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Dash BS, Das S, Chen JP. Photosensitizer-Functionalized Nanocomposites for Light-Activated Cancer Theranostics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6658. [PMID: 34206318 PMCID: PMC8268703 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosensitizers (PSs) have received significant attention recently in cancer treatment due to its theranostic capability for imaging and phototherapy. These PSs are highly responsive to light source of a suitable wavelength for image-guided cancer therapy from generated singlet oxygen and/or thermal heat. Various organic dye PSs show tremendous attenuation of tumor cells during cancer treatment. Among them, porphyrin and chlorophyll-based ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) dyes are employed for photodynamic therapy (PDT) by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals generated with 400-700 nm laser lights, which have poor tissue penetration depth. To enhance the efficacy of PDT, other light sources such as red light laser and X-ray have been suggested; nonetheless, it is still a challenging task to improve the light penetration depth for deep tumor treatment. To overcome this deficiency, near infrared (NIR) (700-900 nm) PSs, indocyanine green (ICG), and its derivatives like IR780, IR806 and IR820, have been introduced for imaging and phototherapy. These NIR PSs have been used in various cancer treatment modality by combining photothermal therapy (PTT) and/or PDT with chemotherapy or immunotherapy. In this review, we will focus on the use of different PSs showing photothermal/photodynamic response to UV-Vis or NIR-Vis light. The emphasis is a comprehensive review of recent smart design of PS-loaded nanocomposites for targeted delivery of PSs in light-activated combination cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banendu Sunder Dash
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (B.S.D.); (S.D.)
| | - Suprava Das
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (B.S.D.); (S.D.)
| | - Jyh-Ping Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (B.S.D.); (S.D.)
- Craniofacial Research Center, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Tai-Shan, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
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Turan Ç, Metin N, Utlu Z, Yıldız TT, Caferoğlu Sakat S. Evaluation of the frequency and intensity of favipiravir-associated yellow-green fluorescence in lunulae, hair, and face. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:1199-1207. [PMID: 33915020 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We detected yellow-green fluorescence in the face, hair and lunulae of patients using favipiravir. AIM We evaluated the frequency and intensity of favipiravir-associated fluorescence. PATIENTS/METHODS The participants comprised patients who had taken at least a single dose of favipiravir and been examined no later than 30 days after the last dose. The gender, age, body mass index (BMI), Fitzpatrick's skin-type, hair color, N-acetylcysteine use, presence and the intensity of fluorescent reflection under Wood's light in the lunulae of the fingernails, hair, and the face were recorded. RESULTS There were 275 patients, 144 (52.4%) of whom were women. 165 (57.9%) had used treatment for a maximum of 5 days, 99 (34.7%) for 6-10 days, and 21 (7.4%) for more than ten days. Using more than 22 tablets of favipiravir increased the probability of detecting fluorescence in the lunulae by 6.72 (2.61-17.23) times. Using more than 28 tablets increased the risk of fluorescence in hair and the T-zone by 5.92 (2.43-14.71) and 2.88 (1.11-7.47) times, respectively. No relationship was found between the fluorescence intensity in any localization and the total dose. However, we determined a negative correlation between the elapsed time after the last dose and the fluorescence intensity in the lunulae and the T-zone (p=0.036; p=0.031; respectively). It was noted that BMI negatively correlated with the fluorescence intensity in the lunulae (p=0.001). Skin type was related to intensity for all localizations (p<0.001). Fluorescence was found in the lunulae with significantly less frequency in patients using N-acetylcysteine (p=0.040). CONCLUSIONS We must be aware of favipiravir-induced phototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağrı Turan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The Republic of Turkey, Health Sciences University Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Nurcan Metin
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The Republic of Turkey, Health Sciences University Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Utlu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The Republic of Turkey, Health Sciences University Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Türkan Tuğba Yıldız
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The Republic of Turkey, Health Sciences University Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Selcen Caferoğlu Sakat
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The Republic of Turkey, Health Sciences University Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
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Dhanalekshmi KI, Sangeetha K, Magesan P, Johnson J, Zhang X, Jayamoorthy K. Photodynamic cancer therapy: role of Ag- and Au-based hybrid nano-photosensitizers. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:4766-4773. [PMID: 33300461 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1858965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been rapidly increasing due to its advantage as an effective treatment modality for cancer. The organic photosensitizers employed for PDT have some disadvantages, including high toxicity, non-selectivity toward tumors and poor absorption of light. The low light penetration into the tumor sites resulting from low wavelength of absorption and long-term skin photosensitivity. Hence, the attention toward non-toxic inorganic photosensitizers like noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) has been increasing nowadays. In bioscience, NPs are replacing organic dyes since they have photostability and non-toxicity. Generally, nanomaterials can easily form compounds with other substances as well as organic materials and the modified NPs surface enhances the chemical activity. Among the metal NPs, noble metals, especially gold and silver are attractive because of their size and shape-dependent unique optoelectronic properties. The coating of inorganic/organic materials on top of the noble metal makes the NPs bio-compatible and less toxic. Furthermore, Ag- and Au-based inorganic/organic complex NPs could offer a new possibility because of their unique structures. Meanwhile, the coating of inorganic/organic complex NPs protects the noble metals and stabilizes them against chemical corrosion and enhances the production of reactive oxygen species. Thus, in this review, we have highlighted the role of Ag- and Au-based inorganic/organic hybrid nano-photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K I Dhanalekshmi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - K Sangeetha
- Department of IBT, Bharath Institute of Higher Education & Research, Bharath University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Magesan
- Department of Chemistry, Bharath Institute of Higher Education & Research, Bharath University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jijo Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Santhom Malankara Arts and Science College, Edanji, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Xiang Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - K Jayamoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph's College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Liew HS, Mai CW, Zulkefeli M, Madheswaran T, Kiew LV, Delsuc N, Low ML. Recent Emergence of Rhenium(I) Tricarbonyl Complexes as Photosensitisers for Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2020; 25:E4176. [PMID: 32932573 PMCID: PMC7571230 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is emerging as a significant complementary or alternative approach for cancer treatment. PDT drugs act as photosensitisers, which upon using appropriate wavelength light and in the presence of molecular oxygen, can lead to cell death. Herein, we reviewed the general characteristics of the different generation of photosensitisers. We also outlined the emergence of rhenium (Re) and more specifically, Re(I) tricarbonyl complexes as a new generation of metal-based photosensitisers for photodynamic therapy that are of great interest in multidisciplinary research. The photophysical properties and structures of Re(I) complexes discussed in this review are summarised to determine basic features and similarities among the structures that are important for their phototoxic activity and future investigations. We further examined the in vitro and in vivo efficacies of the Re(I) complexes that have been synthesised for anticancer purposes. We also discussed Re(I) complexes in conjunction with the advancement of two-photon PDT, drug combination study, nanomedicine, and photothermal therapy to overcome the limitation of such complexes, which generally absorb short wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shan Liew
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Chun-Wai Mai
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (M.Z.); (T.M.)
| | - Mohd Zulkefeli
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (M.Z.); (T.M.)
| | - Thiagarajan Madheswaran
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (M.Z.); (T.M.)
| | - Lik Voon Kiew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Nicolas Delsuc
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - May Lee Low
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (M.Z.); (T.M.)
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Kim D, Lee MH, Koo MA, Kwon BJ, Kim MS, Seon GM, Hong SH, Park JC. Suppression of T24 human bladder cancer cells by ROS from locally delivered hematoporphyrin-containing polyurethane films. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:763-772. [PMID: 29717739 DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00424a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Systemic injection of a photosensitizer is a general method in photodynamic therapy, but it has complications due to the unintended systemic distribution and remnants of photosensitizers. This study focused on the possibility of suppressing luminal proliferative cells by excessive reactive oxygen species from locally delivered photosensitizer with biocompatible polyurethane, instead of the systemic injection method. We used human bladder cancer cells, hematoporphyrin as the photosensitizer, and polyurethane film as the photosensitizer-delivering container. The light source was a self-made LED (510 nm, 5 mW cm-2) system. The cancer cells were cultured on different doses of hematoporphyrin-containing polyurethane film and irradiated with LED for 15 minutes and 30 minutes each. After irradiating with LED and incubating for 24 hours, cell viability analysis, cell cycle analysis, apoptosis assay, intracellular and extracellular ROS generation study and western blot were performed. The cancer cell suppression effects of different concentrations of the locally delivered hematoporphyrin with PDT were compared. Apoptosis dominant cancer cell suppressions were shown to be hematoporphyrin dose-dependent. However, after irradiation, intracellular ROS amounts were similar in all the groups having different doses of hematoporphyrin, but these values were definitely higher than those in the control group. Excessive extracellular ROS from the intended, locally delivered photosensitizer for photodynamic treatment application had an inhibitory effect on luminal proliferative cancer cells. This method can be another possibility for PDT application on contactable or attachable lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dohyun Kim
- Cellbiocontrol Laboratory, Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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Tang W, Yang Z, Wang S, Wang Z, Song J, Yu G, Fan W, Dai Y, Wang J, Shan L, Niu G, Fan Q, Chen X. Organic Semiconducting Photoacoustic Nanodroplets for Laser-Activatable Ultrasound Imaging and Combinational Cancer Therapy. ACS NANO 2018; 12:2610-2622. [PMID: 29451774 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Combination of photoacoustic (PA) and ultrasound (US) imaging offers high spatial resolution images with deep tissue penetration, which shows great potential in applications in medical imaging. Development of PA/US dual-contrast agents with high contrast and excellent biocompatibility is of great interest. Herein, an organic semiconducting photoacoustic nanodroplet, PS-PDI-PAnD, is developed by stabilizing low-boiling-point perfluorocarbon (PFC) droplet with a photoabsorber and photoacoustic agent of perylene diimide (PDI) molecules and coencapsulating the droplet with photosensitizers of ZnF16Pc molecules. Upon irradiation, the PDI acts as an efficient photoabsorber to trigger the liquid-to-gas phase transition of the PFC, resulting in dual-modal PA/US imaging contrast as well as photothermal heating. On the other hand, PFC can serve as an O2 reservoir to overcome the hypoxia-associated resistance in cancer therapies, especially in photodynamic therapy. The encapsulated photosensitizers will benefit from the sustained oxygen release from the PFC, leading to promoted photodynamic efficacy regardless of pre-existing hypoxia in the tumors. When intravenously injected into tumor-bearing mice, the PS-PDI-PAnDs show a high tumor accumulation via EPR effect. With a single 671 nm laser irradiation, the PS-PDI-PAnDs exhibit a dual-modal PA/US imaging-guided synergistic photothermal and oxygen self-enriched photodynamic treatment, resulting in complete tumor eradication and minimal side effects. The PS-PDI-PAnDs represents a type of PFC nanodroplets for synergistic PDT/PTT treatment upon a single laser irradiation, which is expected to hold great potential in the clinical translation in dual-modal PA/US imaging-guided combinational cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN) , National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Zhen Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN) , National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Sheng Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN) , National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Zhantong Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN) , National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Jibin Song
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN) , National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Guocan Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN) , National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Wenpei Fan
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN) , National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Yunlu Dai
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN) , National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN) , National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Lingling Shan
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN) , National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Gang Niu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN) , National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Quli Fan
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN) , National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
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Marker SC, MacMillan SN, Zipfel WR, Li Z, Ford PC, Wilson JJ. Photoactivated in Vitro Anticancer Activity of Rhenium(I) Tricarbonyl Complexes Bearing Water-Soluble Phosphines. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:1311-1331. [PMID: 29323880 PMCID: PMC8117114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen water-soluble rhenium compounds of the general formula [Re(CO)3(NN)(PR3)]+, where NN is a diimine ligand and PR3 is 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA), tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine (THP), or 1,4-diacetyl-1,3,7-triaza-5-phosphabicylco[3.3.1]nonane (DAPTA), were synthesized and characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. The complexes bearing the THP and DAPTA ligands exhibit triplet-based luminescence in air-equilibrated aqueous solutions with quantum yields ranging from 3.4 to 11.5%. Furthermore, the THP and DAPTA complexes undergo photosubstitution of a CO ligand upon irradiation with 365 nm light with quantum yields ranging from 1.1 to 5.5% and sensitize the formation of 1O2 with quantum yields as high as 70%. In contrast, all of the complexes bearing the PTA ligand are nonemissive and do not undergo photosubstitution upon irradiation with 365 nm light. These compounds were evaluated as photoactivated anticancer agents in human cervical (HeLa), ovarian (A2780), and cisplatin-resistant ovarian (A2780CP70) cancer cell lines. All of the complexes bearing THP and DAPTA exhibited a cytotoxic response upon irradiation with minimal toxicity in the absence of light. Notably, the complex with DAPTA and 1,10-phenanthroline gave rise to an IC50 value of 6 μM in HeLa cells upon irradiation, rendering it the most phototoxic compound in this library. The nature of the photoinduced cytotoxicity of this compound was explored in further detail. These data indicate that the phototoxic response may result from the release of both CO and the rhenium-containing photoproduct, as well as the production of 1O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra C. Marker
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Samantha N. MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Warren R. Zipfel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Peter C. Ford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Justin J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Adil M, Amin S, Mohtashim M. N-acetylcysteine in dermatology. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2018; 84:652-659. [DOI: 10.4103/ijdvl.ijdvl_33_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Tuong W, Kuo S, Sivamani RK. Photoprotective effect of botanicals and vitamins: A systematic review of clinical trials. J DERMATOL TREAT 2015; 26:558-70. [PMID: 25865615 DOI: 10.3109/09546634.2015.1027647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexposure to solar radiation is a major contributor to skin cancer development and premature skin aging. Botanical extracts and vitamins may represent novel photoprotective agents. OBJECTIVE We sought to systemically review clinical evidence for the use of botanically derived agents and vitamins as photoprotective agents. METHODS We systematically searched Embase and PubMed databases. Two independent reviewers reviewed abstracts for inclusion. Additional relevant studies were identified by a manual review of reference lists. Data from eligible studies were extracted independently and discrepancies were resolved by consensus. RESULTS A total of 51 studies met inclusion criteria. Limited available evidence indicates that several botanical agents and vitamins in topical or oral forms may have promising photoprotective effects. However, generalizability of results is limited by small sample sizes. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE Botanical extracts and vitamins may add to the armamentarium of sun-protective agents. Additional high-quality trials are needed to strengthen support for their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Tuong
- a Department of Dermatology , University of California Davis , Sacramento , CA , USA
| | - Sandy Kuo
- a Department of Dermatology , University of California Davis , Sacramento , CA , USA
| | - Raja K Sivamani
- a Department of Dermatology , University of California Davis , Sacramento , CA , USA
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Frei A, Rubbiani R, Tubafard S, Blacque O, Anstaett P, Felgenträger A, Maisch T, Spiccia L, Gasser G. Synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of new Ru(II) polypyridyl photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7280-92. [PMID: 25121347 DOI: 10.1021/jm500566f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Two Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes, Ru(DIP)2(bdt) (1) and [Ru(dqpCO2Me)(ptpy)](2+) (2) (DIP = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, bdt = 1,2-benzenedithiolate, dqpCO2Me = 4-methylcarboxy-2,6-di(quinolin-8-yl)pyridine), ptpy = 4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine) have been investigated as photosensitizers (PSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT). In our experimental settings, the phototoxicity and phototoxic index (PI) of 2 (IC50(light): 25.3 μM, 420 nm, 6.95 J/cm(2); PI >4) and particularly of 1 (IC50(light): 0.62 μM, 420 nm, 6.95 J/cm(2); PI: 80) are considerably superior compared to the two clinically approved PSs porfimer sodium and 5-aminolevulinic acid. Cellular uptake and distribution of these complexes was investigated by confocal microscopy (1) and by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (1 and 2). Their phototoxicity was also determined against the Gram-(+) Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-(-) Escherichia coli for potential antimicrobial PDT (aPDT) applications. Both complexes showed significant aPDT activity (420 nm, 8 J/cm(2)) against Gram-(+) (S. aureus; >6 log10 CFU reduction) and, for 2, also against Gram-(-) E. coli (>4 log10 CFU reduction).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Frei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Castano AP, Demidova TN, Hamblin MR. Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: part one-photosensitizers, photochemistry and cellular localization. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2014; 1:279-93. [PMID: 25048432 DOI: 10.1016/s1572-1000(05)00007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1325] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2004] [Revised: 01/11/2005] [Accepted: 01/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of non-toxic dyes or photosensitizers (PS) in combination with harmless visible light that is known as photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been known for over a hundred years, but is only now becoming widely used. Originally developed as a tumor therapy, some of its most successful applications are for non-malignant disease. In a series of three reviews we will discuss the mechanisms that operate in the field of PDT. Part one discusses the recent explosion in discovery and chemical synthesis of new PS. Some guidelines on how to choose an ideal PS for a particular application are presented. The photochemistry and photophysics of PS and the two pathways known as Type I (radicals and reactive oxygen species) and Type II (singlet oxygen) photochemical processes are discussed. To carry out PDT effectively in vivo, it is necessary to ensure sufficient light reaches all the diseased tissue. This involves understanding how light travels within various tissues and the relative effects of absorption and scattering. The fact that most of the PS are also fluorescent allows various optical imaging and monitoring strategies to be combined with PDT. The most important factor governing the outcome of PDT is how the PS interacts with cells in the target tissue or tumor, and the key aspect of this interaction is the subcellular localization of the PS. Examples of PS that localize in mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and plasma membranes are given. Finally the use of 5-aminolevulinic acid as a natural precursor of the heme biosynthetic pathway, stimulates accumulation of the PS protoporphyrin IX is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Castano
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Bartlett 3, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Tatiana N Demidova
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Bartlett 3, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Bartlett 3, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, USA
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Zhen Z, Tang W, Guo C, Chen H, Lin X, Liu G, Fei B, Chen X, Xu B, Xie J. Ferritin nanocages to encapsulate and deliver photosensitizers for efficient photodynamic therapy against cancer. ACS NANO 2013; 7:6988-96. [PMID: 23829542 PMCID: PMC3819164 DOI: 10.1021/nn402199g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is an emerging treatment modality that is under intensive preclinical and clinical investigations for many types of disease including cancer. Despite the promise, there is a lack of a reliable drug delivery vehicle that can transport photosensitizers (PSs) to tumors in a site-specific manner. Previous efforts have been focused on polymer- or liposome-based nanocarriers, which are usually associated with a suboptimal PS loading rate and a large particle size. We report herein that a RGD4C-modified ferritin (RFRT), a protein-based nanoparticle, can serve as a safe and efficient PS vehicle. Zinc hexadecafluorophthalocyanine (ZnF16Pc), a potent PS with a high (1)O2 quantum yield but poor water solubility, can be encapsulated into RFRTs with a loading rate as high as ~60 wt % (i.e., 1.5 mg of ZnF16Pc can be loaded on 1 mg of RFRTs), which far exceeds those reported previously. Despite the high loading, the ZnF16Pc-loaded RFRTs (P-RFRTs) show an overall particle size of 18.6 ± 2.6 nm, which is significantly smaller than other PS-nanocarrier conjugates. When tested on U87MG subcutaneous tumor models, P-RFRTs showed a high tumor accumulation rate (tumor-to-normal tissue ratio of 26.82 ± 4.07 at 24 h), a good tumor inhibition rate (83.64% on day 12), as well as minimal toxicity to the skin and other major organs. This technology can be extended to deliver other metal-containing PSs and holds great clinical translation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zipeng Zhen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Bio-Imaging Research Center (BIRC), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Bio-Imaging Research Center (BIRC), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Cunlan Guo
- Department of Physics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Hongmin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Bio-Imaging Research Center (BIRC), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Xin Lin
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Gang Liu
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Baowei Fei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Binqian Xu
- Department of Physics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jin Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Bio-Imaging Research Center (BIRC), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Address correspondence to:
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13
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Yoon I, Li JZ, Shim YK. Advance in photosensitizers and light delivery for photodynamic therapy. Clin Endosc 2013; 46:7-23. [PMID: 23423543 PMCID: PMC3572355 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2013.46.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The brief history of photodynamic therapy (PDT) research has been focused on photosensitizers (PSs) and light delivery was introduced recently. The appropriate PSs were developed from the first generation PS Photofrin (QLT) to the second (chlorins or bacteriochlorins derivatives) and third (conjugated PSs on carrier) generations PSs to overcome undesired disadvantages, and to increase selective tumor accumulation and excellent targeting. For the synthesis of new chlorin PSs chlorophyll a is isolated from natural plants or algae, and converted to methyl pheophorbide a (MPa) as an important starting material for further synthesis. MPa has various active functional groups easily modified for the preparation of different kinds of PSs, such as methyl pyropheophorbide a, purpurin-18, purpurinimide, and chlorin e6 derivatives. Combination therapy, such as chemotherapy and photothermal therapy with PDT, is shortly described here. Advanced light delivery system is shown to establish successful clinical applications of PDT. Phtodynamic efficiency of the PSs with light delivery was investigated in vitro and/or in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Yoon
- PDT Research Institute, Inje University School of Nano System Engineering, Gimhae, Korea
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14
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Yuan A, Wu J, Tang X, Zhao L, Xu F, Hu Y. Application of near-infrared dyes for tumor imaging, photothermal, and photodynamic therapies. J Pharm Sci 2012; 102:6-28. [PMID: 23132644 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) dyes, small organic molecules that function in the NIR region, have received increasing attention in recent years as diagnostic and therapeutic agents in the field of tumor research. They have been demonstrated great successes in imaging and treating tumors both in vitro and in vivo. And their different applications in clinical practices have made rapid gains. This review primarily focuses on the progress of the application of NIR dyes in tumor imaging and therapy. In particular, advances in the use of different NIR dyes in tumor-specific imaging, photothermal, and photodynamic therapies are discussed. Limitations and prospects associated with NIR dyes in diagnostic and therapeutic application are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
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15
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Borshch VN, Andreeva ER, Kuz’min SG, Vozovikov IN. New medicines and approaches to treatment of atherosclerosis. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363212030346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Iohara D, Hiratsuka M, Hirayama F, Takeshita K, Motoyama K, Arima H, Uekama K. Evaluation of photodynamic activity of C60/2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin nanoparticles. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:3390-7. [PMID: 22228093 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to evaluate the ability of C(60)/2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CyD) naonparticles to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to induce cell toxicity by the photoirradiation. C(60) nanoparticles were prepared by cogrinding with HP-β-CyD for 3 h at 4°C under reduced pressure. The photodynamic activity of C(60)/HP-β-CyD nanoparticles was evaluated by spectroscopic methods, including the electron spin resonance spin-trapping method, and by the cell viability test using Hela cells. C(60)/HP-β-CyD nanoparticles efficiently generated not only superoxide anion radical (O(2)(·-)) and hydroxyl radical (·OH), but also singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) through photoirradiation. The ROS generation was enhanced by decreasing the mean particle diameter of C(60) nanoparticles, and the particle size smaller than 90 nm showed a high generation of ·OH and (1)O(2). In addition, HP-β-CyD enhanced the generation of (1)O(2), compared with polyvinylpyrrolidone (an effective solubillizer for C(60)), due to partial disposition of C(60) in the hydrophobic CyD cavity. Furthermore, C(60) /HP-β-CyD nanoparticles showed cell toxicity after the light irradiation, but no toxicity was observed without the light irradiation. Therefore, HP-β-CyD is useful for the preparation of stable C(60) nanoparticles with high ROS generation ability, and C(60)/HP-β-CyD nanoparticles are a promising photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Iohara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
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17
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Oo MKK, Yang X, Du H, Wang H. 5-aminolevulinic acid-conjugated gold nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy of cancer. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2009; 3:777-86. [PMID: 19025452 DOI: 10.2217/17435889.3.6.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective delivery of photosensitizer to target tumor cells that causes minimal damage to healthy cells is an important requirement in photodynamic therapy of cancer. AIM We aimed to use biocompatible gold nanoparticles as a vehicle to deliver 5-aminolevulinic (5-ALA) acid for selective and efficient photodynamic therapy. RESULTS Protoporphyrin IX accumulated preferentially in fibrosarcoma tumor cells treated with 5-ALA-conjugated nanoparticles while yielding significantly higher reactive oxygen species compared with that with 5-ALA. The elevation of reactive oxygen species resulted in 50% more cytotoxicity to tumor cells than that of 5-ALA alone. Selective destruction of tumor cells was also achieved using 5-ALA-conjugated nanoparticles in co-culture with dermal fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS 5-ALA-conjugated nanoparticles offer a new modality for selective and efficient destruction of tumor cells, with minimal damage to fibroblasts in the 5-ALA-photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maung Kyaw Khaing Oo
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
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18
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Bonneau S, Vever-Bizet C. Tetrapyrrole photosensitisers, determinants of subcellular localisation and mechanisms of photodynamic processes in therapeutic approaches. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.18.9.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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19
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Mroz P, Tegos GP, Gali H, Wharton T, Sarna T, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic therapy with fullerenes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:1139-49. [PMID: 17973044 DOI: 10.1039/b711141j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fullerenes are a class of closed-cage nanomaterials made exclusively from carbon atoms. A great deal of attention has been focused on developing medical uses of these unique molecules especially when they are derivatized with functional groups to make them soluble and therefore able to interact with biological systems. Due to their extended pi-conjugation they absorb visible light, have a high triplet yield and can generate reactive oxygen species upon illumination, suggesting a possible role of fullerenes in photodynamic therapy. Depending on the functional groups introduced into the molecule, fullerenes can effectively photoinactivate either or both pathogenic microbial cells and malignant cancer cells. The mechanism appears to involve superoxide anion as well as singlet oxygen, and under the right conditions fullerenes may have advantages over clinically applied photosensitizers for mediating photodynamic therapy of certain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Mroz
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Petersen BT, Chuttani R, Croffie J, DiSario J, Liu J, Mishkin D, Shah R, Somogyi L, Tierney W, Wong Kee Song LM. Photodynamic therapy for gastrointestinal disease. Gastrointest Endosc 2006; 63:927-32. [PMID: 16733105 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2006.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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21
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Schwarz VA, Klein SD, Hornung R, Knochenmuss R, Wyss P, Fink D, Haller U, Walt H. Skin protection for photosensitized patients. Lasers Surg Med 2002; 29:252-9. [PMID: 11573228 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to evaluate various creams for their capability to protect photosensitized skin from visible light. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Two cover creams and creams containing various combinations of Vaseline with TiO(2), ZnO, and Fe(2)O(3) were used to measure the reduced light transmission and the light absorption spectrum. In vitro and in vivo tests were performed to assess the protection from light by above mentioned compounds. RESULTS The cover creams and the 50% TiO(2) cream showed similar efficacy in reducing light transmission, while the sunscreen was less efficient by a factor of 5. Cell protection by 25% TiO(2)+25% ZnO, TiO(2), or the cover creams was more efficient than protection by the sunscreen or other compounds. In vivo, the dark cover cream protected the skin by a factor of 3.4 better than the sunscreen. CONCLUSION The dark cover cream has acceptable properties to protect photosensitized skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Schwarz
- Research Division of Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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22
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Hamblin MR, Del Governatore M, Rizvi I, Hasan T. Biodistribution of charged 17.1A photoimmunoconjugates in a murine model of hepatic metastasis of colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2000; 83:1544-51. [PMID: 11076666 PMCID: PMC2363424 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimizing photodynamic therapy involves attempting to increase both the absolute tumour content of photosensitizer and the selectivity between tumour and surrounding normal tissue. One reason why photodynamic therapy has not been considered suitable for treatment of metastatic tumours in the liver, is the poor selectivity of conventional photosensitizers for tumour compared to normal liver. This report details an alternative approach to increasing this selectivity by the use of antibody-targeted photosensitizers (or photoimmunoconjugates) to target intrahepatic tumours caused by human colorectal cancer cells in the nude mouse, and explores the role of molecular charge on the tumour-targeting efficiency of macromolecules. The murine monoclonal antibody 17.1A (which recognizes an antigen expressed on HT 29 cells) was used to prepare site-specific photoimmunoconjugates with the photosensitizer chlorine6. The conjugates had either a predominant cationic or anionic charge and were injected i.v. into tumour-bearing mice. Biodistribution 3 or 24 h later was measured by extraction of tissue samples and quantitation of chlorine6 content by fluorescence spectroscopy. The photoimmunoconjugates were compared to the polylysine conjugates in an attempt to define the effect of molecular charge as well as antibody targeting. The anionic 17.1A conjugate delivered more than twice as much photosensitizer to the tumour at 3 h than other species (5 times more than the cationic 17. 1A conjugate) and had a tumour:normal liver ratio of 2.5. Tumour-to-liver ratios were greater than one for most compounds at 3 h but declined at 24 h. Tumour-to-skin ratios were high (> 38) for all conjugates but not for free chlorine6. Cationic species had a high uptake in the lungs compared to anionic species. The photoimmunoconjugates show an advantage over literature reports of other photosensitizers, which can result in tumour:normal liver ratios of less than 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Hamblin
- Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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23
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Fennerty MB. Perspectives on endoscopic eradication of Barrett's esophagus: who are appropriate candidates and what is the best method? Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 49:S24-8. [PMID: 10049444 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107(99)70521-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M B Fennerty
- Division of Gastroenterology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, USA.
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24
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Rhodes LE. Topical and systemic approaches for protection against solar radiation-induced skin damage. Clin Dermatol 1998; 16:75-82. [PMID: 9472436 DOI: 10.1016/s0738-081x(97)00171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L E Rhodes
- Department of Medicine, University of Liverpool, England
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25
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He D, Behar S, Roberts JE, Lim HW. The effect of L-cysteine and N-acetylcysteine on porphyrin/heme biosynthetic pathway in cells treated with 5-aminolevulinic acid and exposed to radiation. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 1996; 12:194-9. [PMID: 9112277 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.1996.tb00199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of L-cysteine (LC) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on porphyrin accumulation in a human dermal microvascular endothelial cell line (HMEC-1) and a human epidermoid carcinoma cell line (A431) loaded with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and exposed to ultraviolet A (UVA) and blue light radiation were determined. Porphyrin accumulation was decreased in the presence of 0.1-7.5 mM LC (24.8%-31.4% suppression in HMEC-1 cell; 35.8%-48.9% suppression in A431 cells), and in the presence of 0.1-10.0 mM NAC (30.9%-58.0% suppression in HMEC-1 cells; 8.5%-45.3% in A431 cells). The suppression occurred in a LC or NAC dose-dependent fashion. The above was associated with partial reversal of suppression of ferrochelatase (FeC) activity in HMEC-1 cells and in A431 cells. As compared to FeC activity in cells treated with ALA and irradiation, enzyme activity was higher (by 31.9%-62.1%) in the presence of LC (1.0 mM or 5.0 mM) and in the presence of NAC (1.0 mM or 5.0 mM). These data indicate that LC and NAC have protective effects on porphyrin- and irradiation-induced diminution of FeC activity in HMEC-1 cells and A341 cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- D He
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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26
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Baas P, van Geel IP, Oppelaar H, Meyer M, Beynen JH, van Zandwijk N, Stewart FA. Enhancement of photodynamic therapy by mitomycin C: a preclinical and clinical study. Br J Cancer 1996; 73:945-51. [PMID: 8611430 PMCID: PMC2075831 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1996.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using Photofrin was used in combination with a hypoxic toxin (mitomycin C, MMC) to treat four patients with recurrent skin metastasis of a mammary carcinoma. In preclinical experiments an additive effect was found for the combination of MMC and PDT for treating subcutaneous RIF1 tumours in mice. When interstitial PDT was combined with a low dose of MMC (administered 15 min before illumination), the Photofrin dose or light dose could be reduced by a factor of 2 in order to obtain equivalent cure rate or growth delay. In the clinical pilot study, a low dose of Photofrin (0.75 mg kg-1) was used for PDT alone (superficial illumination) or combined with low-dose MMC (5 mg m-2). Different tumour areas were illuminated with or without a preceding infusion of MMC. Both tumour response and skin photosensitivity were scored. After 8-12 weeks of treatment, tumour cure could be achieved by administering light doses > or = 150 J cm-2 for PDT alone and similar effects were obtained when light doses of 75-87.5 J cm-2 were given after infusion with MMC. In all cases necrotic tissue of both tumour and surrounding skin was observed, which lasted for a mean of 5 months (range 2-20 months). Skin phototoxicity, tested by using a standardised illumination of skin patches on the back, lasted maximally 3 weeks. Three main conclusions could be drawn from these studies: (1) The enhanced effects of the combination of PDT and MMC observed in mouse tumours can be extrapolated to patients with mammary skin metastasis. (2) The combination of PDT and hypoxic toxins facilitates treatment by permitting lower doses of photosensitiser to be used (thereby reducing skin phototoxicity) or lower light doses (thereby reducing illumination times and allowing the possibility to treat larger tumour areas). (3) Restoration of skin after PDT in previously treated tumour areas (chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery) is very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Baas
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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