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Zou Y, Tang S, Li H, Lu F, Shao L. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid metabolites affected by WenDanTang based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300201. [PMID: 38286733 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
WenDanTang (WDT) is a Chinese herbal formula used to treat various diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. However, the neuroprotective metabolic pathways and the components involved in this process are not fully understood. In this study, we examined the neuroprotective metabolic pathways of WDT in rat brains using cerebrospinal fluid metabolomics and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Twelve rats were randomly divided into a WDT (administrated with WDT solution) and a control group. The ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography technique was used to explore the components of the WDT solution and cerebrospinal fluid, and secondary mass spectra of cerebrospinal fluid were used to identify possible brain-incorporating components after WDT. The results of the differential metabolism analysis showed that eight metabolites were typically altered (all p < 0.05). By comparing the secondary mass spectra of the cerebrospinal fluid of rats and WDT solution, two possible brain-incorporating components of WDT, stachydrine and α-methoxyphenylacetic acid, were identified. The data also suggested that WDT affects nucleotide metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and B-vitamin metabolic pathways, the central differential metabolic pathways. These data suggest that WDT protects neurons through its active components, such as stachydrine, and regulates biochemical metabolism to affect the brain's energy metabolism and antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Theory of Innovation and Application, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, TianJin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Saixue Tang
- Teaching and Research Section of TCM Internal Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Haozhi Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Theory of Innovation and Application, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, TianJin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Feilong Lu
- Institute of TCM Clinical Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Shao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Theory of Innovation and Application, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, TianJin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
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Zhu K, Pursch M, Huygens B, Eeltink S, Desmet G. Minimize Precolumn Band Broadening with Immiscible Solvent Sandwich Injection. Anal Chem 2023; 95:15311-15317. [PMID: 37797306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the possibility of reducing the effect of precolumn band broadening (PreCBB) by sandwiching the sample between two small plugs of an immiscible liquid. It has been found that in cases of severe PreCBB, improvements in peak efficiency can amount up to 20 times for the early-eluting compounds. For smaller degrees of PreCBB, the gain on the efficiency of early-eluting compounds is smaller (order of 50%), yet it is still significant. It has been verified that the presence of the immiscible fluid sandwich does not affect the repeatability of the analysis nor the linearity of the calibration curves used for analyte quantitation. It is also shown that the main effect of the two sandwich plugs is the minimization of the dispersion in the precolumn transfer tubing itself, which makes the method fundamentally different from pure on-column focusing methods such as the performance optimizing injection sequence (POISe) method. It is further demonstrated that both halves of the sandwich are needed, since the beneficial effect is clearly much smaller when only one plug is present. A drawback of the method is that some of the late-eluting peaks are slightly adversely affected by the presence of the sandwich liquid in the case where 127 μm i.d. tubing was used. The mechanism for this peak deterioration effect is at present still unclear but only occurs under gradient conditions and is clearly linked to the size of the sandwich plugs (the smaller the plugs, the smaller the adverse effect) and the internal diameter of the tubing used between the injection valve and the column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koudi Zhu
- IFF, Pharma Solutions, 1801 Larkin Center Drive, Midland, Michigan 48640, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Matthias Pursch
- Dow Deutschland Anlagen GmbH, Analytical Science, 65201 Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Bram Huygens
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
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Xu S, Li S, Yan Z, Wang Y, Zhang L. Development and Validation of a UHPLC-MS/MS Method for the Quantification of a Novel PYGB Inhibitor in Plasma: Application to Pharmacokinetic Studies. Molecules 2023; 28:6995. [PMID: 37836837 PMCID: PMC10574475 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In previous studies, we reported compound 1 (5-chloro-N-(4-oxo-2,2-dipropyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,3]oxazin-6-yl)-1H-indole-2-carboxamide) as a novel PYGB inhibitor, and found that it had better anti-ischemic brain injury activity. In this study, we established and validated a novel UHPLC-MS/MS method for the quantitative determination of compound 1 in plasma, then applied the method to study the pharmacokinetic parameters and brain tissue distribution of compound 1 in SD (Sprague-Dawley) rats after intravenous administration. The experimental results showed that the method met the validation requirements set by the US FDA in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, and stability. The validated method was then used for pharmacokinetic studies in rat plasma, and it was found that compound 1 exhibited linear pharmacokinetic characteristics when administered in the dose range of 0.8-3.2 mg/kg. Finally, we also conducted a brief preliminary investigation of the brain tissue distribution of compound 1 in rats after injection and found that the brain tissue concentrations at 0.25 h and 2 h of administration were 440 ± 19.1 ng/kg and 111 ± 23.9 ng/kg, respectively. Additionally, the CBrain/CPlasma ratio was 0.112 ± 0.0185 and 0.112 ± 0.0292, respectively. These results indicated that compound 1 was able to cross the blood-brain barrier. This study provides important support for the application of compound 1 in ischemic brain injury diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Liying Zhang
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Development of Hebei Province, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China; (S.X.); (S.L.); (Z.Y.)
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Jaekel A, Legelli M, Wirtz M, Meyer D, Schräder N, Streckel K, Lamotte S. Selectivity optimization in liquid chromatography via stationary phase tuning. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300204. [PMID: 37568243 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
In striving for the best possible separation, the selectivity of stationary phases as an optimization parameter is often underestimated although there are many ways to influence this powerful tool. This review serves to provide an insight into the various ways of adapting the selectivity of a separation in liquid chromatography. Approaches via temperature and flow rate tuning are discussed as a basis followed by focusing on the stationary phase as the superior optimization parameter. Highly selective stationary phases hereby provide an advantage for groups of similar analytes. For more complex mixtures, separations can be improved using mixed-mode technologies where different retention mechanisms are combined. Serial coupling, mixed-bed columns, and stationary phase optimized selectivity liquid chromatography provide solutions to various degrees. Finally, the advantages of stationary phase tuning over adaption of mobile phase and/or temperature are presented in terms of optimum application range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Jaekel
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Mo Legelli
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Michaela Wirtz
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Daniel Meyer
- Department of Analytical and Material Science, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Nicole Schräder
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Kevin Streckel
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Stefan Lamotte
- Department of Analytical and Material Science, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Özcan S, Erdoğan Uzunoğlu Ü, Levent S, Can NÖ. Liquid chromatographic determination of lumacaftor in the presence of ivacaftor and identification of five novel degradation products using high-performance liquid chromatography ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300228. [PMID: 37409384 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Lumacaftor is a transmembrane conductance regulator potentiator drug, prescribed for the treatment of cystic fibrosis in patients who are homozygous for the F508del mutation. Quantitation of lumacaftor besides its degradation products and ivacaftor was achieved on a fused-core silica particle column packed with pentafluorophenylpropyl stationary phase (Ascentis Express F5, 2.7 μm particle size 100 mm × 4.6 mm; Supelco) using gradient elution (A: 0.1% [v/v] formic acid in water, B: 0.1% [v/v] formic acid in acetonitrile [the mobile phase pH 2.5]). A constant flow rate at 1 mL/min was applied, and the detection was realized using a photodiode array detector set at 216 nm. The pseudo tablet formulation of the lumacaftor/ivacaftor fixed-dose combination preparation, namely, Orkambi®, was prepared in vitro and used for the analytical performance validation and method application studies. In addition, five novel degradation products, four of which even have no Chemical Abstracts Services registry number, were identified using high-resolution mass spectrometry instrument, and their possible mechanisms of formation were proposed. According to current literature, this paper can be regarded as the most comprehensive liquid chromatographic study on lumacaftor determination, among its counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saniye Özcan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Türkiye
- Central Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Türkiye
| | - Ülfet Erdoğan Uzunoğlu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Serkan Levent
- Central Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Türkiye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Türkiye
| | - Nafiz Öncü Can
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Türkiye
- Central Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Türkiye
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