1
|
Ariizumi Y, Asakage T. Development of an evaluation and treatment strategy for olfactory neuroblastoma: a review of evidence from large-scale studies, including population-based and multicenter studies, and meta-analyses. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2024; 54:847-862. [PMID: 38762332 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyae062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Olfactory neuroblastoma is a rare sinonasal malignancy arising from the olfactory epithelium that is characterized by skull base involvement and a modest natural history. Because of its rarity and long course, identification of independent prognostic factors is dependent on multivariate analysis of large, long-term data. In this review, we outline evidence for the evaluation and treatment of olfactory neuroblastoma obtained from recent large-scale population-based studies, meta-analyses and multicenter studies. Hyams grade is currently the only pathological grade system for olfactory neuroblastoma. The modified Kadish staging and Dulguerov classification are available for clinical staging. The results of large-scale studies have confirmed Hyams, the modified Kadish and Dulguerov as independent prognostic factors. Surgery followed by radiotherapy provides the best overall survival and recurrence-free survival for resectable disease. The question of whether postoperative radiotherapy should be administered for all cases or only for those at risk of recurrence remains unanswered. Exclusively endoscopic resection is indicated for modified Kadish A/B cases without any increase in the risk of death or recurrence, and is also indicated for modified Kadish C cases if a negative surgical margin is ensured. For more advanced cases, such as those with extensive brain infiltration, the open approach is indicated. Elective nodal irradiation prevents late nodal recurrence of N0 patients. Chemotherapy has failed to show a benefit in survival or disease control. Current needs for olfactory neuroblastoma include the development and validation of refined staging systems suitable for current practice; expansion of indications for endoscopic surgery; less invasive surgery; definitive radiotherapy and novel systemic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ariizumi
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Asakage
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Deuss E, Becker S, Meyer M, Hussain T, Eckrich J, Lang S, Klimek L, Ernst B. [Results of a survey on the current management of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in Germany]. Laryngorhinootologie 2024. [PMID: 38565182 DOI: 10.1055/a-2246-2793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With a prevalence of 0.55% to 4%, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a relevant part of the daily work of German otolaryngologists. The aim of the questionnaire-based data collection was to assess the current treatment status of CRSwNP in Germany. MATERIAL AND METHODS For this purpose, 24 questions within an anonymized online questionnaire were sent to all German ENT departments. RESULTS Of 160 contacted ENT departments, 50 participated in the survey (31.3%). Among these, 76% performed more than 100 sinus surgeries annually and 38% treated more than 50 patients with biologics. Saline irrigations (80%) and intranasal glucocorticoids (GCS, 96%) were the most common conservative therapies. Systemic GCSs (52%) and intranasal GCS irrigation (20%) were less common. 80% of departments used biologics in the therapy of CRSwNP with an overall preference for dupilumab (70%). For therapy of aspirin intolerance, biologics (52%) were preferred to aspirin desensitization (26%). Prior to treatment with biologics clinical workup included the nasal polyp score (90%), the SNOT-22 questionnaire (84%), surrogate markers of type 2 inflammation (60%-72%), and computer tomography (50%). Final treatment success was assessed after 24 weeks (50%). CONCLUSION Mostly, the responding departments followed German and European recommendations for diagnosis and therapy of CRSwNP. Therapy with biologics is widely used. The value of preoperative systemic GCS and the frequent performance of CT before initiation of therapy with a biologic should be debated in regard to its currently widespread use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Deuss
- Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sven Becker
- Universitätsklinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moritz Meyer
- Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Timon Hussain
- Klinik für Hals-, Nasen-, Ohrenheilkunde, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universitat München, München, Germany
| | - Jonas Eckrich
- Hals-, Nasen-, Ohrenklinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Lang
- Otorhinolaryngology, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ludger Klimek
- Zentrum für Rhinologie und Allergologie Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ernst
- Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Obermeyer IP, Nguyen CH, Yoo F, Garg R, Kuan EC. Anatomic Relationship Between the Head of the Middle Turbinate and First Olfactory Filum: A Radiographic Assessment. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2024; 133:418-423. [PMID: 38240258 DOI: 10.1177/00034894241227034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure (EMLP) has become a frequently utilized procedure in rhinologic surgery. One of the most serious complications of the procedure is cerebrospinal fluid leak, which may occur due to lack of recognition of the anterior skull base in the region of the first olfactory filum (FOF), or direct injury to the FOF itself. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the position of the head of the middle turbinate (MT) relative to the FOF, which is an important landmark in the EMLP. METHODS A series of previously obtained patient computed tomography scans of the sinus were reviewed. A reproducible process was implemented to obtain the measurements. First, the FOF was identified on an axial series. Using a localization feature of the radiographic software, this anteroposterior (AP) position could be visualized in a coronal plane. Subsequently, the MT was viewed in a sagittal plane, where a measurement between the head of the MT and the AP position of the FOF could be performed. RESULTS The AP distance between the head of the MT and the FOF was measured in 92 patients. The head of the MT was either at or anterior to the FOF in all measured subjects. The mean anterior distance of the head of the MT to FOF was 3.6 mm (±2.4 mm) on the right, and 3.8 mm (±2.2 mm) on the left. The range in AP distance was 0 to 12 mm. There was no significant difference in AP distance between the head of the MT and FOF based on gender (P = .413) or diagnosis (P = .254). CONCLUSIONS In our study, the head of the MT was reliably at or anterior to the FOF in all subjects, suggesting its utility as a fixed landmark in endoscopic sinus surgery, particularly in the EMLP. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac P Obermeyer
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Cecilia H Nguyen
- School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Frederick Yoo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaiser Permanente, Anaheim, CA, USA
| | - Rohit Garg
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaiser Permanente, Anaheim, CA, USA
| | - Edward C Kuan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Omura K, Nomura K, Aoki S, Takeda T, Ebihara T, Kimple AJ, Thorp BD, Zeatoun AL, Otori N, Senior BA. Simple and safe resection of the crista galli. Head Neck 2024; 46:439-446. [PMID: 38041523 DOI: 10.1002/hed.27590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A critical procedure in the transcribriform approach is the resection of the crista galli. However, the standard technique for crista galli resection has several disadvantages. We reviewed the cases of patients with olfactory neuroblastomas who underwent an endoscopic endonasal transcribriform approach using a newly developed technique for crista galli resection. We performed a cadaveric study to measure the superior accessibility limits using the proposed method. We included 38 patients with olfactory neuroblastomas in this study. The tumor invaded the posterior crista galli in four patients. The anterior end of the crista galli was not invaded by the tumor. Our cadaveric study showed that the dura was approachable to the point that was 7.4 ± 1.3 mm superior and 23.2 ± 7.2 mm lateral to the foramen cecum following crista galli removal. By resecting the crista galli in advance, manipulation of the superior dura became feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Omura
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Rhinology, Allergy, and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Nomura
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tohoku Kosai Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoshi Aoki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Teppei Takeda
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teru Ebihara
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Adam J Kimple
- Division of Rhinology, Allergy, and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian D Thorp
- Division of Rhinology, Allergy, and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Abdullah L Zeatoun
- Division of Rhinology, Allergy, and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nobuyoshi Otori
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Brent A Senior
- Division of Rhinology, Allergy, and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sit A, Seresirikachorn K, Zhang AS, Mangussi-Gomes J, Kanjanawasee D, Png LH, Kalish L, Campbell RG, Alvarado R, Harvey RJ. Recreating the microscopic direct access Draf 2a frontal sinusotomy in the endoscopic era and comparison to an angled instrument approach. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 280:5353-5361. [PMID: 37417998 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-023-08098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Microscopic Draf 2a frontal sinusotomy relied on direct access. However, the modern-day endoscopic approach is hindered by the anterior-posterior dimensions of the frontal recess. The nasofrontal beak, angled endoscopes, and variable frontal recess anatomy make the surgery challenging. Carolyn's window frontal sinusotomy removes the limitation of anterior-posterior dimensions and is an endoscopic version of the microscopic Draf 2a. This study aims to compare the perioperative outcomes and morbidity from endoscopic direct access Draf 2a compared to angled access Draf 2a. METHODS Consecutive adult patients (> 18 years) seen at a tertiary referral clinic who underwent Draf 2a frontal sinus surgery using either endoscopic direct access (Carolyn's window) or endoscopic angled instrumentation were included. Patients who underwent Carolyn's window were compared to those with angled Draf 2a frontal sinusotomy. RESULTS One hundred patients (age 51.96 ± 15.85 years, 48.0% female, follow-up 60.75 ± 17.34 months) were included. 44% of patients used Carolyn's window approach. 100% [95% CI 98.2-100%] of patients achieved successful frontal sinus patency. Both groups were comparable for early morbidities (bleeding, pain, crusting, and adhesions) and late morbidities (retained frontal recess partitions). There were no other morbidities in the early and late postoperative periods. CONCLUSION The endoscopic direct access Draf 2a, or Carolyn's window, removes the anteroposterior diameter limitation. The frontal sinus patency and early and late surgical morbidities of direct access Draf 2a were comparable with the angled Draf 2a frontal sinusotomy. Surgical modifications, often with drills and bone removal, can be successfully made to enhance access in endoscopic sinus surgery without concern for additional morbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sit
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kachorn Seresirikachorn
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Endoscopic Nasal and Sinus Surgery Excellence Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Doctor of Philosophy Program in Medical Sciences (International Program), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Alexander S Zhang
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - João Mangussi-Gomes
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dichapong Kanjanawasee
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Center of Research Excellence in Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Biodesign Innovation Center, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lu Hui Png
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Larry Kalish
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Concord General Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Raewyn G Campbell
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Raquel Alvarado
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard J Harvey
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Seresirikachorn K, Sit A, Png LH, Kalish L, Campbell RG, Alvarado R, Harvey RJ. Carolyn's Window Approach to Unilateral Frontal Sinus Surgery. Laryngoscope 2023; 133:2496-2501. [PMID: 36651461 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Due to the complexity and variety of the frontal recess and sinus anatomy, traditional Draf 2a frontal sinus surgery is challenging. The thickness of the nasofrontal beak and anterior-posterior dimensions of the frontal recess contribute to this complexity. Carolyn's window technique eliminates the limitation of anterior-posterior depth to facilitate a Draf 2a frontal sinusotomy. The approach is a 0° endoscope technique and provides an excellent view of the frontal sinus and recess. We describe Carolyn's window approach to frontal sinus surgery and the perioperative outcomes. METHODS Consecutive adult patients in whom Carolyn's window technique was applied for frontal sinus dissection as part of the endoscopic management of both inflammatory and neoplastic disease were assessed. The primary outcome was frontal sinus patency. Secondary outcomes were surgical morbidity, defined as early (<90 days) or late (>90 days). RESULTS Forty-five patients (49.1 ± 17.9 years, 48.9% Female) were assessed. All patients had successful frontal sinus patency (100% [95CI: 92.1%-100%]). Morbidities were adhesion (4.8%), crusting (2.4%), pain (1.2%), and bleeding (1.2%) in the early postoperative period. There were no other morbidities in the early and late postoperative periods. CONCLUSION Carolyn's window approach to frontal sinusotomy is a technique that evolves from previously described approaches. Successful frontal sinus patency with very low morbidities is achieved while still working with a 0° endoscope. The "axillectomy" performed simplifies frontal recess surgery by removing the anteroposterior diameter limitation and the dexterity required in angled endoscopy and instrumentation. The inferior-based lateral wall mucosal flap and free mucosal grafting expedite the mucosal healing process. Laryngoscope, 133:2496-2501, 2023.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kachorn Seresirikachorn
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Endoscopic Nasal and Sinus Surgery Excellence Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrea Sit
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lu Hui Png
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Larry Kalish
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Concord General Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Raewyn G Campbell
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Raquel Alvarado
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard J Harvey
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Başak H, Rehan M, Yücel L, Beton S, Meco C, Yorulmaz I. Quality of life and olfactory outcomes following frontal sinus drill-out procedures. Am J Otolaryngol 2023; 44:103651. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2022.103651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
8
|
Zhao Y, Liu J, Yang D, Han J, Zhao J, Wang Y. Trans-Nasion-Complex Approach for Endoscopic Modified Lothrop Procedure: Conception, Anatomy, and Technique. Front Surg 2022; 9:871635. [PMID: 35495743 PMCID: PMC9039210 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.871635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure (EMLP) is an important procedure used to address frontal and anterior skull-base lesions. Two techniques were established, namely, the inside-out approach and the outside-in approach. The former technique take the frontal recess and the first olfactory filament (FOF) as key landmarks while the latter use the FOF as posterior boundary. In some cases, however, these two landmarks are not available. Therefore, we supplement the outside-in approach and named it trans-nasion-complex approach (TNCA) for EMLP that can be performed without locating these two landmarks.MethodsTwo dry human skulls were used to observe the bony nasion complex. Then, five colored silicon-injected human head specimens were dissected via TNCA for EMLP. Finally, the outcomes of patients who underwent TNCA were reviewed.ResultsThe nasion complex is an osseous complex that consists of the nasion and its adjacent structures, including the bilateral root of nasal bones, nasal process of frontal bones, anterior portion of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone that connects with the inferior aspect of the nasal bones, and portions of the bilateral frontal process of the maxillary bones. Surgical landmarks for TNCA include the anterior superior portion of the nasal septum, anterior margin and axilla of the middle turbinate, frontal process of the maxilla bone, nasal process of the frontal bone and upper part of the nasal bone. These structures form a “mushroom sign” during cadaveric dissection and surgery. Twenty-one patients underwent TNCA, of whom 9 had tumors and 12 had chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). None of them had major complications.ConclusionTNCA is expected to be a safe, and direct route for EMLP. Adequate understanding of the nasion complex and “mushroom sign” will be helpful to complete TNCA.
Collapse
|
9
|
Noller M, Fischer JL, Gudis DA, Riley CA. The Draf III procedure: A review of indications and techniques. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 8:1-7. [PMID: 35619931 PMCID: PMC9126160 DOI: 10.1002/wjo2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Draf Ⅲ procedure involves the creation of a common frontal sinus cavity. The most common indication for the Draf Ⅲ procedure is chronic rhinosinusitis of the frontal sinuses despite the failure of more conservative interventions such as bilateral Draf Ⅱa procedures. Primary Draf Ⅲ may be indicated in patients with a high risk of failures such as those with severe polyposis and those with a frontal sinus opening less than 4 mm on computed tomography imaging. Other indications for the Draf Ⅲ include access for tumor removal and repair of traumatic fractures of the frontal sinus. The “inside‐out” Draf Ⅲ procedure is the standard approach when the frontal recess anterior–posterior diameter is wide enough for instrument access, usually larger than 4–5 mm. The “outside‐in” Draf Ⅲ procedure can be done when the frontal recess is too narrow to safely accommodate instruments. Regular follow‐up with debridement should be done to prevent neo‐ostium stenosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Noller
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Walter Reed National Military Medical Center Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Jakob L. Fischer
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Walter Reed National Military Medical Center Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - David A. Gudis
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York USA
| | - Charles A. Riley
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Walter Reed National Military Medical Center Bethesda Maryland USA
- Department of Surgery Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda Maryland USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang N, Feldstein NA, Gudis DA. A Modified Endoscopic Draf III Approach in the Non-Pneumatized Frontal Bone for Dermoid Cysts. Laryngoscope 2022; 132:1530-1531. [PMID: 35262201 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Neil A Feldstein
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Neurological Institute of New York- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - David A Gudis
- Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Neurologic Surgery, Neurological Institute of New York- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Appropriate extent of surgery for aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020; 6:235-240. [PMID: 33336179 PMCID: PMC7729211 DOI: 10.1016/j.wjorl.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current literature lacks strong guidelines regarding surgical management of patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), who present with the clinical triad of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP), bronchial asthma, and aspirin/nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug intolerance. To further define the effectiveness of sinus surgery in treating AERD patients, this review article discusses current evidence regarding outcomes associated with more extensive surgery, the benefits of frontal sinus surgery on polyposis, and the role of Draf III intervention. Numerous studies suggest that Draf III frontal sinusotomy may be an efficacious early intervention due to increased neo-ostial patency and subsequent distribution of topical therapies. Future studies that further investigate the efficacy and safety of extensive surgery in AERD patients are warranted.
Collapse
|
12
|
The role of endoscopic resection for selected patients with sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma. Auris Nasus Larynx 2020; 48:131-137. [PMID: 32723597 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite of rapid advances in endoscopic surgery, the gold standard for sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC) surgery has remained the open approach with en-block resection due to the aggressive nature of SNSCC, including frequent recurrence and high mortality rate. For that reason, few studies have focused on SNSCC treated by endoscopic surgery alone. The objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of endoscopic surgery for patients with SNSCC. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed for 15 consecutive SNSCC patients who underwent endoscopic surgery without an open approach. We carefully selected patients whose tumor attachment sites could be fully visualized and completely resected through an endonasal approach. RESULTS Of the fifteen patients, 4 patients (27%) were diagnosed with T1, 7 (47%) with T2, 4 (27%) with T3, and no patients with T4a or T4b disease. Four of the 15 (27%) patients showed positive surgical margins. The 5-yr overall survival, disease-specific survival, and local control rate was 72.4%, 79.6%, and 92.9%, respectively. The 5-yr disease-specific survival for T1, T2, and T3 disease was 100% and 75% and 75%, respectively. Patients with negative surgical margins had a better disease-specific survival rate than did those with positive surgical margins (p = 0.0253). CONCLUSION Endoscopic surgery for patients with SNSCC appears to afford an effective method in selected cases. The achievement of negative surgical margins with a good view of the tumor attachment site was considered to be critical to the management of SNSCC.
Collapse
|
13
|
Tatehara S, Inokuchi G, Takeda H, Kuroki S, Fujio H, Azumi A, Nibu KI. Frontal sinusitis associated with orbital decompression for Graves' orbitopathy. Auris Nasus Larynx 2020; 47:1079-1082. [PMID: 32088015 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Orbital decompression (OD) for Graves' orbitopathy usually includes removal of orbital medial wall. While OD occasionally cause or worsen chronic sinusitis because of the obstructed sinus drainage by prolapsed orbital fat, to date few reports have been published on the management or prevention of sinusitis associated with OD. Here, we present two patients (three sides) with newly developed and one patient (one side) with worsening obstructive frontal sinusitis following OD. These three patients had OD including the removal of the superior attachment of uncinated process to lamina papyracea. Endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure (EMLP) was useful to relieve symptoms and keep an enough access to frontal sinuses for all cases. We also performed EMLP for another two patients (four sides) with pre-existing sinusitis before OD. Worsening of sinusitis could be avoided by EMLP before OD. EMLP was useful approach for both treatment and prevention of sinusitis related to OD. The superior attachment site of uncinated process and the pattern of frontal sinus drainage might predict the occurrence of obstructive frontal sinusitis following OD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Tatehara
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Go Inokuchi
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Hiroko Takeda
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kuroki
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hisami Fujio
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Atsushi Azumi
- Kobe Kaisei Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nibu
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Barham HP, Hall CA, Hernandez SC, Zylicz HE, Stevenson MM, Zito BA, Harvey RJ. Impact of Draf III, Draf IIb, and Draf IIa frontal sinus surgery on nasal irrigation distribution. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2019; 10:49-52. [PMID: 31826329 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delivery of topical pharmacotherapy to the paranasal sinuses remains integral to the management of chronic rhinosinusitis. The frontal sinus remains a difficult access site for irrigations, often limited by its position relative to the nostril and ethmoid sinus. In view of the previous demonstration of improved frontal sinus irrigation with Draf III vs Draf IIa, in this work we sought to evaluate topical access of Draf IIb relative to Draf IIa and Draf III modification of the frontal sinus outflow tract. METHODS Unfixed human cadaver heads were dissected using Draf IIa, Draf IIb, and Draf III frontal sinusotomies. Draf IIa, Draf IIb, and Draf III frontal sinusotomies were performed in progressive sequence on each cadaver head. Nasal irrigation fluid access to the frontal sinus was tested after each successive frontal sinus intervention. Irrigations were performed using Frankfort horizontal and vertex positioning. Blinded reviewers were then asked to evaluate nasal irrigation access based on an ordinal scale. RESULTS Eight cadaveric specimens (age, 78 ± 12.3 years; 62.5% female) were assessed. The greatest distribution scores were recorded by Draf III, then IIb, and then IIa (90.7% vs 81.3% vs 50.1%; p < 0.001). Similarly, the rate of lavage was greatest with Draf III (50% vs 12.5% vs 12.5%). Vertex positioning and increasing volume trended toward improved distribution but did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION Adequate delivery of topical therapy to the paranasal sinuses by nasal irrigation remains critical in the postoperative state. Although increasing the dimensions of the frontal recess improves nasal irrigation delivery, the Draf III procedure provides the optimal delivery of pharmacotherapy in those with frontal sinus disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry P Barham
- Sinus and Nasal Specialists of Louisiana, Baton Rouge, LA.,Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, Baton Rouge General Medical Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Christian A Hall
- Sinus and Nasal Specialists of Louisiana, Baton Rouge, LA.,Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, Baton Rouge General Medical Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Stephen C Hernandez
- Department of Otolaryngology, Lousiana State University Health Sciences Center-New Orleans, New Orleans, LA
| | - Harry E Zylicz
- Sinus and Nasal Specialists of Louisiana, Baton Rouge, LA.,Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, Baton Rouge General Medical Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Megan M Stevenson
- Sinus and Nasal Specialists of Louisiana, Baton Rouge, LA.,Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, Baton Rouge General Medical Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Brittany A Zito
- Sinus and Nasal Specialists of Louisiana, Baton Rouge, LA.,Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, Baton Rouge General Medical Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Richard J Harvey
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Won TB, Cho SW, Sung MW, Paek SH, Chan S, Salisbury K, Blevins NH, Vaisbuch Y, Hwang P. Validation of a rhinologic virtual surgical simulator for performing a Draf 3 endoscopic frontal sinusotomy. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2019; 9:910-917. [PMID: 31012526 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently introduced a patient-specific rhinologic virtual surgical environment (VSE) that has shown potential for surgical rehearsal of various skull base lesions. Our aim in this study was to validate the usefulness of the rhinology VSE in performing the Draf 3 procedure. METHODS An outside-in Draf 3 procedure was performed on 4 cadaver heads. Computed tomography (CT) scans were obtained before and after cadaver dissection (CD). Pre-dissection CT scans were used to construct a cadaver-specific VSE. A virtual Draf 3 dissection (VD) was performed using the same technique. Validation was conducted by comparing the final common frontal outflow tract. A subjective comparison of the post-dissection endoscopic findings (CD vs VD) and an objective measurement using the post-dissection CT scan for the CD and the reconstructed CT scan obtained from the data after the VD was performed. RESULTS Subjective overall resemblance of the 2 dissections (CD vs VD) assessed by the 4-point Likert scale (0-3) was 2.5 (median interquartile range [IQR], 0.25) for the 4 cadavers. The median difference for the anteroposterior dimension of the frontal neo-ostium (CD vs VD) assessed in the midsagittal view was 0.11 mm, whereas the median difference for the lateral dimension assessed in the coronal view was 2.71 mm. Thus, no statistical difference was observed. CONCLUSION VD showed nearly matching results with the actual cadaver dissection. With further validation, our rhinologic VSE may be used for presurgical planning and rehearsal before the actual Draf 3 procedure is performed in the operating room.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Bin Won
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.,Center for Minimally Invasive Skull Base Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Myung-Whun Sung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Ha Paek
- Center for Minimally Invasive Skull Base Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sonny Chan
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Nikolas H Blevins
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Yona Vaisbuch
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Peter Hwang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sahu N, Casiano RR. Nasal branch of the anterior ethmoid artery: a consistent landmark for a midline approach to the frontal sinus. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2019; 9:562-566. [PMID: 30609302 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frontal sinusotomy can be challenging when significant scarring or distorted anatomy is present. Identifying a reliable anatomic structure, when traditional landmarks or navigation are absent, may assist the surgeon in revision and complicated frontal sinusotomies via a midline approach. We aimed to characterize the anatomic relationship of the nasal branch of the anterior ethmoid artery (NBAEA) to the frontal infundibulum, specifically the first olfactory fili, posterior frontal infundibulum, and anterior cribriform plate. METHODS Dissection of the NBAEA was carried out in 11 cadaveric heads, resulting in a total of 21 dissections (1 aplastic frontal). Mean with standard deviation and a range were established for 7 relative measurements. RESULTS The total length of NBAEA cleft when present (mean 2.43 mm), the anterior edge of NBAEA cleft to anterior infundibulum coronal plane (mean 1.71 mm), the posterior edge of NBAEA cleft to posterior infundibulum coronal plane (mean 3.33 mm), the posterior edge of NBAEA cleft to 1st olfactory fili (mean 2.86 mm), and the first olfactory fili to posterior infundibulum coronal plane (mean 0.48 mm) were consistent measurements supporting the use of the NBAEA as a consistent anatomical landmark for the correct surgical coronal trajectory into the midline frontal sinus. CONCLUSION The NBAEA is a consistent anatomic landmark with minimal intercadaveric and intracadaveric variation. It can be used reliably as a "sentinel artery" notifying the surgeon when one is approaching the first olfactory fili, to determine the correct trajectory into the midline frontal sinus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Sahu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL
| | - Roy R Casiano
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wong EH, Do TQ, Harvey RJ, Orgain CA, Sacks R, Kalish L. Patient-reported olfaction improves following outside-in Draf III frontal sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 2018; 129:25-30. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.27352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene H. Wong
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, Applied Medical Research Centre; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| | - Timothy Q. Do
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, Applied Medical Research Centre; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| | - Richard J. Harvey
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, Applied Medical Research Centre; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Macquarie University; Sydney Australia
| | - Carolyn A. Orgain
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, Applied Medical Research Centre; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| | - Raymond Sacks
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, Applied Medical Research Centre; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Macquarie University; Sydney Australia
| | - Larry Kalish
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, Applied Medical Research Centre; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Historically, the common frontal sinusotomy has been reserved only for salvage frontal sinus surgery in patients with severely recalcitrant inflammatory sinus disease. By understanding the pathophysiology of inflammatory sinus disease and the long-term role of topical medication in their treatment, the indications for Draf3 have expanded. RECENT FINDINGS A major therapeutic impact from endoscopic sinus surgery for inflammatory sinus disease is imparted by allowing sinus access to topical therapies to work. Although traditionally, the Draf3 frontal sinus procedure has been reserved for revision surgery in severe cases, advancements in technology, instrumentation, and techniques has allowed the Draf3 to evolve to efficient and safe procedure, often applied primarily in select patients. There is evidence to support the indication for Draf3 in primary surgery for severe cases. SUMMARY In inflammatory sinus disease, the goal of endoscopic sinus surgery is to convert the complex and limited frontal sinus outflow tracts into a simple common cavity. This allows for local, topical anti-inflammatory treatments to control the disease. When patients have broader inflammatory airway disease and asthma, the Draf3, as part of a neo-sinus cavity, is commonly applied early in surgical care.
Collapse
|
19
|
Jafari A, Tringale KR, Panuganti BA, Acevedo JR, Pang J, DeConde AS. Short-term morbidity after the endoscopic modified Lothrop (Draf-III) procedure compared with Draf-IIa. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2018; 31:265-270. [PMID: 28716178 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2017.31.4450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endoscopic modified Lothrop (Draf-III) surgery has improved treatment of recalcitrant frontal sinus disease, with favorable safety and long-term results. However, the short-term clinical and quality-of-life morbidity after Draf-III relative to less-extensive procedures has yet to be investigated. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the surgical and quality-of-life outcomes, including the burden of follow-up care, in patients who underwent endoscopic modified Lothrop (Draf-III), and compared these results with a less-extensive intervention, the endoscopic frontal sinusotomy (Draf-IIa). METHODS A retrospective review of early (<8 weeks) postoperative recovery of patients who underwent Draf-III (2014 to 2016) for chronic rhinosinusitis was conducted and compared with age and radiographically matched Draf-IIa controls. Primary outcomes included perioperative complications, the number of postoperative clinic visits, debridements, and steroid and antibiotic therapy days. Secondary outcomes included the change in the 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) scores and/or subscores (domains). RESULTS Thirty-eight patients (19 Draf-III, 19 Draf-IIa) were included. Patients who underwent Draf-III versus Draf-IIa required more postoperative clinic visits (4.9 ± 1.7 versus 3.3 ± 0.8; p < 0.05), debridements (4.2 ± 2.0 versus 2.3 ± 0.8; p < 0.05), and antibiotic therapy days (24.4 ± 11.8 versus 15.6 ± 6.3; p < 0.05). The mean (SD) SNOT-22 scores improved for both groups (-12.7 ± 34.5 versus -9.5 ± 20.4; p = 0.74) over the follow-up period, and subscore (domain) analysis demonstrated worsening extranasal symptoms (2.5 ± 3.0 versus -1.5 ± 4.7; p < 0.05) at the first postoperative visit, and less improvement in ear/facial symptoms at the second (-0.5 ± 2.6 versus -3.9 ± 4.7; p = 0.03) and third postoperative visits (-1.1 ± 1.6 versus 3.5 ± 3.3; p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Draf-III is associated with more postoperative clinic visits, debridements, and antibiotic therapy days. The patients who underwent Draf-III demonstrated worsening of extranasal symptoms at the first postoperative visit and less improvement in the ear/facial score at the second and third visits. Informed consent and counseling patients who may require Draf-III should include a detailed discussion of the burden of postoperative care and recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aria Jafari
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Feasibility of a septal mucosal flap for preventing re-stenosis following the Draf III procedure. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2017; 132:79-82. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022215117002262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground:Re-stenosis and a consequent need for revision surgery are the most common problems in the follow-up period following endoscopic modification of the Lothrop procedure.Method:This paper reports a new technique for reconstructing and resurfacing of the posterior frontal recess bone for prevention of re-stenosis.Results:A 46-year-old man presented with a frontal sinus osteoma, and treatment featured an endoscopic modification of the Lothrop procedure. A vascularised, posteriorly based, septal mucosal flap was used in reconstruction. There have been no reported issues over 24 months of follow up.Conclusion:The use of a nasoseptal flap seems feasible to reduce scarring and recurrence of (common) frontal recess stenosis after a Draf III operation.
Collapse
|
21
|
Patel VS, Choby G, Shih LC, Patel ZM, Nayak JV, Hwang PH. Equivalence in outcomes between Draf 2B vs Draf 3 frontal sinusotomy for refractory chronic frontal rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2017; 8:25-31. [DOI: 10.1002/alr.22032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal S. Patel
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford CA
| | - Garret Choby
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford CA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN
| | - Liang-Chun Shih
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford CA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; China Medical University Hospital; Taichung Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Zara M. Patel
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford CA
| | - Jayakar V. Nayak
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford CA
| | - Peter H. Hwang
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford CA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Saini AT, Govindaraj S. Evaluation and Decision Making in Frontal Sinus Surgery. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2017; 49:911-25. [PMID: 27450615 DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Management of frontal sinusitis can be challenging for even the most experienced otolaryngologists. A thorough understanding of the anatomy and pathophysiology of the frontal sinus is essential to properly manage disease affecting the frontal sinus. Being able to distinguish acute viral from acute bacterial and acute from chronic sinusitis is crucial because these distinctions guide appropriate management. Nasal endoscopy can confirm diagnosis, and radiologic imaging, including computed tomography and MRI, is often a necessary adjunct that aids in determining appropriate therapeutic decisions. One must be aware of the many procedures used in the surgical treatment of frontal sinusitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alok T Saini
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mount Sinai Medical Center, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Satish Govindaraj
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mount Sinai Medical Center, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Illing EA, Woodworth BA. Management of Frontal Sinus Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks and Encephaloceles. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2017; 49:1035-50. [PMID: 27450619 DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Encephaloceles and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks of the frontal sinus may result from congenital, traumatic, spontaneous, or neoplastic causes. Paramount to success is adequate preoperative planning with accurate history, physical exam, endoscopy, imaging, and testing to confirm location of the leak and origin of the disease. Generally, frontal sinus CSF leaks may be addressed endoscopically with favorable anatomy, proper surgical technique, and appropriate equipment. Open surgical approaches (eg, osteoplastic flap) are often required for superior/lateral defects or if the surgeon is not experienced with endoscopic frontal sinus techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa A Illing
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, BDB 563, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Bradford A Woodworth
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, BDB 563, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
DeConde AS, Smith TL. Outcomes After Frontal Sinus Surgery: An Evidence-Based Review. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2017; 49:1019-33. [PMID: 27450618 DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Endoscopic sinus surgery is an effective intervention at improving quality of life for patients with medically refractory chronic rhinosinusitis. The evidence supporting frontal sinusotomy is limited to single institution case series. However, the data for Draf IIa frontal sinusotomy do demonstrate that most patients experience lasting frontal sinus patency on postoperative endoscopic examination and improvements in quality of life. Salvage endoscopic frontal sinus surgery via a Draf III shows high rates of neo-ostium patency and subjective improvements in symptoms at a 2-year time point in case series.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam S DeConde
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California-San Diego, 200 W Arbor Dr., MC 8895, San Diego, CA 92103-8895, USA
| | - Timothy L Smith
- Division of Rhinology, Sinus, and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Sinus Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, PV-01, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Craig JR, Petrov D, Khalili S, Brooks SG, Lee JYK, Adappa ND, Palmer JN. The nasofrontal beak: A consistent landmark for superior septectomy during Draf III drill out. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2017; 30:230-4. [PMID: 27216356 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2016.30.4312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak occurs in 1-11% of endoscopic Draf III, or endoscopic modified Lothrop, procedures. CSF leak can occur during surgery during a superior nasal septectomy. This study investigated whether the posterior edge of the nasofrontal beak (NFB) at the level of the internal frontal ostium is a safe landmark to use to avoid skull base injury when beginning the superior septectomy. METHODS Preoperative computed tomography maxillofacial scans were reviewed from 100 patients from the University of Pennsylvania sinus surgery data base. The narrowest anteroposterior distance between the posterior edge of the NFB and the anterior aspect of the olfactory fossa (OF) at the level of the internal frontal ostium was measured in each patient. Measurements were taken in the midline and to the left and right of midline. Six fresh cadaver heads were also dissected to evaluate these relationships. RESULTS On computed tomography analysis, the NFB was anterior to the OF on the left and right of the midline in 100% of the patients, with mean distances of 6.04 and 6.41 mm, respectively. The NFB was anterior to the OF in the midline in 98% of patients, with a mean distance of 9.02 mm. In all six cadavers, the posterior edge of the NFB was anterior to the OF in the midline and to the left and right of midline at the level of the internal frontal ostia. CONCLUSIONS During Draf III, the posterior edge of the NFB was a reliable landmark for avoiding iatrogenic CSF leak during the superior septectomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Craig
- Department of Otolaryngology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Oakley GM, Barham HP, Harvey RJ. Utility of Image-Guidance in Frontal Sinus Surgery. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2016; 49:975-88. [PMID: 27329979 DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The frontal sinus can present a challenging surgical dissection for the endoscopic surgeon. Image guidance as a surgical adjunct has become widely accepted for surgeries in this area. It can help verify vital structures and manage disorienting surgical conditions, improving surgeon confidence in performing safer and more complete surgery. It is relied upon heavily for placement of limited external frontal sinusotomies for disease beyond the endoscopic reach, and for mapping the frontal sinus for osteoplastic flap bony cuts. Its use has contributed to the expanding role of endoscopic surgical approaches for paranasal sinus inflammatory and neoplastic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen M Oakley
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, Applied Medical Research Centre, University of New South Wales, 405 Liverpool St, Sydney, NSW 2011, Australia.
| | - Henry P Barham
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University, 433 Bolivar St, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Richard J Harvey
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, Applied Medical Research Centre, University of New South Wales, 405 Liverpool St, Sydney, NSW 2011, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Building F10A, Ground Floor, 2 Technology Pl., Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Knisely A, Barham HP, Harvey RJ, Sacks R. Outside-In Frontal Drill-Out: How I Do It. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2016; 29:397-400. [PMID: 26358355 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2015.29.4175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Draf 3 frontal sinusotomy, or modified Lothrop procedure has been used to treat recalcitrant rhinosinusitis, frontal sinus mucocoeles or to provide access for cerebrospinal fluid leaks, frontoethmoid fractures, frontal sinus tumors and skull base tumors. OBJECTIVE To describe authors approach to the "Outside-In Frontal Drill-Out". METHODS Descriptive. RESULTS The "Outside-In" frontal drill-out is an approach that emphasizes the early identification of the first olfactory neuron, maximization of bone removal, and preservation of the posterior table mucosa. CONCLUSION The advantages of this approach are it provides unobstructed view and identifies anatomic limits early, bone removal is fast and efficient; it is safe, and it is a robust technique based upon fixed anatomic landmarks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Knisely
- Division of Rhinology and Skull Base Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Smith TL. The endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure: finally ready for prime time in the management of inflammatory sinus disease. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2016; 6:549. [PMID: 26840660 PMCID: PMC4856572 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Smith
- Division of Rhinology and Sinus/Skull Base Surgery, Oregon Sinus Center, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Illing EA, Cho DY, Riley KO, Woodworth BA. Draf III mucosal graft technique: long-term results. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2016; 6:514-7. [PMID: 26833550 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Draf III procedure is an effective endoscopic approach to the treatment of frontal sinus disorders, but has a significant restenosis rate. The objective of the current study is to assess long-term success of the Draf III mucosal grafting technique. METHODS Patients undergoing Draf III with mucosal grafting technique were prospectively enrolled. Demographics, indication for surgery, anterior-posterior (AP) diameter of frontal ostium, and complications were recorded. Failure was defined a priori as closure ≥50% of the intraoperative AP diameter at last clinical follow-up. RESULTS Ninety-six patients requiring Draf III with mucosal grafting were enrolled, 67 of which (average age 54 years; range, 15-84 years) had at least 1 year of follow-up (average 34 months; range, 12-85 months) and were included in the analysis. Reasons for the procedure included chronic rhinosinusitis with frontal ostium stenosis (n = 37), tumor (n = 26), and cerebrospinal fluid leak (n = 4). Average preoperative Lund-Mackay score was 13.9 ± 7.8. Average intraoperative AP diameter was 11.0 ± 1.9 mm. The procedure was highly effective with 97% (65/67) of patients maintaining a patent frontal sinus ostium (>50% intraoperative AP diameter) for the duration of follow-up (average postoperative diameter 9.9 ± 2.2 mm). However, the 2 Draf III failures remained patent, did not need further intervention, and were considered clinically successful. Three patients required reoperation for reasons unrelated to closure of the Draf III. CONCLUSION Common causes of failure following Draf III procedures include osteoneogenesis and stenosis. This study provides long-term data demonstrating excellent outcomes using the mucosal grafting technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa A Illing
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL
| | - Do Yeon Cho
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL
| | - Kristen O Riley
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL
| | - Bradford A Woodworth
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Weber RK, Hosemann W. Comprehensive review on endonasal endoscopic sinus surgery. GMS CURRENT TOPICS IN OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY, HEAD AND NECK SURGERY 2015; 14:Doc08. [PMID: 26770282 PMCID: PMC4702057 DOI: 10.3205/cto000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Endonasal endoscopic sinus surgery is the standard procedure for surgery of most paranasal sinus diseases. Appropriate frame conditions provided, the respective procedures are safe and successful. These prerequisites encompass appropriate technical equipment, anatomical oriented surgical technique, proper patient selection, and individually adapted extent of surgery. The range of endonasal sinus operations has dramatically increased during the last 20 years and reaches from partial uncinectomy to pansinus surgery with extended surgery of the frontal (Draf type III), maxillary (grade 3-4, medial maxillectomy, prelacrimal approach) and sphenoid sinus. In addition there are operations outside and beyond the paranasal sinuses. The development of surgical technique is still constantly evolving. This article gives a comprehensive review on the most recent state of the art in endoscopic sinus surgery according to the literature with the following aspects: principles and fundamentals, surgical techniques, indications, outcome, postoperative care, nasal packing and stents, technical equipment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer K. Weber
- Division of Paranasal Sinus and Skull Base Surgery, Traumatology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Municipal Hospital of Karlsruhe, Germany
- I-Sinus International Sinus Institute, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Werner Hosemann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Upadhyay S, Buohliqah L, Vieira Junior G, Otto BA, Prevedello DM, Carrau RL. First olfactory fiber as an anatomical landmark for frontal sinus surgery. Laryngoscope 2015; 126:1039-45. [PMID: 26490546 DOI: 10.1002/lary.25696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Access to the frontal sinuses is technically challenging owing to their anterosuperior location, diverse anatomy, close proximity to critical structures and the need to work in a relatively narrow space with angled-lens endoscopes and instruments. This study attempts to study the relationship of the first olfactory fiber with the frontal sinus posterior wall, assessing its fidelity as a surgical landmark during frontal sinus surgery. STUDY DESIGN Anatomic study. METHODS Fifteen cadaveric specimens were studied. Measurements were obtained bilaterally using the data from individual CT scans. Median A-P was defined as the anteroposterior (A-P) diameter measured just lateral to the intersinus septum, paramedian A-P was measured 5 mm lateral to the septum, and maximum A-P was defined as the maximum anteroposterior diameter on axial images. A surgical navigation device was used to calculate the distance between the first olfactory fiber and the posterior table of the frontal sinus. RESULTS The mean distance between the first olfactory fiber and the posterior wall of the frontal sinus was (4.03 ± 2.7) mm on the right side and (4.2 ± 2.9) mm on the left. This distance strongly correlated with the maximum A-P diameter of the sinus. CONCLUSIONS In a cadaveric model, the first olfactory fiber was found to be an average of 4.0 mm posterior to the frontal sinus. The significant variability of this distance should be considered when using the first olfactory fiber to establish the posterior boundary of a frontal sinusotomy. Drilling no further posterior than 7 mm rostral to the first olfactory fiber would be safe in 91% of patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 126:1039-1045, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smita Upadhyay
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lamia Buohliqah
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gerival Vieira Junior
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Bradley A Otto
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Daniel M Prevedello
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Ricardo L Carrau
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Snidvongs K, Heller GZ, Sacks R, Harvey RJ. Validity of European position paper on rhinosinusitis disease control assessment and modifications in chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 150:479-86. [PMID: 24343022 DOI: 10.1177/0194599813517080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop a chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) disease control staging system that predicts patient and physician opinion. This involved exploring the predictive capacity of the proposed European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis (EPOS) 2012 staging system and other potential scoring systems based on patient symptoms and objective criteria. STUDY DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING Tertiary hospitals. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Adults CRS patients undergoing sinus surgery were prospectively enrolled from a tertiary clinic. The Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 22, endoscopy score, and systemic medication were recorded at 6 and 12 months. A physician and patient report of their condition as either "controlled,""partly controlled," or "uncontrolled" was also recorded. Ordinal regression was used for modeling a staging system. The EPOS criteria and various combinations were assessed. Kappa agreements between the staging systems and patient/physician reports were analyzed. RESULTS One hundred six patients were assessed. Nasal obstruction (P = .02), endoscopic mucosal inflammation (P < .001), and thick and/or purulent discharge (P = .01) associated with progress reports. A modified staging system of Nasal Obstruction, Systemic medication used, and Endoscopic inflammation (NOSE) was selected on predictive strengths. The EPOS and NOSE had significant agreement with physician's (k = 0.29, P < .01, and k = 0.45, P < .01) and patient's report (k = 0.18, P = .01, and k = 0.32, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS The disease control assessment by EPOS has slight agreement with patients and a physician. A simpler NOSE system using nasal obstruction, mucosa, and discharge is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kornkiat Snidvongs
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|