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Oren L, Maddox A, Farbos de Luzan C, Xie C, Howell R, Dion G, Gutmark E, Khosla S. Acoustics and aerodynamic effects following glottal and infraglottal medialization in an excised larynx model. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2024; 281:2523-2529. [PMID: 38421393 PMCID: PMC11024032 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-024-08519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the impact of the implant's vertical location during Type 1 Thyroplasty (T1T) on acoustics and glottal aerodynamics using excised canine larynx model, providing insights into the optimal technique for treating unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP). METHODS Measurements were conducted in six excised canine larynges using Silastic implants. Two implant locations, glottal and infraglottal, were tested for each larynx at low and high subglottal pressure levels. Acoustic and intraglottal flow velocity field measurements were taken to assess vocal efficiency (VE), cepstral peak prominence (CPP), and the development of intraglottal vortices. RESULTS The results indicated that the implant's vertical location significantly influenced vocal efficiency (p = 0.045), with the infraglottal implant generally yielding higher VE values. The effect on CPP was not statistically significant (p = 0.234). Intraglottal velocity field measurements demonstrated larger glottal divergence angles and stronger vortices with the infraglottal implant. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that medializing the paralyzed fold at the infraglottal level rather than the glottal level can lead to improved vocal efficiency. The observed larger divergence angles and stronger intraglottal vortices with infraglottal medialization may enhance voice outcomes in UVFP patients. These findings have important implications for optimizing T1T procedures and improving voice quality in individuals with UVFP. Further research is warranted to validate these results in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liran Oren
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Alexandra Maddox
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Charles Farbos de Luzan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Changchun Xie
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rebecca Howell
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Gregory Dion
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ephraim Gutmark
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sid Khosla
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Maddox A, Oren L, Farbos de Luzan C, Howell R, Gutmark E, Khosla S. An Ex-vivo Model Examining Acoustics and Aerodynamic Effects Following Medialization With and Without Arytenoid Adduction. Laryngoscope 2023; 133:621-627. [PMID: 35655422 PMCID: PMC9715814 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Quantify differences in acoustics and intraglottal flow fields between Thyroplasty Type 1 (TT1) with and without arytenoid adduction (AA) using excised canine larynx model. STUDY DESIGN Basic science experiments using excised larynges. METHODS Surgical procedures were implemented in eight excised canine larynges. Acoustics and intraglottal flow measurements were taken at low and high subglottal pressures in each experimental setup. RESULTS In all larynges, vocal efficiency (VE) and cepstrum peak prominence (CPP) were higher, and the mean phonatory flow rate was lower in TT1 with AA than without AA. The glottal asymmetry is reduced with AA and promotes the formation of stronger vortices in the glottal flow during the closing phase of the vibrating folds. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest a clear acoustic and aerodynamic benefit to the addition of AA when performing TT1. It shows significant improvement in CPP, translating to decreased breathiness and dysphonia and increased VE, leading to easier and more sustainable phonation. Stronger intraglottal vortices are known to be correlated with the loudness of voice produced by phonation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A Laryngoscope, 133:621-627, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Maddox
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Liran Oren
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Charles Farbos de Luzan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rebecca Howell
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ephraim Gutmark
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sid Khosla
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Wu L, Zhang Z. Effects of implant and vocal fold stiffness on voice production after medialization laryngoplasty in an MRI-based vocal fold model. J Biomech 2023; 149:111483. [PMID: 36787673 PMCID: PMC10368372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Medialization laryngoplasty is one of the primary surgical interventions in the treatment of glottal insufficiency due to vocal fold paralysis, paresis, or atrophy. During the surgery, an implant is laterally inserted into the larynx to medialize the affected vocal fold toward glottal midline, with the goal of improving glottal closure during phonation and voice production efficiency. While implants of different materials and geometry designs have been used, the effect of implant design on the voice outcome remains unclear. In this simulation study, the effect of implant stiffness was investigated in an MRI-based model of the vocal folds after medialization laryngoplasty. The results showed that implant stiffness had a significant impact on the phonation threshold pressure, glottal area waveform, and fundamental frequency, but only small effect on the closed quotient and other acoustic measures of the produced voice. The effect of implant stiffness also exhibited variability, depending on the stiffness conditions of the vocal fold and paraglottic tissues, indicating that individual differences need to be considered during the planning of medialization laryngoplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 31-24 Rehabilitation Center, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1794, USA
| | - Zhaoyan Zhang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 31-24 Rehabilitation Center, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1794, USA.
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Li Z, Wilson A, Sayce L, Avhad A, Rousseau B, Luo H. Numerical and experimental investigations on vocal fold approximation in healthy and simulated unilateral vocal fold paralysis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021; 11. [PMID: 34671486 DOI: 10.3390/app11041817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel surgical/computational model for the investigation of unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP) which will be used to inform future in silico approaches to improve surgical outcomes in type I thyroplasty. Healthy phonation (HP) was achieved using cricothyroid suture approximation on both sides of the larynx to generate symmetrical vocal fold closure. Following high-speed videoendoscopy (HSV) capture, sutures on the right side of the larynx were removed, partially releasing tension unilaterally and generating asymmetric vocal fold closure characteristic of UVFP (sUVFP condition). HSV revealed symmetric vibration in HP, while in sUVFP the sutured side demonstrated a higher frequency (10 - 11%). For the computational model, ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were captured at three configurations: non-approximated (NA), HP, and sUVFP. A finite-element method (FEM) model was built, in which cartilage displacements from the MRI images were used to prescribe the adduction and the vocal fold deformation was simulated before the eigenmode calculation. The results showed that the frequency comparison between the two sides were consistent with observations from HSV. This alignment between the surgical and computational models supports the future application of these methods for the investigation of treatment for UVFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place PMB 401592, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
| | - Azure Wilson
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Lea Sayce
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Amit Avhad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place PMB 401592, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
| | - Bernard Rousseau
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Haoxiang Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place PMB 401592, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
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Smith SL, Titze IR, Storck C, Mau T. Effect of Vocal Fold Implant Placement on Depth of Vibration and Vocal Output. Laryngoscope 2019; 130:2192-2198. [PMID: 31643091 DOI: 10.1002/lary.28365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most type 1 thyroplasty implants and some common injectable materials are mechanically stiff. Placing them close to the supple vocal fold mucosa can potentially dampen vibration and adversely impact phonation, yet this effect has not been systematically investigated. This study aims to examine the effect of implant depth on vocal fold vibration and vocal output. STUDY DESIGN Computational simulation. METHODS Voice production was simulated with a fiber-gel finite element computational model that incorporates a three-layer vocal fold composition (superficial lamina propria, vocal ligament, thyroarytenoid muscle). Implants of various depths were simulated, with a "deeper" or more medial implant positioned closer to the vocal fold mucosa and replacing more muscle elements. Trajectories of surface and within-tissue nodal points during vibration were produced. Outcome measures were the trajectory radii, fundamental frequency (F0 ), sound pressure level (SPL), and smoothed cepstral peak prominence (CPPS) as a function of implant depth. RESULTS Amplitude of vibration at the vocal fold medial surface was reduced by an implant depth of as little as 14% of the total transverse vocal fold depth. Increase in F0 and decrease in CPPS were noted beyond 30% to 40% implant depth, and SPL decreased beyond 40% to 60% implant depth. CONCLUSIONS Commonly used implants can dampen vibration "from a distance," ie, even without being immediately adjacent to vocal fold mucosa. Since implants are typically placed at depths examined in this study, stiff implants likely have a negative vocal impact in a subset of patients. Softer materials may be preferable, especially in bilateral medialization procedures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A Laryngoscope, 130:2192-2198, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon L Smith
- National Center for Voice and Speech, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A
| | - Ingo R Titze
- National Center for Voice and Speech, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A.,Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, U.S.A
| | - Claudio Storck
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Phoniatrics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ted Mau
- Clinical Center for Voice Care, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A
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Atallah I, Manjunath MK, Castellanos PF. Transoral silastic medialization for unilateral vocal fold paralysis. Head Neck 2019; 41:2947-2951. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.25774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ihab Atallah
- Otolaryngology‐Head & Neck Surgery DepartmentGrenoble Alpes University Hospital Grenoble France
| | - MK Manjunath
- Colombia Asia Referral Hospital Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Paul F. Castellanos
- Otolaryngology‐Head & Neck SurgeryNorthern Light Health Medical Center Bangor Maine
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Lynch J, Parameswaran R. Management of unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury after thyroid surgery: A review. Head Neck 2017; 39:1470-1478. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.24772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Lynch
- Specialist Registrar in General Surgery; Chelsea and Westminister Hospital; London United Kingdom
| | - Rajeev Parameswaran
- Department of Endocrine Surgery; National University Hospital; Lower Kent Ridge Road Singapore
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Vahabzadeh-Hagh AM, Zhang Z, Chhetri DK. Quantitative Evaluation of the In Vivo Vocal Fold Medial Surface Shape. J Voice 2017; 31:513.e15-513.e23. [PMID: 28089390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Glottal insufficiency is a common clinical problem in otolaryngology and medialization laryngoplasty (ML) procedures remain the primary treatment modality. Although the goal of ML is to restore physiologic glottal posture and achieve optimal phonation, this posture has not been directly measured. In this study, we assessed glottal medial surface contour changes with selective activation of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles (ILMs). STUDY DESIGN Basic science study using an in vivo canine hemilarynx model. METHODS In an in vivo canine hemilarynx, India ink was used to mark fleshpoints in a grid-like fashion along the medial surface of the vocal fold and ILMs were activated in a graded manner. A right-angled prism provided two views of the medial surface, which were recorded using a high-speed camera and used to reconstruct the 3D posture deformations of the medial surface. RESULTS Thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle activation results in initial inferomedial bulging and increased glottal channel thickness and then glottal adduction with a final rectangular glottal channel shape. Lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA) activation closes the posterior glottis but final posture remains slightly convergent. Together, TA + LCA forms a rectangular glottis with an increased glottal vertical thickness. Posterior cricoarytenoid activation results in abduction and a slightly divergent glottis, whereas cricothyroid activation elongates the glottis and reduces the glottal channel vertical thickness. CONCLUSIONS A quantitative analysis of in vivo canine vocal fold medial surface upon activation of selective ILMs is provided. This may guide our therapeutic efforts during medialization laryngoplasty, as well as computational modeling of laryngeal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Vahabzadeh-Hagh
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Zhaoyan Zhang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dinesh K Chhetri
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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Geng B, Xue Q, Zheng X. The effect of vocal fold vertical stiffness variation on voice production. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 140:2856. [PMID: 27794296 PMCID: PMC5848868 DOI: 10.1121/1.4964508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A parametric study was conducted using the numerical technique that coupled a three-dimensional continuum vocal fold model with a one-dimensional Bernoulli flow model to investigate the effect of vocal fold vertical stiffness variation on voice production. Vertical stiffness gradient was defined as the ratio of the inferior-superior stiffness difference to the mean stiffness and was introduced in the cover layer. The results showed that increasing the vertical stiffness gradient would increase the peak flow rate and sound intensity and decrease the open quotient and threshold pressure. The effect was found to be more prominent at low subglottal pressures. The underlying mechanism might be that the reduced stiffness at the superior aspect of the vocal fold would allow a larger lateral displacement and result in a larger vibration. Increasing the vertical stiffness gradient was also found to increase the vertical phase difference and glottal divergent angle during the vocal fold vibration. Meanwhile, increasing the vertical stiffness variation only slightly increased the mean flow rate, which is important to maintaining the speech time between breaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Geng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04473, USA
| | - Qian Xue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04473, USA
| | - Xudong Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04473, USA
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Kumai Y, Kodama N, Murakami D, Yumoto E. Comparison of vocal outcome following two different procedures for immediate RLN reconstruction. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 273:967-72. [PMID: 26667805 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-015-3852-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare time-dependent improvements in phonatory function and stroboscopic findings following two different procedures for immediate reconstruction of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) during neck tumor extirpation. Seventeen patients with neck tumors, consisting of advanced thyroid cancer (n = 15), metastatic neck lymph nodes from other malignant lesions (n = 2), underwent resection of the primary lesion and involved RLN. Immediate RLN reconstruction by either: (1) ansa cervicalis nerve (ACN) to RLN anastomosis (n = 8); or (2) placement of the great auricular nerve (GAN) between the cut ends of the RLN (n = 9) was performed from 2000 to 2011. Phonatory function [maximum phonation time, mean airflow rate (MFR), jitter, and shimmer) and stroboscopic findings (regularity, amplitude, and glottal gap) were examined at 1, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Stroboscopic findings were assessed by two otolaryngologists and one speech pathologist. There were no significant differences in any parameter for either phonatory function or stroboscopic findings between ACN and GAN with the exception of jitter and shimmer, in which ACN was superior to GAN at 1 month postoperatively. All parameters improved significantly between 1 and 12 months postoperatively for both phonatory function and stroboscopic findings (P < 0.05). Either method of immediate RLN reconstruction at the time of neck tumor extirpation (i.e., ACN or GAN) provided both excellent long-term postoperative phonatory function and stroboscopic findings, and there was little difference in vocal outcome between the two procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Kumai
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Narihiro Kodama
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Daizo Murakami
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Eiji Yumoto
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, Japan
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