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Vincent JB. What Are the Implications of Cr(III) Serving as an Inhibitor of the Beta Subunit of Mitochondrial ATP Synthase? Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:1335-1344. [PMID: 37580526 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03809-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
A recent report has shown the active site of the beta subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase is probably the site of action of Cr(III) action, independent of the insulin signaling pathway. This works appears to answer an important question about the mode of action of Cr(III) at a molecular level when supplied in supra-nutritional levels to rodents. However, as with any good research, the research also raises several questions. The relationship between this study and the results of rodent studies of chromium supplementation and between this study and the current understanding the chromium(III) transport and detoxification system are put into perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Vincent
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0336, USA.
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Pantelić M, Jovanović LJ, Prodanović R, Vujanac I, Đurić M, Ćulafić T, Vranješ-Đurić S, Korićanac G, Kirovski D. The impact of the chromium supplementation on insulin signalling pathway in different tissues and milk yield in dairy cows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:41-55. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Pantelić
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology; Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - L. J. Jovanović
- Department for Physiology and Biochemistry; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - R. Prodanović
- Department for Ruminants and Swine Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - I. Vujanac
- Department for Ruminants and Swine Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - M. Đurić
- Department for Reproduction, Fertility and Artificial Insemination; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - T. Ćulafić
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology; Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - S. Vranješ-Đurić
- Laboratory for Radioisotopes; Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - G. Korićanac
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology; Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - D. Kirovski
- Department for Physiology and Biochemistry; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
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Vincent JB. Is the Pharmacological Mode of Action of Chromium(III) as a Second Messenger? Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 166:7-12. [PMID: 25595680 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0231-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although recent studies have shown that chromium (as the trivalent ion) is not an essential trace element, it has been demonstrated to generate beneficial effects at pharmacologically relevant doses on insulin sensitivity and cholesterol levels of rodent models of insulin insensitivity, including models of type 2 diabetes. The mode of action of Cr(III) at a molecular level is still an area of active debate; however, the movement of Cr(III) in the body, particularly in response to changes in insulin concentration, suggests that Cr(III) could act as a second messenger, amplifying insulin signaling. The evidence for the pharmacological mechanism of Cr(III)'s ability to increase insulin sensitivity by acting as a second messenger is reviewed, and proposals for testing this hypothesis are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Vincent
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0336, USA,
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Chen W, Cao F, Zheng W, Tian Y, Xianyu Y, Xu P, Zhang W, Wang Z, Deng K, Jiang X. Detection of the nanomolar level of total Cr[(iii) and (vi)] by functionalized gold nanoparticles and a smartphone with the assistance of theoretical calculation models. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:2042-2049. [PMID: 25553787 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr06726f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a method for rapid, effective detection of both Cr(iii) and Cr(vi) (in the form of Cr(3+) and Cr2O7(2-), the main species of chromium in the natural environment) by making use of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)-functionalized gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). The limit of detection (LOD) is 10 nM with the naked eye and the assay can be applied in detecting chromium in polluted soil from Yun-Nan Province in Southwest China. We use density functional theory to calculate the change of the Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of the interactions between the DMSA-Au NP system and various metal ions, which shows that DMSA-Au NPs have high specificity for both Cr(3+) and Cr2O7(2-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Chen
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology & Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) play essential roles in controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, communication, and adhesion. The dysregulated activities of PTPs are involved in the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases. RECENT ADVANCES Many PTPs have emerged as potential new targets for novel drug discovery. PTP inhibitors have attracted much attention. Many PTP inhibitors have been developed. Some of them have been proven to be efficient in lowering blood glucose levels in vivo or inhibiting tumor xenograft growth. CRITICAL ISSUES Some metal ions and metal complexes potently inhibit PTPs. The metal atoms within metal complexes play an important role in PTP binding, while ligand structures influence the inhibitory potency and selectivity. Some metal complexes can penetrate the cell membrane and selectively bind to their targeting PTPs, enhancing the phosphorylation of the related substrates and influencing cellular metabolism. PTP inhibition is potentially involved in the pathophysiological and toxicological processes of metals and some PTPs may be cellular targets of certain metal-based therapeutic agents. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Investigating the structural basis of the interactions between metal complexes and PTPs would facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the structure-activity relationship and accelerate the development of promising metal-based drugs targeting specific PTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University , Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
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Formation of oxo-centered trinuclear chromium carboxylate complexes and hydrolysis of Cr3 as established by paramagnetic 2H NMR spectroscopy. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 131:12-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhao L, Jin Y, Yan Z, Liu Y, Zhu H. Novel, highly selective detection of Cr(III) in aqueous solution based on a gold nanoparticles colorimetric assay and its application for determining Cr(VI). Anal Chim Acta 2012; 731:75-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hua Y, Clark S, Ren J, Sreejayan N. Molecular mechanisms of chromium in alleviating insulin resistance. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 23:313-9. [PMID: 22423897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is often associated with obesity, dyslipidemia and cardiovascular anomalies and is a major health problem approaching global epidemic proportions. Insulin resistance, a prediabetic condition, precedes the onset of frank type 2 diabetes and offers potential avenues for early intervention to treat the disease. Although lifestyle modifications and exercise can reduce the incidence of diabetes, compliance has proved to be difficult, warranting pharmacological interventions. However, most of the currently available drugs that improve insulin sensitivity have adverse effects. Therefore, attractive strategies to alleviate insulin resistance include dietary supplements. One such supplement is chromium, which has been shown to reduce insulin resistance in some, but not all, studies. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of chromium in alleviating insulin resistance remain elusive. This review examines emerging reports on the effect of chromium, as well as molecular and cellular mechanisms by which chromium may provide beneficial effects in alleviating insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Hua
- College of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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Abstract
Chromium has been established to be an essential trace element in mammals in regard to maintenance of normal carbohydrate metabolism. Studies that provided chromium to human subjects in documented deficiency states noted improved glucose levels. However, controversy exists as to whether dietary supplementation with chromium should be routinely recommended in subjects without documented deficiencies. Over the recent past, several well-designed clinical trials have provided evidence in favor of and against a beneficial effect of chromium. It appears that across all subject phenotypes (eg, lean and obese, insulin sensitive and insulin resistant), a consistent significant and beneficial effect of chromium may not be observed. Specifically, recent data fail to demonstrate significant improvement in carbohydrate metabolism in individuals with metabolic syndrome, impaired glucose tolerance, or consistently in individuals with type 2 diabetes. However, patient selection may be an important factor in determining clinical response, as it was concluded that a clinical response to chromium (ie, decreased glucose and improved insulin sensitivity) may be more likely in insulin-resistant individuals with type 2 diabetes who have more elevated fasting glucose and hemoglobin A(1c) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Q Wang
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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Nguyen A, Mulyani I, Levina A, Lay PA. Reactivity of Chromium(III) Nutritional Supplements in Biological Media: An X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopic Study. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:4299-309. [DOI: 10.1021/ic7024389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annie Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Irma Mulyani
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Peter A. Lay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Chatterjee D, Mitra A, Levina A, Lay PA. A potential role for protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibition by a RuIII–edta complex (edta = ethylenediaminetetraacetate) in its biological activity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:2864-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b803261k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Machaliński B, Walczak M, Syrenicz A, Machalińska A, Grymuła K, Stecewicz I, Wiszniewska B, Dabkowska E. Hypoglycemic potency of novel trivalent chromium in hyperglycemic insulin-deficient rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2006; 20:33-9. [PMID: 16632174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2006.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 01/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Two sources of chromium III, "chromium 454" and "chromium picolinate," were tested in insulin-deficient Streptozocin-treated diabetic rats. This model was selected in order to evaluate the possibility of any hypoglycemic potency of chromium in a relative absence of blood insulin concentration. Three weeks of the treatment with CRC454 and CrP resulted in a 38% and 11% reduction of blood glucose levels, respectively. Body weight gains were equally improved by both treatments. Blood levels of CK, ALT and AST were significantly reduced by CRC454 and CrP. These results might suggest that any hypoglycemic effect of trivalent chromium under insulin-deficient conditions could be largely dependent upon the type of chromium agent and associated characteristics such as solubility and bioavalibility. In contrast, improvement of body weight gains and blood levels of CK, AST and ALT seems to be less dependent on the type of chromium compound under these experimental conditions. In conclusion, CRC454 showed significant reduction of hyperglycemia under insulin-deficient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogusław Machaliński
- Department of General Pathology, Clinic of Pediatrics, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
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Yang X, Palanichamy K, Ontko AC, Rao MNA, Fang CX, Ren J, Sreejayan N. A newly synthetic chromium complex - chromium(phenylalanine)3improves insulin responsiveness and reduces whole body glucose tolerance. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:1458-64. [PMID: 15733857 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2004] [Revised: 01/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight organic chromium complexes such as chromium picolinate are often used as dietary supplements to improve insulin sensitivity and to correct dyslipidemia. However, toxicity associated with such chromium compounds has compromised their therapeutic value. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a newly synthesized complex of chromium with phenylalanine, Cr(pa)3 on insulin-signaling and glucose tolerance. Cr(pa)3 was synthesized by chelating chromium(III) with D-phenylalanine ligand in aqueous solution. In mouse 3T3-adipocytes, Cr(pa)3 augmented insulin-stimulated glucose-uptake as assessed by a radioactive-glucose uptake assay. At the molecular level, Cr(pa)3 enhanced insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt in a time- and concentration-dependent manner without altering the phosphorylation of insulin receptor. Oral treatment with Cr(pa)3 (150 microg/kg/d, for six weeks) in ob/ob+/+ obese mice significantly alleviated glucose tolerance compared with untreated obese mice. Unlike chromium picolinate, Cr(pa)3 does not cleave DNA under physiological reducing conditions. Collectively, these data suggest that Cr(pa)3 may represent a novel, less-toxic chromium supplement with potential therapeutic value to improve insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in type II diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Yang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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Clodfelder BJ, Gullick BM, Lukaski HC, Neggers Y, Vincent JB. Oral administration of the biomimetic [Cr3O(O2CCH2CH3)6(H2O)3]+ increases insulin sensitivity and improves blood plasma variables in healthy and type 2 diabetic rats. J Biol Inorg Chem 2004; 10:119-30. [PMID: 15625608 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-004-0618-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Accepted: 11/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo effects of gavage administration of the synthetic, functional biomimetic cation [Cr(3)O(O(2)CCH(2)CH(3))(6)(H(2)O)(3)](+) to healthy and type 2 diabetic model rats are described. After 24 weeks of treatment (0-1,000 microg Cr/kg body mass) of healthy Sprague Dawley rats, the cation results in a lowering (P < 0.05) of fasting blood plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin levels and of 2-h plasma insulin and glucose concentrations after a glucose challenge. Zucker obese rats (a model of the early stages of type 2 diabetes) and Zucker diabetic fatty rats (a model for type 2 diabetes) after supplementation (1,000 microg Cr/kg) have lower fasting plasma total, high-density lipoprotein, and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, glycated hemoglobin, and insulin levels and lower 2-h plasma insulin levels in glucose tolerance tests. The lowering of plasma insulin concentrations with little effect on glucose concentrations suggests that the supplement increases insulin sensitivity. The cation after 12 and 22 or 24 weeks of administration lowers (P < 0.05) fasting plasma glycated hemoglobin levels in the Zucker diabetic and Zucker obese rats, respectively, and thus can improve the glucose status of the diabetic models. The effects cannot be attributed to the propionate ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buffie J Clodfelder
- Department of Chemistry and Coalition for Biomolecular Products, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, 35487-0336, USA
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