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Rawal S, Duffy VB, Berube L, Hayes JE, Kant AK, Li CM, Graubard BI, Hoffman HJ. Self-Reported Olfactory Dysfunction and Diet Quality: Findings from the 2011-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124561. [PMID: 34960113 PMCID: PMC8704378 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified associations between self-reported olfactory dysfunction (OD) and dietary attributes in participants aged ≥40 years (n = 6,356) from the nationally representative 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The chemosensory questionnaire and 24-h dietary recalls were administered by trained interviewers. OD was defined as self-report of either smell problems in the last year, worse smell relative to age 25, or perceiving phantom odors. Dietary outcomes included Healthy Eating Index 2015 score (HEI) with adequacy and moderation components (higher scores indicated higher diet quality), dietary diversity, energy density, and intake of major food groups. Survey-weighted linear regression models estimated OD–diet associations, adjusting for socio-demographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors. Adjusted mean difference (95% CI) between those with versus without OD, showed that adults with OD had significantly lower HEI moderation score (−0.67 (−1.22, −0.11)) and diets higher in energy density (0.06 (0.00, 0.11)), and percent energy from saturated fat (0.47 (0.12, 0.81)), total fat (0.96 (0.22, 1.70)), and added sugar (1.00 (0.33, 1.66)). Age and sex-stratified analyses showed that younger females (40–64 years) primarily accounted for the associations with diet quality and total/saturated fat intake. These findings inform dietary screening and recommendations for adults who report OD, including those experiencing transient or persistent smell loss with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shristi Rawal
- Department of Clinical and Preventive Nutrition Sciences, Rutgers School of Health Professions, 65 Bergen Str., Newark, NJ 07107-1709, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Valerie B. Duffy
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, 358 Mansfield Rd., Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Lauren Berube
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - John E. Hayes
- Sensory Evaluation Center, The Pennsylvania State University, 220 Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 220 Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ashima K. Kant
- Department of Family, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA;
| | - Chuan-Ming Li
- Epidemiology and Statistics Program, Division of Scientific Programs, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.-M.L.); (H.J.H.)
| | - Barry I. Graubard
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Biostatistics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA;
| | - Howard J. Hoffman
- Epidemiology and Statistics Program, Division of Scientific Programs, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.-M.L.); (H.J.H.)
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Olfaction in patients with Parkinson's disease: a new threshold test analysis through turning points trajectories. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:1641-1653. [PMID: 34328564 PMCID: PMC8536637 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory deficit is a widely documented non-motor symptom in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Abnormal turning points trajectories through olfactory threshold testing have been recently reported in patients with olfactory dysfunction, who seem to adapt faster to olfactory stimuli, but data on PD patients are lacking. The aim of this study is to perform olfactory threshold test and explore the turning points trajectories in PD patients in comparison to normal controls. We recruited 59 PD patients without dementia, and no conditions that could influence evaluation of olfaction and cognition. Sixty healthy subjects served as controls. Patients and controls underwent a comprehensive olfactory evaluation with the Sniffin’ Sticks extended test assessing threshold, discrimination and identification and a full neuropsychological evaluation. Besides, threshold test data were analyzed examining all the turning points trajectories. PD patients showed a different olfactory threshold test pattern, i.e., faster olfactory adaptation, than controls with no effect of age. Normosmic PD patients showed different olfactory threshold test pattern, i.e., better threshold score, than normosmic controls. Visuospatial dysfunction was the only factor that significantly influenced this pattern. Olfactory threshold trajectories suggested a possible adaptation phenomenon in PD patients. Our data offered some new insights on normosmic PD patients, which appear to be a subset with a specific psychophysical profile. The analysis of the turning points trajectories, through an olfactory threshold test, could offer additional information on olfactory function in PD patients. Future larger studies should confirm these preliminary findings.
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