1
|
Joseph JS, Smith-MacDonald L, Filice MC, Smith MS. Reculturation: A new perspective on military-civilian transition stress. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 35:193-203. [PMID: 37133548 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2022.2094175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Various forms of assistance are offered to help US Veterans achieve success in their post-military lives in recognition of their service. Despite the many successes, a significant number of Veterans continue to remain at risk for negative mental health outcomes, including suicidality and low levels of life satisfaction. These findings may be due to challenges arising from cultural identity dissonance. Problematic strategies used by Veterans to reduce this dissonance can result in a lack of belongingness, a key component in Joiner's Interpersonal Theory of Suicide. The authors suggest that research on the immigrant experience of acculturation may provide a new perspective to better understand issues of identity and sense of belonging in Veterans. Given that most Veterans return to the culture in which they grew up, the authors offer the term "reculturation." The authors propose clinical psychology focus on exploring the reculturation process of Veterans to support program engagement and suicide prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S. Joseph
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lorraine Smith-MacDonald
- Heroes in Mind, Advocacy and Research Consortium Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Meg C. Filice
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Matthew S. Smith
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sampson C, Rodriguez SL, Leimgruber P, Huang Q, Tonkyn D. A quantitative assessment of the indirect impacts of human-elephant conflict. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253784. [PMID: 34252109 PMCID: PMC8274878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-wildlife conflict has direct and indirect consequences for human communities. Understanding how both types of conflict affect communities is crucial to developing comprehensive and sustainable mitigation strategies. We conducted an interview survey of 381 participants in two rural areas in Myanmar where communities were exposed to human-elephant conflict (HEC). In addition to documenting and quantifying the types of direct and indirect impacts experienced by participants, we evaluated how HEC influences people’s attitudes towards elephant conservation. We found that 99% of participants suffered from some type of indirect impact from HEC, including fear for personal and family safety from elephants and fear that elephants will destroy their home. Despite experiencing moderate levels of indirect impacts from HEC at the community level, participants expressed attitudes consistent with supporting future elephant conservation programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christie Sampson
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - S. L. Rodriguez
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Peter Leimgruber
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Qiongyu Huang
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America
| | - David Tonkyn
- Department of Biological Sciences Department, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Krystal JH, Alvarado J, Ball SA, Fortunati FG, Hu M, Ivy ME, Kapo J, Olson KD, Rohrbaugh RM, Sinha R, Tebes JK, Vender RJ, Yonkers KA, Mayes LC. Mobilizing an institutional supportive response for healthcare workers and other staff in the context of COVID-19: The Yale experience. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2021; 68:12-18. [PMID: 33254081 PMCID: PMC7680059 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The burden of the COVID-19 pandemic upon healthcare workers necessitates a systematic effort to support their resilience. This article describes the Yale University and Yale New Haven Health System effort to unite several independent initiatives into a coherent integrated model for institutional support for healthcare workers. Here, we highlight both opportunities and challenges faced in attempting to support healthcare workers during this pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John H. Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America,Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, United States of America,Yale Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America,Corresponding author at: Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George St #901, New Haven, CT 06511, United States of America
| | - Javier Alvarado
- Department of Social Work, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Samuel A. Ball
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America,Office of the Dean, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America,Silver Hill Hospital, New Canaan, CT, United States of America
| | - Frank G. Fortunati
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, United States of America,Yale Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Mary Hu
- Office of the Dean, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Ivy
- Office of the Chief Medical Officer, Yale New Haven Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Kapo
- Yale Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America,Palliative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine and Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Kristine D. Olson
- Office of the Chief Wellness Officer, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, United States of America,Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Rohrbaugh
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America,Yale Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America,Office of the Dean, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America,Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America,Yale Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America,Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Jacob K. Tebes
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America,Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, United States of America,Department of Epidemiology (Chronic Diseases), Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Ronald J. Vender
- Yale Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America,Office of the Dean, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America,Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Kimberly A. Yonkers
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America,Yale Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America,Department of Epidemiology (Chronic Diseases), Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Linda C. Mayes
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America,Yale Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America,Office of the Dean, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America,Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America,Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Geuzinge R, Visse M, Duyndam J, Vermetten E. Social Embeddedness of Firefighters, Paramedics, Specialized Nurses, Police Officers, and Military Personnel: Systematic Review in Relation to the Risk of Traumatization. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:496663. [PMID: 33408646 PMCID: PMC7779596 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.496663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Firefighters, paramedics, specialized nurses working in Intensive Care Units (ICUs), Operating Rooms (OR), and Emergency Rooms (ER), police officers and military personnel are more frequently exposed to potentially traumatic events than the general population; they are considered high-risk professionals. To reduce the risk of traumatization it is of great importance to be embedded in a social environment with supportive relationships. Methods: We performed a systematic review (based on the PRISMA-Guidelines) looking for social connections within the environment in which high-risk professionals are embedded (work, home, community), to obtain evidence on the impact of these connections on the risk of traumatization. Additionally, we aim to identify relevant supportive relationships in the professionals' environments. We identified the relevant scientific literature by searching, without time, and language restriction, five electronic bibliographic databases: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Sociological Abstracts, CINAHL, and Web of Science. These databases were last searched in January 2019. Results: A qualitative analysis of the 89 eligible (out of 9,047 screened) studies shows that for firefighters, paramedics, and emergency nurses social connections in their work environment are predominantly supportive relationships and may protect them against traumatization. In other occupations (OR-nurses, ICU-nurses, police officers), however, social connections at work are not only a source of support but are also a source of stress. For military personnel study results are inconclusive as to whether their social connections at work or at home support them against traumatization. In so far as connections are supportive, their sources vary greatly from one occupational group to another; they differ between work vs. home as well as within work between peers vs. supervisor. Conclusions: Being embedded in a social environment, i.e., having social connections, is important but not always sufficient to protect high-risk professionals against traumatization. For, while these connections may be the antecedents of supportive relationships, they can also be the antecedents of damaging relationships. Additionally, the sources of supportive relationships differ among groups. This suggests that knowledge of how the social structures of the occupational groups differ may increase our understanding of the impact of social connections and relationships, including socialization, on the risk of traumatization of high-risk professionals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renate Geuzinge
- Humanism and Social Resilience, University of Humanistic Studies, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Merel Visse
- Care Ethics, University of Humanistic Studies, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Joachim Duyndam
- Humanism and Social Resilience, University of Humanistic Studies, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Eric Vermetten
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Ministry of Defense, Military Mental Health Research Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
- ARQ National Psychotrauma Center, Diemen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Blacker CJ, Frye MA, Morava E, Kozicz T, Veldic M. A Review of Epigenetics of PTSD in Comorbid Psychiatric Conditions. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10020140. [PMID: 30781888 PMCID: PMC6410143 DOI: 10.3390/genes10020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an acquired psychiatric disorder with functionally impairing physiological and psychological symptoms following a traumatic exposure. Genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors act together to determine both an individual's susceptibility to PTSD and its clinical phenotype. In this literature review, we briefly review the candidate genes that have been implicated in the development and severity of the PTSD phenotype. We discuss the importance of the epigenetic regulation of these candidate genes. We review the general epigenetic mechanisms that are currently understood, with examples of each in the PTSD phenotype. Our focus then turns to studies that have examined PTSD in the context of comorbid psychiatric disorders or associated social and behavioral stressors. We examine the epigenetic variation in cases or models of PTSD with comorbid depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, and substance use disorders. We reviewed the literature that has explored epigenetic regulation in PTSD in adverse childhood experiences and suicide phenotypes. Finally, we review some of the information available from studies of the transgenerational transmission of epigenetic variation in maternal cases of PTSD. We discuss areas pertinent for future study to further elucidate the complex interactions between epigenetic modifications and this complex psychiatric disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caren J Blacker
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Mark A Frye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Eva Morava
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
- Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
- Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Marin Veldic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|