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Mitchell JM, Bogenschutz M, Lilienstein A, Harrison C, Kleiman S, Parker-Guilbert K, Ot'alora G M, Garas W, Paleos C, Gorman I, Nicholas C, Mithoefer M, Carlin S, Poulter B, Mithoefer A, Quevedo S, Wells G, Klaire SS, van der Kolk B, Tzarfaty K, Amiaz R, Worthy R, Shannon S, Woolley JD, Marta C, Gelfand Y, Hapke E, Amar S, Wallach Y, Brown R, Hamilton S, Wang JB, Coker A, Matthews R, de Boer A, Yazar-Klosinski B, Emerson A, Doblin R. MDMA-Assisted Therapy for Severe PTSD: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Study. FOCUS (AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC PUBLISHING) 2023; 21:315-328. [PMID: 37404971 PMCID: PMC10316215 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.23021011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) presents a major public health problem for which currently available treatments are modestly effective. We report the findings of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-site phase 3 clinical trial (NCT03537014) to test the efficacy and safety of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted therapy for the treatment of patients with severe PTSD, including those with common comorbidities such as dissociation, depression, a history of alcohol and substance use disorders, and childhood trauma. After psychiatric medication washout, participants (n = 90) were randomized 1:1 to receive manualized therapy with MDMA or with placebo, combined with three preparatory and nine integrative therapy sessions. PTSD symptoms, measured with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5, the primary endpoint), and functional impairment, measured with the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS, the secondary endpoint) were assessed at baseline and at 2 months after the last experimental session. Adverse events and suicidality were tracked throughout the study. MDMA was found to induce significant and robust attenuation in CAPS-5 score compared with placebo (P < 0.0001, d = 0.91) and to significantly decrease the SDS total score (P = 0.0116, d = 0.43). The mean change in CAPS-5 scores in participants completing treatment was -24.4 (s.d. 11.6) in the MDMA group and -13.9 (s.d. 11.5) in the placebo group. MDMA did not induce adverse events of abuse potential, suicidality or QT prolongation. These data indicate that, compared with manualized therapy with inactive placebo, MDMA-assisted therapy is highly efficacious in individuals with severe PTSD, and treatment is safe and well-tolerated, even in those with comorbidities. We conclude that MDMA-assisted therapy represents a potential breakthrough treatment that merits expedited clinical evaluation. Appeared originally in Nat Med 2021; 27:1025-1033.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Mitchell
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Michael Bogenschutz
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Alia Lilienstein
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Charlotte Harrison
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Sarah Kleiman
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Kelly Parker-Guilbert
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Marcela Ot'alora G
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Wael Garas
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Casey Paleos
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Ingmar Gorman
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Christopher Nicholas
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Michael Mithoefer
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Shannon Carlin
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Bruce Poulter
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Ann Mithoefer
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Sylvestre Quevedo
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Gregory Wells
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Sukhpreet S Klaire
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Bessel van der Kolk
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Keren Tzarfaty
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Revital Amiaz
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Ray Worthy
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Scott Shannon
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Joshua D Woolley
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Cole Marta
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Yevgeniy Gelfand
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Emma Hapke
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Simon Amar
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Yair Wallach
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Randall Brown
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Scott Hamilton
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Julie B Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Allison Coker
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Rebecca Matthews
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Alberdina de Boer
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Berra Yazar-Klosinski
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Amy Emerson
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
| | - Rick Doblin
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), San Jose, CA, USA. MAPS Public Benefit Corporation (MAPS PBC), San Jose, CA, USA. Kleiman Consulting and Psychological Services, Sayreville, NJ, USA. KPG Psychological Services LLC, Brunswick, ME, USA. Aguazul-Bluewater Inc., Boulder, CO, USA. MDMA Therapy Training Program, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA. Nautilus Sanctuary, New York, NY, USA. Fluence, Woodstock, NY, USA. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. San Francisco Insight and Integration Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. Ray Worthy Psychiatry LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA. Wholeness Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA. New School Research LLC, North Hollywood, CA, USA. Zen Therapeutic Solutions, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr Simon Amar Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Be'er Ya'akov Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel. Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail:
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Hayes JP, Pierce ME, Brown E, Salat D, Logue MW, Constantinescu J, Valerio K, Miller MW, Sherva R, Huber BR, Milberg W, McGlinchey R. Genetic Risk for Alzheimer Disease and Plasma Tau Are Associated With Accelerated Parietal Cortex Thickness Change in Middle-Aged Adults. Neurol Genet 2023; 9:e200053. [PMID: 36742995 PMCID: PMC9893442 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000200053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Neuroimaging and biomarker studies in Alzheimer disease (AD) have shown well-characterized patterns of cortical thinning and altered biomarker concentrations of tau and β-amyloid (Aβ). However, earlier identification of AD has great potential to advance clinical care and determine candidates for drug trials. The extent to which AD risk markers relate to cortical thinning patterns in midlife is unknown. The first objective of this study was to examine cortical thickness change associated with genetic risk for AD among middle-aged military veterans. The second objective was to determine the relationship between plasma tau and Aβ and change in brain cortical thickness among veterans stratified by genetic risk for AD. Methods Participants consisted of post-9/11 veterans (N = 155) who were consecutively enrolled in the Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders prospective longitudinal cohort and were assessed for mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) and posttraumatic disorder (PTSD). Genome-wide polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for AD were calculated using summary results from the International Genomics of Alzheimer's Disease Project. T-tau and Aβ40 and Aβ42 plasma assays were run using Simoa technology. Whole-brain MRI cortical thickness change estimates were obtained using the longitudinal stream of FreeSurfer. Follow-up moderation analyses examined the AD PRS × plasma interaction on change in cortical thickness in AD-vulnerable regions. Results Higher AD PRS, signifying greater genetic risk for AD, was associated with accelerated cortical thickness change in a right hemisphere inferior parietal cortex cluster that included the supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, and intraparietal sulcus. Higher tau, but not Aβ42/40 ratio, was associated with greater cortical thickness change among those with higher AD PRS. Mild TBI and PTSD were not associated with cortical thickness change. Discussion Plasma tau, particularly when combined with genetic stratification for AD risk, can be a useful indicator of brain change in midlife. Accelerated inferior parietal cortex changes in midlife may be an important factor to consider as a marker of AD-related brain alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmeet Pannu Hayes
- Department of Psychology (J.P.H., K.V.), The Ohio State University, & Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus; Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) (M.E.P., E.B., D.S., J.C., W.M., R.M.), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Department of Psychiatry (M.E.P., M.W.L., M.W.M., B.R.H.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center (E.B., D.S., J.C., W.M., R.M.), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Brain Aging and Dementia (BAnD) Laboratory (D.S.), A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; National Center for PTSD (M.W.L., M.W.M., B.R.H.), Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Boston University School of Medicine (M.W.L., R.S.), Biomedical Genetics, MA; Boston University School of Public Health (M.W.L.), Department of Biostatistics, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.H.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Geriatric Research (W.M., R.M.), Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (W.M., R.M.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Meghan E Pierce
- Department of Psychology (J.P.H., K.V.), The Ohio State University, & Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus; Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) (M.E.P., E.B., D.S., J.C., W.M., R.M.), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Department of Psychiatry (M.E.P., M.W.L., M.W.M., B.R.H.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center (E.B., D.S., J.C., W.M., R.M.), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Brain Aging and Dementia (BAnD) Laboratory (D.S.), A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; National Center for PTSD (M.W.L., M.W.M., B.R.H.), Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Boston University School of Medicine (M.W.L., R.S.), Biomedical Genetics, MA; Boston University School of Public Health (M.W.L.), Department of Biostatistics, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.H.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Geriatric Research (W.M., R.M.), Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (W.M., R.M.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Emma Brown
- Department of Psychology (J.P.H., K.V.), The Ohio State University, & Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus; Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) (M.E.P., E.B., D.S., J.C., W.M., R.M.), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Department of Psychiatry (M.E.P., M.W.L., M.W.M., B.R.H.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center (E.B., D.S., J.C., W.M., R.M.), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Brain Aging and Dementia (BAnD) Laboratory (D.S.), A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; National Center for PTSD (M.W.L., M.W.M., B.R.H.), Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Boston University School of Medicine (M.W.L., R.S.), Biomedical Genetics, MA; Boston University School of Public Health (M.W.L.), Department of Biostatistics, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.H.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Geriatric Research (W.M., R.M.), Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (W.M., R.M.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David Salat
- Department of Psychology (J.P.H., K.V.), The Ohio State University, & Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus; Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) (M.E.P., E.B., D.S., J.C., W.M., R.M.), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Department of Psychiatry (M.E.P., M.W.L., M.W.M., B.R.H.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center (E.B., D.S., J.C., W.M., R.M.), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Brain Aging and Dementia (BAnD) Laboratory (D.S.), A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; National Center for PTSD (M.W.L., M.W.M., B.R.H.), Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Boston University School of Medicine (M.W.L., R.S.), Biomedical Genetics, MA; Boston University School of Public Health (M.W.L.), Department of Biostatistics, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.H.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Geriatric Research (W.M., R.M.), Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (W.M., R.M.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mark W Logue
- Department of Psychology (J.P.H., K.V.), The Ohio State University, & Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus; Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) (M.E.P., E.B., D.S., J.C., W.M., R.M.), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Department of Psychiatry (M.E.P., M.W.L., M.W.M., B.R.H.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center (E.B., D.S., J.C., W.M., R.M.), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Brain Aging and Dementia (BAnD) Laboratory (D.S.), A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; National Center for PTSD (M.W.L., M.W.M., B.R.H.), Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Boston University School of Medicine (M.W.L., R.S.), Biomedical Genetics, MA; Boston University School of Public Health (M.W.L.), Department of Biostatistics, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.H.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Geriatric Research (W.M., R.M.), Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (W.M., R.M.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Julie Constantinescu
- Department of Psychology (J.P.H., K.V.), The Ohio State University, & Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus; Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) (M.E.P., E.B., D.S., J.C., W.M., R.M.), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Department of Psychiatry (M.E.P., M.W.L., M.W.M., B.R.H.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center (E.B., D.S., J.C., W.M., R.M.), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Brain Aging and Dementia (BAnD) Laboratory (D.S.), A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; National Center for PTSD (M.W.L., M.W.M., B.R.H.), Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Boston University School of Medicine (M.W.L., R.S.), Biomedical Genetics, MA; Boston University School of Public Health (M.W.L.), Department of Biostatistics, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.H.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Geriatric Research (W.M., R.M.), Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (W.M., R.M.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kate Valerio
- Department of Psychology (J.P.H., K.V.), The Ohio State University, & Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus; Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) (M.E.P., E.B., D.S., J.C., W.M., R.M.), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Department of Psychiatry (M.E.P., M.W.L., M.W.M., B.R.H.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center (E.B., D.S., J.C., W.M., R.M.), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Brain Aging and Dementia (BAnD) Laboratory (D.S.), A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; National Center for PTSD (M.W.L., M.W.M., B.R.H.), Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Boston University School of Medicine (M.W.L., R.S.), Biomedical Genetics, MA; Boston University School of Public Health (M.W.L.), Department of Biostatistics, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.H.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Geriatric Research (W.M., R.M.), Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (W.M., R.M.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mark W Miller
- Department of Psychology (J.P.H., K.V.), The Ohio State University, & Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus; Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) (M.E.P., E.B., D.S., J.C., W.M., R.M.), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Department of Psychiatry (M.E.P., M.W.L., M.W.M., B.R.H.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center (E.B., D.S., J.C., W.M., R.M.), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Brain Aging and Dementia (BAnD) Laboratory (D.S.), A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; National Center for PTSD (M.W.L., M.W.M., B.R.H.), Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Boston University School of Medicine (M.W.L., R.S.), Biomedical Genetics, MA; Boston University School of Public Health (M.W.L.), Department of Biostatistics, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.H.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Geriatric Research (W.M., R.M.), Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (W.M., R.M.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Richard Sherva
- Department of Psychology (J.P.H., K.V.), The Ohio State University, & Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus; Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) (M.E.P., E.B., D.S., J.C., W.M., R.M.), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Department of Psychiatry (M.E.P., M.W.L., M.W.M., B.R.H.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center (E.B., D.S., J.C., W.M., R.M.), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Brain Aging and Dementia (BAnD) Laboratory (D.S.), A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; National Center for PTSD (M.W.L., M.W.M., B.R.H.), Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Boston University School of Medicine (M.W.L., R.S.), Biomedical Genetics, MA; Boston University School of Public Health (M.W.L.), Department of Biostatistics, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.H.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Geriatric Research (W.M., R.M.), Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (W.M., R.M.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Bertrand Russell Huber
- Department of Psychology (J.P.H., K.V.), The Ohio State University, & Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus; Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) (M.E.P., E.B., D.S., J.C., W.M., R.M.), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Department of Psychiatry (M.E.P., M.W.L., M.W.M., B.R.H.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center (E.B., D.S., J.C., W.M., R.M.), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Brain Aging and Dementia (BAnD) Laboratory (D.S.), A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; National Center for PTSD (M.W.L., M.W.M., B.R.H.), Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Boston University School of Medicine (M.W.L., R.S.), Biomedical Genetics, MA; Boston University School of Public Health (M.W.L.), Department of Biostatistics, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.H.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Geriatric Research (W.M., R.M.), Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (W.M., R.M.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - William Milberg
- Department of Psychology (J.P.H., K.V.), The Ohio State University, & Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus; Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) (M.E.P., E.B., D.S., J.C., W.M., R.M.), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Department of Psychiatry (M.E.P., M.W.L., M.W.M., B.R.H.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center (E.B., D.S., J.C., W.M., R.M.), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Brain Aging and Dementia (BAnD) Laboratory (D.S.), A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; National Center for PTSD (M.W.L., M.W.M., B.R.H.), Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Boston University School of Medicine (M.W.L., R.S.), Biomedical Genetics, MA; Boston University School of Public Health (M.W.L.), Department of Biostatistics, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.H.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Geriatric Research (W.M., R.M.), Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (W.M., R.M.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Regina McGlinchey
- Department of Psychology (J.P.H., K.V.), The Ohio State University, & Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus; Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) (M.E.P., E.B., D.S., J.C., W.M., R.M.), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Department of Psychiatry (M.E.P., M.W.L., M.W.M., B.R.H.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center (E.B., D.S., J.C., W.M., R.M.), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Brain Aging and Dementia (BAnD) Laboratory (D.S.), A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; National Center for PTSD (M.W.L., M.W.M., B.R.H.), Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; Boston University School of Medicine (M.W.L., R.S.), Biomedical Genetics, MA; Boston University School of Public Health (M.W.L.), Department of Biostatistics, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.H.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Geriatric Research (W.M., R.M.), Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (W.M., R.M.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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