, Lungu AI, Mărcutiu PE, Papp J, Ion V. Is it Time to Migrate to Liquid Chromatography Automated Platforms in the Clinical Laboratory? A Brief Point of View. J Chromatogr Sci 2024; 62:191-200. [PMID: 36715315 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry already started to surpass the major drawbacks in terms of sensitivity, specificity and cross-reactivity that some analytical methods used in the clinical laboratory exhibit. This hyphenated technique is already preferred for specific applications while finding its own place in the clinical laboratory setting. However, large-scale usage, high-throughput analysis and lack of automation emerge as shortcomings that liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry still has to overrun in order to be used on a larger scale in the clinical laboratory. The aim of this review article is to point out the present-day position of the liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry technique while trying to understand how this analytical method relates to the basic working framework of the clinical laboratory. This paper offers insights about the main regulation and traceability criteria that this coupling method has to align and comply to, automation and standardization issues and finally the critical steps in sample preparation workflows all related to the high-throughput analysis framework. Further steps are to be made toward automation, speed and easy-to-use concept; however, the current technological and quality premises are favorable for chromatographic coupled to mass spectral methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lajos-Attila Papp
- Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology from Targu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu street 38, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
- Public Health Department Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu street 40, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Silvia Imre
- Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology from Targu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu street 38, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
- Center for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology from Targu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu street 38, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - István Bálint
- Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology from Targu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu street 38, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
- Public Health Department Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu street 40, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Andreea-Ioana Lungu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology from Targu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu street 38, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
- Public Health Department Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu street 40, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Petra-Edina Mărcutiu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology from Targu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu street 38, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
- Public Health Department Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu street 40, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Júlia Papp
- Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology from Targu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu street 38, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
- Public Health Department Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu street 40, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Valentin Ion
- Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology from Targu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu street 38, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
- Center for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology from Targu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu street 38, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
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Kosmáková A, Zajickova Z, Urban J. Characterization of hybrid organo-silica monoliths for possible application in the gradient elution of peptides. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300617. [PMID: 37880902 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
We characterized thermally polymerized organo-silica hybrid monolithic capillaries to test their applicability in the gradient elution of peptides. We have used a single-pot approach utilizing 3-(methacryloyloxy)propyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS), ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA), and n-octadecyl methacrylate (ODM) as functional monomers. The organo-silica monolith containing MPTMS and EDMA was compared with the stationary phase prepared by adding ODM to the original polymerization mixture. Column prepared using a three-monomer system provided a lower accessible volume of flow-through pores, a higher proportion of mesopores, and higher efficiency. We utilized isocratic and gradient elution data to predict peak widths in gradient elution. Both protocols provided comparable results and can be used for peptide peak width prediction. However, applying gradient elution data for peak width prediction seems simpler. Finally, we tested the effect of gradient time on achievable peak capacity in the gradient elution of peptides with a column prepared with a three-monomer system providing a higher peak capacity. However, the performance of hybrid organo-silica monolithic stationary phases in gradient elution of peptides must be improved compared to other monolithic stationary phases. The limiting factor is column efficiency in highly aqueous mobile phases, which needs to be focused on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kosmáková
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Zajickova
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Barry University, Miami Shores, Florida, USA
| | - Jiří Urban
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Foster SW, Gates EP, Peaden PA, Calugaru SV, West WR, Lee ML, Grinias JP. Column selection considerations in compact capillary liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1701:464067. [PMID: 37216851 PMCID: PMC10259062 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen significant advances in compact, portable capillary LC instrumentation. This study explores the performances of several commercially available columns within the pressure and flow limits of both the columns and one of these compact LC instruments. The commercially available compact capillary LC system with UV-absorbance detector used in this study is typically operated using columns in the 0.15-0.3 mm internal diameter (i.d.) range. Efficiency measurements (i.e., theoretical plates, N) for six columns with i.d.s in this range and of varying lengths and pressure limits, packed with stationary phases of different particle diameters and morphologies, were made using a mixture of standard alkylphenones. Kinetic plot comparisons between columns that vary by one (or more) of these parameters are described, along with calculated kinetic performance and Knox-Saleem limits. These theoretical performance descriptions provide insight into optimal operating conditions when using capillary LC systems. Based on kinetic plot evaluation of available capillary columns in the 0.2-0.3 mm i.d. range with a conservative upper pressure limit of 330 bar packed with superficially porous particles, a 25 cm column could generate ∼47,000 plates in 7.85 min when operated at 2.4 µL/min. For comparison, more robust 0.3 mm i.d. columns (packed with fully porous particles) that can be operated at higher pressures than can be provided by the pumping system (conservative pump upper pressure limit of 570 bar), a ∼20 cm column could generate nearly 40,000 plates in 5.9 min if operated at 6 µL/min. Across all capillary LC columns measured, higher pressure limits and shorter columns can provide the best throughput when considering both speed and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Milton L Lee
- Axcend LLC, Provo, UT 84604, United States; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - James P Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States.
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Broeckhoven K, Gunnarson C. But Why Doesn’t It Get Better? Kinetic Plots for Liquid Chromatography, Part III: Pulling It All Together. LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.vi2966r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Choosing a liquid chromatography (LC) column for a particular application can be a surprisingly challenging task. On one hand, column manufacturers give us many options to choose from, including particle types, pore sizes, particle sizes, and different lengths and diameters. On the other hand, we usually don’t have time to experimentally evaluate many combinations of these parameters, and sometimes we end up picking something similar to the columns that are already in the drawer. The “kinetic plot” is a powerful graphical tool that can help leverage the best available theory to help us understand how different combinations of parameters (that is, particle size and length) will perform in terms of the time needed to get to a particular column efficiency (and thus resolution), and therefore make well-informed decisions when choosing columns.
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Broeckhoven K, Stoll DR. But Why Doesn’t It Get Better? Kinetic Plots for Liquid Chromatography, Part II: Making and Interpreting the Plots. LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.gs2977o8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Choosing a liquid chromatography (LC) column for a particular application can be a surprisingly challenging task. On the one hand, column manufacturers provide us many options to choose from, including particle types, pore sizes, particle sizes, and different lengths and diameters. On the other hand, we usually do not have time to experimentally evaluate many combinations of these parameters, and sometimes we end up picking something similar to the columns that are already available. The “kinetic plot” is a powerful graphical tool that can help leverage the best available theory to help us understand how different combinations of parameters (that is, particle size, length, among others) will perform in regard to the time needed to get to a particular column efficiency (and thus resolution), and therefore make well-informed decisions when choosing columns.
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Yu RB, Quirino JP. Chiral separation using cyclodextrins as mobile phase additives in open-tubular liquid chromatography with a pseudophase coating. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1195-1201. [PMID: 35014193 PMCID: PMC9304321 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The chiral separation of various analytes (dichlorprop, mecoprop, ibuprofen, and ketoprofen) was demonstrated with different cyclodextrins as mobile phase additives in open‐tubular liquid chromatography using a stationary pseudophase semipermanent coating. The stable coating was prepared by a successive multiple ionic layer approach using poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), polystyrene sulfonate, and didodecyldimethyl ammonium bromide. Increasing concentrations (0–0.2 mM) of various native and derivatized cyclodextrins in 25 mM sodium tetraborate (pH 9.2) were investigated. Chiral separation was achieved for the four test analytes using 0.05–0.1 mM β‐cyclodextrin (resolution between 1.11 and 1.34), γ‐cyclodextrin (resolution between 0.78 and 1.27), carboxymethyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (resolution between 1.64 and 2.59), and 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (resolution between 0.71 and 1.76) with the highest resolutions obtained with 0.1 mM carboxymethyl‐β‐cyclodextrin. %RSD values were <10%. This is the first demonstration of chiral open‐tubular liquid chromatography using achiral chromatographic coatings and cyclodextrins as mobile phase additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond B Yu
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Joselito P Quirino
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
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Broeckhoven K, Stoll DR. But Why Doesn’t It Get Better? Kinetic Plots for Liquid Chromatography, Part I: Basic Concepts. LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.sm2490k6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Choosing a liquid chromatography (LC) column for a particular application can be a surprisingly challenging task. On the one hand, column manufacturers give us many options to choose from, including particle types, pore sizes, particle sizes, and different lengths and diameters. On the other hand, we usually do not have time to experimentally evaluate many combinations of these parameters, and sometimes we end up picking something similar to the columns that are already in the drawer. The “kinetic plot” is a powerful graphical tool that can help leverage the best available theory to help us understand how different combinations of parameters (such as particle size and length) will perform in relation to the time needed to get to a particular column efficiency (and thus resolution), and therefore make well-informed decisions when choosing columns.
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8
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Broeckhoven K. Advances in the limits of separation power in supercritical fluid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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9
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Si-Hung L, Bamba T. Current state and future perspectives of supercritical fluid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Barhate CL, Donnell AF, Davies M, Li L, Zhang Y, Yang F, Black R, Zipp G, Zhang Y, Cavallaro CL, Priestley ES, Weller HN. Microscale purification in support of high-throughput medicinal chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11037-11040. [PMID: 34608906 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03791a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, successful assay miniaturization has enabled the exploration of synthesis scale reduction in pharmaceutical discovery. Miniaturization of pharmaceutical synthesis and purification allows a reduction in material consumption and shortens timelines, which ultimately reduces the cost per experiment without compromising data quality. Isolating and purifying the compounds of interest is a key step in the library synthesis process. In this manuscript we describe a high-throughput purification workflow in support of microscale (1-5 μmol or 0.5-2 mg) library synthesis. The optimized microscale purification system can routinely purify 384-well reaction plates with an analysis time of 4 min per sample. Instrument optimization, critical parameters such as column loading, delay time calibration, ultrafast pre- and post-purification analysis and library purification examples are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan L Barhate
- Separation and Analysis Technology Team, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA.
| | - Andrew F Donnell
- Chemotype Discovery and Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Merrill Davies
- Separation and Analysis Technology Team, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA.
| | - Ling Li
- Chemotype Discovery and Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Novel Drug Modalities, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Fukang Yang
- Novel Drug Modalities, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Regina Black
- Agilent Technologies, Incorporated, Wilmington, Delaware 19808, USA
| | - Greg Zipp
- Separation and Analysis Technology Team, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA.
| | - Yingru Zhang
- Separation and Analysis Technology Team, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA.
| | - Cullen L Cavallaro
- Chemotype Discovery and Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - E Scott Priestley
- Chemotype Discovery and Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Harold N Weller
- Separation and Analysis Technology Team, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA.
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