1
|
Hazrati S, Mousavi Z, Nicola S. Harvest time optimization for medicinal and aromatic plant secondary metabolites. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 212:108735. [PMID: 38781639 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites (SMs) play a crucial role in shielding plants from pathogens and environmental stressors. These natural products find widespread applications across various industries, including pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and healthcare. However, the quantity and quality of these compounds in plants can be influenced by factors such as genetics, morphology, plant age, and the seasonal and daily variations. The timing of harvest holds particular significance for medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) as their active compounds peak at a specific moment during the plant growth cycle. Determining the optimal harvest time is essential to ensure the plants meet their intended cultivation goal. In this review, we analyzed how developmental and external factors impact the qualitative and quantitative effectiveness of SMs in MAPs. We examined recent studies on the effects of environmental and developmental factors on SMs of MAPs, compiling relevant data for analysis. The results of this review demonstrate how these factors influence the quantity and quality of plant SMs, underscoring the importance of determining the optimal harvest time (known as the balsamic time) to maximize the utilization of these compounds. Our findings offer crucial insights into the factors affecting SMs, serving as a tool for quality control in MAPs production. Moreover, this review can be a valuable resource for researchers, farmers, and industrial users aiming to optimize plant growth and harvest timing for maximum yield. Overall, our review provides valuable information for devising effective strategies to produce high-quality MAPs products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Hazrati
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, 53714-161, Iran.
| | - Zahra Mousavi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, 53714-161, Iran
| | - Silvana Nicola
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Horticultural Sciences - Inhortosanitas Lab, University of Turin, 10095, Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zwerger M, Boeck L, Manzl J, Schwaiger S, Ganzera M. Novel Approaches for the Analysis and Isolation of Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids in Chelidonium majus. PLANTA MEDICA 2024; 90:523-533. [PMID: 38843792 PMCID: PMC11156497 DOI: 10.1055/a-2204-5686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids are the major bioactive components in Chelidonium majus, a plant that has a long usage history for the treatment of gastrointestinal ailments in European and Asian phytomedicine. This study reports on the development and application of a supercritical fluid chromatography technique for the simultaneous qualitative and quantitative determination of seven benzylisoquinoline alkaloids in under six minutes using a Viridis BEH 2-EP column and a modifier comprising methanol with 30% acetonitrile and 20 mM ammonium formate. The method was fully validated according to ICH guidelines showing, e.g., excellent linearity (≥ 0.9997) and maximum deviations for intraday and inter-day precision of 2.99 and 2.76%, respectively. The new supercritical fluid chromatography assay was not only employed for the analysis of several C. majus samples but was also used for the subsequent development of a fast centrifugal partition chromatography technique, whereby five benzylisoquinoline alkaloids could be isolated within approximately 2.5 h, with only two of them, protopine and chelidonine, requiring an additional purification step. To achieve this, a solvent system composed of chloroform/methanol/0.3 M hydrochloric acid was used in descending mode. By injecting 500 mg of crude extract, stylopine (1.93 mg), sanguinarine (0.57 mg), chelidonine (1.29 mg), protopine (1.95 mg), and coptisine (7.13 mg) could be obtained. The purity of compounds was confirmed by supercritical fluid chromatography and MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zwerger
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lynda Boeck
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julia Manzl
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Schwaiger
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Ganzera
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen H, Zhang X, Ren B, Niu Y, Dong J. Simultaneously characterization of multiple constituents in Valeriana jatamansi Jones using an online supercritical fluid extraction-high-performance liquid chromatography/supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry system. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300550. [PMID: 38066382 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Valeriana jatamansi Jones is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine, boasting rich effective compositions with versatile chemical structures and wide polarity, including iridoids, chlorogenic acid, and flavonoids. Previous reports indicate that conventional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analytical methods have proven inefficient performance in comprehensively characterizing components in Valeriana jatamansi. In the present study, a hybrid online analytical platform combining supercritical fluid extraction with both conventional HPLC separation (reverse phase) and supercritical fluid chromatography (normal phase) has been established and validated. This system can provide online extraction with two different chromatographic separation modes to increase separation ability and has been connected to a mass spectrometer to acquire high-resolution mass spectrometry data. Then, the online platform was applied to screening components in Valeriana jatamansi. A total of 117 compounds were identified, including five lignans, 18 organic acids, six flavonoids, and 88 iridoids. Thirty-three compounds were reported from Valeriana jatamansi for the first time. These results enrich our understanding of the components of Valeriana jatamansi and prove that the developed online platform in this study is a robust approach for accelerating working efficiency in comprehensively analyzing complicated samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- Tibet Cheezheng Tibetan Medicine Co., Ltd., Nyingchi, China
| | - Biao Ren
- Shimadzu (Shanghai) Global Laboratory Consumables Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yaru Niu
- Shimadzu (Shanghai) Global Laboratory Consumables Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Shimadzu (China) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tuzimski T, Petruczynik A. New trends in the practical use of isoquinoline alkaloids as potential drugs applicated in infectious and non-infectious diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115704. [PMID: 37862968 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last years, traditional natural products have been the center of attention for the scientific community and exploration of their therapeutic abilities is proceeding permanently. Isoquinoline alkaloids have always attracted scientific interest due to either their positive or negative effects on human organism. The present review describes research on isoquinoline alkaloids isolated from different plant species. Alkaloids are one of the most important classes of plant derived compounds among these isoquinoline alkaloids possess varied biological activities such as anticancer, antineurodegenerative diseases, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, and many others. The use of plants against different disorders is entrenched in traditional medicine around the globe. Recent progress in modern therapeutics has stimulated the use of natural products worldwide for various ailments and diseases. The review provides a collection of information on the capabilities of some isoquinoline alkaloids, its potential for the treatment of various diseases and is designed to be a guide for future research on different biologically active isoquinoline alkaloids and plant species containing them. The authors are aware that they were not able to cover the whole area of the topic related to biological activity of isoquinoline alkaloids. This review is intended to suggest directions for further research and can also help other researchers in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Tuzimski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Anna Petruczynik
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen J, Jiang T, Jiang J, Deng L, Liu Y, Zhong Z, Fu H, Yang B, Zhang L. The chloroplast GATA-motif of Mahonia bealei participates in alkaloid-mediated photosystem inhibition during dark to light transition. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 280:153894. [PMID: 36525836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mahonia bealei and Mahonia fortunei are important plant resources in Traditional Chinese Medicine that are valued for their high levels of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs). Although the phytotoxic activity of BIAs has been recognized, information is limited on the mechanism of action by which these compounds regulate photosynthetic activity. Here, we performed comparative chloroplast genome analysis to examine insertions and deletions in the two species. We found a GATA-motif located in the promoter region of the ndhF gene of only M. bealei. K-mer frequency-based diversity analysis illustrated the close correlation between the GATA-motif and leaf phenotype. We found that the GATA-motif significantly inhibits GUS gene expression in tobacco during the dark-light transition (DLT). The expression of ndhF was downregulated in M. bealei and upregulated in M. fortunei during the DLT. NDH-F activity was remarkably decreased and exhibited a significant negative correlation with BIA levels in M. bealei during the DLT. Furthermore, the NADPH produced through photosynthetic metabolism was found to decrease in M. bealei during the DLT. Taken together, our results indicate that this GATA-motif might act as the functional site by which BIAs inhibit photosynthetic metabolism through downregulating ndhF expression during the DLT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Tianfu Jiang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Jiajun Jiang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Linfang Deng
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005, China
| | - Yiting Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zhuoheng Zhong
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Hongwei Fu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Bingxian Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Penicillium digitatum as a Model Fungus for Detecting Antifungal Activity of Botanicals: An Evaluation on Vietnamese Medicinal Plant Extracts. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090956. [PMID: 36135681 PMCID: PMC9502062 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants play important roles in traditional medicine, and numerous compounds among them have been recognized for their antimicrobial activity. However, little is known about the potential of Vietnamese medicinal plants for antifungal activity. In this study, we examined the antagonistic activity of twelve medicinal plant species collected in Northern Vietnam against Penicillium digitatum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Candida albicans. The results showed that the antifungal activities of the crude extracts from Mahonia bealei, Ficus semicordata, and Gnetum montanum were clearly detected with the citrus postharvest pathogen P. digitatum. These extracts could fully inhibit the growth of P. digitatum on the agar medium, and on the infected citrus fruits at concentrations of 300–1000 µg/mL. Meanwhile, the other tested fungi were less sensitive to the antagonistic activity of the plant extracts. In particular, we found that the ethanolic extract of M. bealei displayed a broad-spectrum antifungal activity against all four pathogenic fungi. Analysis of this crude extract by enrichment coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that berberine and palmatine are major metabolites. Additional inspections indicated berberine as the key compound responsible for the antifungal activity of the M. bealei ethanolic extract. Our study provides a better understanding of the potential of Vietnamese medicinal plant resources for combating fungal pathogens. This work also highlights that the citrus pathogen P. digitatum can be employed as a model fungus for screening the antifungal activity of botanicals.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang X, Gao H, Zhang X, Qian S, Wang C, Deng L, Zhong M, Qing G. Aspartic Acid-Modified Phospholipids Regulate Cell Response and Rescue Memory Deficits in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:2154-2163. [PMID: 35818957 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Misfolding and accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) to form senile plaques are the main neuropathological signatures of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Decreasing Aβ production, inhibiting Aβ aggregation, and clearing Aβ plaques are thus considered an important strategy for AD treatment. However, numerous drugs cannot enter the AD clinical trials due to unsatisfactory biocompatibility, poor blood-brain barrier penetration, little biomarker impact, and/or low therapeutic indicators. Here, a pair of chiral aspartic acid-modified 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (l- and d-Asp-DPPE) are prepared to build stabilized chiral liposomes. We find that both l- and d-liposomes are able to rescue Aβ aggregation-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress, and calcium homeostasis, in which the effect of d-liposomes is more obvious than that of l-ones. Furthermore, in AD model mice (APPswe/PS1d9 double-transgenic mice), chiral liposomes not only show biosafety but also strongly improve cognitive deficits and reduce Aβ deposition in the brain. Our results suggest that chiral liposomes, particularly, d-liposomes, could be a potential therapeutic approach for AD treatment. This study opens new horizons by showing that liposomes will be used for drug development in addition to delivery and targeting functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Huiling Gao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Shengxu Qian
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Cunli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Lijing Deng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Manli Zhong
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Guangyan Qing
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Advanced Development of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography in Herbal Medicine Analysis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134159. [PMID: 35807405 PMCID: PMC9268462 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The greatest challenge in the analysis of herbal components lies in their variety and complexity. Therefore, efficient analytical tools for the separation and qualitative and quantitative analysis of multi-components are essential. In recent years, various emerging analytical techniques have offered significant support for complicated component analysis, with breakthroughs in selectivity, sensitivity, and rapid analysis. Among these techniques, supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) has attracted much attention because of its high column efficiency and environmental protection. SFC can be used to analyze a wide range of compounds, including non-polar and polar compounds, making it a prominent analytical platform. The applicability of SFC for the separation and determination of natural products in herbal medicines is overviewed in this article. The range of applications was expanded through the selection and optimization of stationary phases and mobile phases. We also focus on the two-dimensional SFC analysis. This paper provides new insight into SFC method development for herbal medicine analysis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Dai Z, Jiang D, Dai Y, Han R, Fu Q, Jin Y, Liang X. Separation and characterization of phenylamides from Piper kadsura using preparative supercritical fluid chromatography and ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3530-3539. [PMID: 34342132 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A preparative supercritical fluid chromatography method for the separation of Piper kadsura obtained five phenylamide compounds, which had the same structural skeleton, but changed in the number and position of methoxyl substituents. To improve the separation selectivity of these structural analogues, silica, phenyl, and chiral stationary phases were screened. Only through the combination of Chiral C and phenyl columns could the separation of the five phenylamides be solved. The two-step strategy using preparative supercritical fluid chromatography presented good orthogonality that ensured the purity of the phenylamides. Then, an ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography hyphened tandem mass spectrometry method was developed, and the fragmentation pattern of phenylamides was summarized. It mainly cleaved in the amide bond to produce the fragment ion, which could help to judge the substituent positions. Twenty-eight possible molecular weights of hydroxyl and methoxyl substituted phenylamides were calculated and screened. Nine compounds were extracted in three [M + H]+ ions at m/z 284.13, 314.13, and 344.13, including five purified compounds and the other four positional or trans-cis phenylamide isomers in low content. The methods developed in this research were useful in the separation and characterization of phenylamide analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoshun Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Dasen Jiang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yingping Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Rongrong Han
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qing Fu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yu Jin
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Key Lab of Natural Medicine, Liaoning Province, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li BQ, Li XK, Lin Y, Li ZY, Zhang XZ, Feng N, Ma AJ, Chen CY, Tan LF. Development and validation of ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography method for quantitative determination of six compounds in Guizhi Fuling capsule and tablet samples. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3199-3207. [PMID: 34213832 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A fast and simple ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography method has been developed for the determination of six analytes, namely (paeonol, coumarin, cinnamic alcohol, cinnamic acid, paeoniflorin, and amygdalin) in Guizhi Fuling capsule and tablet samples. The influence of the key chromatographic parameters for the separation purposes was evaluated. The optimal column was Trefoil CEL1 column. The optimal mobile phase was a gradient mixture of carbon dioxide and methanol at flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The back pressure of the system was set to 1.38 × 107 Pa and the temperature to 45°C. The six compounds were separated within 11 min by the proposed ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography method with satisfactory resolution. Method validation confirmed that the procedure is accurate with the recovery rates from 87.04 to 104.30%, intraday precision values less than 4.81% and interday precision less than 5.22%, and linear with R2 higher than 0.9967. Therefore, this work provides a simple and novel method for the simultaneous analysis of six compounds in Guizhi Fuling capsule and tablet samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bao Qiong Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, P. R. China
| | - Xin Kang Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Lin
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, P. R. China
| | - Ze Ying Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Zhi Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, P. R. China
| | - Na Feng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, P. R. China
| | - Ai-Jun Ma
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, P. R. China
| | - Chao Yang Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, P. R. China
| | - Lin Fan Tan
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|